Anatomy Test 2 Outline Question Set 1 PDF

Summary

This document provides an outline for a study on the anatomy and functions of the digestive system. It includes a set of multiple-choice questions covering topics such as the accessory organs of the digestive system, the primary digestive organs, the enteric nervous system, and the role of specific enzymes and hormones in the digestive process.

Full Transcript

**Digestive System Anatomy & Functions** 1. **Which of the following is an accessory organ of the digestive system?** - A. Stomach - B. Small intestine - C. Liver - D. Large intestine - E. Pharynx\ *(Correct answer: C)* 2. **The primary digestive or...

**Digestive System Anatomy & Functions** 1. **Which of the following is an accessory organ of the digestive system?** - A. Stomach - B. Small intestine - C. Liver - D. Large intestine - E. Pharynx\ *(Correct answer: C)* 2. **The primary digestive organs include all of the following EXCEPT:** - A. Esophagus - B. Gallbladder - C. Stomach - D. Small intestine - E. Anus\ *(Correct answer: B)* 3. **Which part of the enteric nervous system detects mechanical changes, like stretching?** - A. Myenteric plexus - B. Enteric sensory neurons - C. Submucosal plexus - D. Enteric interneurons - E. Enteric motor neurons\ *(Correct answer: B)* 4. **The role of norepinephrine in the digestive system is to:** - A. Stimulate motility - B. Inhibit motility and secretions - C. Increase secretion of digestive enzymes - D. Activate pepsinogen - E. Stimulate the release of bile\ *(Correct answer: B)* 5. **Which layer of the digestive tract consists of simple columnar epithelium and loose connective tissue?** - A. Mucosa - B. Submucosa - C. Muscularis - D. Serosa - E. Lamina propria\ *(Correct answer: A)* **Mouth and Oral Cavity** 6. **The muscular structure that forms the lateral walls of the oral cavity is called the:** - A. Palate - B. Labia - C. Buccinator - D. Pharynx - E. Lingual frenulum\ *(Correct answer: C)* 7. **Which salivary gland produces mainly watery saliva and is located near the ear?** - A. Parotid gland - B. Sublingual gland - C. Submandibular gland - D. Lingual gland - E. Buccal gland\ *(Correct answer: A)* 8. **The enzyme in saliva that begins the breakdown of starch is:** - A. Pepsin - B. Lingual lipase - C. Amylase - D. Maltase - E. Sucrase\ *(Correct answer: C)* 9. **The part of a tooth that anchors it into the alveolar process of the jaw is the:** - A. Crown - B. Root - C. Pulp cavity - D. Enamel - E. Dentin\ *(Correct answer: B)* 10. **Mucus in saliva is essential for:** - A. Breaking down proteins - B. Providing lubrication - C. Neutralizing stomach acid - D. Producing digestive enzymes - E. Stimulating gastric juices\ *(Correct answer: B)* **Pharynx and Esophagus** 11. **The pharynx is divided into all of the following sections EXCEPT:** - A. Nasopharynx - B. Oropharynx - C. Laryngopharynx - D. Hypopharynx - E. None of the above\ *(Correct answer: D)* 12. **Which structure prevents food from entering the larynx?** - A. Epiglottis - B. Uvula - C. Soft palate - D. Tongue - E. Tonsils\ *(Correct answer: A)* 13. **Peristalsis in the esophagus involves:** - A. Sequential contractions of the circular muscles - B. Relaxation of the upper sphincter - C. Only skeletal muscle contraction - D. Reverse contraction waves - E. Static movement of bolus\ *(Correct answer: A)* **Stomach Functions and Processes** 14. **Which part of the stomach is located nearest to the esophagus?** - A. Fundus - B. Cardia - C. Body - D. Pylorus - E. Antrum\ *(Correct answer: B)* 15. **The primary function of pepsin in the stomach is to:** - A. Break down fats - B. Neutralize stomach acids - C. Begin protein digestion - D. Convert carbohydrates into glucose - E. Stimulate gastric glands\ *(Correct answer: C)* 16. **The gastric phase of stomach secretion is primarily controlled by:** - A. Medulla oblongata - B. Hormones from the pancreas - C. Acid levels in the stomach - D. Nervous signals from the intestine - E. Enteric sensory neurons\ *(Correct answer: A)* **Accessory Organs and Secretions** 17. **Which hormone stimulates the gallbladder to release bile?** - A. Insulin - B. Secretin - C. Cholecystokinin - D. Gastrin - E. Somatostatin\ *(Correct answer: C)* 18. **The main function of the liver includes all EXCEPT:** - A. Producing bile - B. Storing vitamins - C. Filtering blood toxins - D. Producing digestive enzymes - E. Storing glycogen\ *(Correct answer: D)* 19. **The pancreas contributes to digestion through the release of:** - A. Lipase and amylase - B. Insulin and glucagon - C. Bicarbonate and digestive enzymes - D. Secretin and cholecystokinin - E. Bile salts\ *(Correct answer: C)* **Small Intestine Anatomy and Functions** 20. **Which section of the small intestine is closest to the stomach?** - A. Ileum - B. Cecum - C. Jejunum - D. Duodenum - E. Antrum\ *(Correct answer: D)* 21. **The primary purpose of villi in the small intestine is to:** - A. Move chyme forward - B. Increase surface area for absorption - C. Secrete digestive enzymes - D. Store vitamins and minerals - E. Protect against bacteria\ *(Correct answer: B)* 22. **Bicarbonate ions in the small intestine help to:** - A. Maintain acidic pH - B. Neutralize stomach acid - C. Emulsify fats - D. Absorb vitamins - E. Produce bile\ *(Correct answer: B)* 23. **The brush border enzyme that breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose is:** - A. Sucrase - B. Maltase - C. Lactase - D. Amylase - E. Lipase\ *(Correct answer: C)* **Large Intestine and Defecation** 24. **The primary function of the large intestine is to:** - A. Absorb carbohydrates - B. Secrete enzymes - C. Absorb water and electrolytes - D. Produce bile - E. Neutralize chyme\ *(Correct answer: C)* 25. **Which reflex is stimulated by the presence of food in the stomach, causing mass movements in the colon?** - A. Gastroileal reflex - B. Enterogastric reflex - C. Defecation reflex - D. Gastrocolic reflex - E. Segmentation\ *(Correct answer: D)* 26. **Which bacterial-produced vitamin is absorbed in the large intestine?** - A. Vitamin A - B. Vitamin B12 - C. Vitamin D - D. Vitamin K - E. Vitamin C\ *(Correct answer: D)* 27. **The urge to defecate results when:** - A. Chyme enters the duodenum - B. The stomach secretes hydrochloric acid - C. Food passes through the ileocecal valve - D. Feces enter the rectum, stretching it - E. The internal anal sphincter contracts\ *(Correct answer: D)* **Metabolism and Energy** 28. **Which process involves breaking down glycogen into glucose?** - A. Glycogenesis - B. Gluconeogenesis - C. Glycogenolysis - D. Lipogenesis - E. Beta-oxidation\ *(Correct answer: C)* 29. **The anaerobic breakdown of glucose in the absence of oxygen is called:** - A. Aerobic respiration - B. Lipolysis - C. Fermentation - D. Oxidative phosphorylation - E. Deamination\ *(Correct answer: C)* **Stomach Functions and Processes (Continued)** 30. **Which cell in the stomach secretes hydrochloric acid?** - A. Chief cell - B. Parietal cell - C. Mucous neck cell - D. Enteroendocrine cell - E. Goblet cell\ *(Correct answer: B)* 31. **Gastrin is a hormone that primarily:** - A. Reduces stomach acid - B. Stimulates gastric secretions - C. Inhibits stomach motility - D. Controls bile production - E. Initiates peristalsis in the esophagus\ *(Correct answer: B)* 32. **The region of the stomach that opens into the small intestine is the:** - A. Fundus - B. Body - C. Antrum - D. Pylorus - E. Cardia\ *(Correct answer: D)* 33. **Pepsinogen is converted to pepsin in the presence of:** - A. Sodium bicarbonate - B. Hydrochloric acid - C. Salivary amylase - D. Pancreatic lipase - E. Gastrin\ *(Correct answer: B)* 34. **What happens to the rugae in the stomach as it fills?** - A. They disappear - B. They increase in number - C. They secrete more acid - D. They contract - E. They move chyme forward\ *(Correct answer: A)* **Accessory Organs that Secrete into the Small Intestines (Continued)** 35. **What is the main role of bile salts in digestion?** - A. Neutralize stomach acid - B. Emulsify lipids - C. Absorb proteins - D. Break down carbohydrates - E. Convert glycogen to glucose\ *(Correct answer: B)* 36. **Which blood vessel delivers nutrient-rich blood from the intestines to the liver?** - A. Hepatic artery - B. Hepatic portal vein - C. Inferior vena cava - D. Superior mesenteric artery - E. Splenic vein\ *(Correct answer: B)* 37. **The pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct to form the:** - A. Cystic duct - B. Portal vein - C. Hepatopancreatic ampulla - D. Gallbladder - E. Splenic vein\ *(Correct answer: C)* 38. **The liver's function in the interconversion of nutrients includes converting amino acids into:** - A. Bile - B. Vitamins - C. Glucose - D. Fatty acids - E. Urea\ *(Correct answer: C)* 39. **Gallstones are most often made of:** - A. Cholesterol - B. Calcium - C. Proteins - D. Iron - E. Carbohydrates\ *(Correct answer: A)* **Small Intestine Digestion and Absorption (Continued)** 40. **Which structure in the small intestine contains lymphatic capillaries that absorb fats?** - A. Microvilli - B. Peyer's patches - C. Villi - D. Lacteals - E. Goblet cells\ *(Correct answer: D)* 41. **Brush border enzymes like sucrase, lactase, and maltase break down:** - A. Proteins - B. Lipids - C. Carbohydrates - D. Nucleic acids - E. Minerals\ *(Correct answer: C)* 42. **The ileocecal valve separates which two parts of the digestive tract?** - A. Ileum and jejunum - B. Stomach and duodenum - C. Duodenum and jejunum - D. Ileum and cecum - E. Colon and rectum\ *(Correct answer: D)* 43. **Alkaline secretions in the small intestine are essential for:** - A. Enhancing gastric acid - B. Activating pancreatic lipase - C. Emulsifying fats - D. Neutralizing acidic chyme - E. Increasing peristalsis\ *(Correct answer: D)* 44. **Goblet cells in the small intestine primarily function to:** - A. Secrete digestive enzymes - B. Absorb nutrients - C. Produce mucus for protection - D. Neutralize acids - E. Absorb fats\ *(Correct answer: C)* **Large Intestine and Defecation (Continued)** 45. **Which section of the large intestine is directly connected to the small intestine?** - A. Colon - B. Cecum - C. Rectum - D. Anus - E. Appendix\ *(Correct answer: B)* 46. **The defecation reflex is stimulated by:** - A. The presence of chyme in the duodenum - B. Mass movement in the colon - C. Stretching of the rectum - D. Contraction of the ileum - E. Pressure in the stomach\ *(Correct answer: C)* 47. **Which reflex is responsible for initiating mass movements in the large intestine following a meal?** - A. Enterogastric reflex - B. Defecation reflex - C. Gastrocolic reflex - D. Rectocolic reflex - E. Peristaltic reflex\ *(Correct answer: C)* **Nutrition and Metabolism** 48. **Which of the following nutrients is the primary source of energy for the body?** - A. Proteins - B. Vitamins - C. Lipids - D. Carbohydrates - E. Minerals\ *(Correct answer: D)* 49. **An essential nutrient is one that:** - A. Can be synthesized by the body - B. Must be obtained from food - C. Is always stored as fat - D. Is only needed in small amounts - E. Provides energy only when carbs are depleted\ *(Correct answer: B)* 50. **The storage form of glucose in the body is:** - A. Triglycerides - B. Fatty acids - C. Amino acids - D. Glycogen - E. ATP\ *(Correct answer: D)* 51. **Which type of fat contains only single bonds between carbon atoms?** - A. Unsaturated fat - B. Trans fat - C. Saturated fat - D. Monounsaturated fat - E. Polyunsaturated fat\ *(Correct answer: C)* 52. **Which water-soluble vitamin can cause stomach inflammation and diarrhea in excess?** - A. Vitamin B6 - B. Vitamin D - C. Vitamin K - D. Vitamin C - E. Vitamin E\ *(Correct answer: D)* **Metabolism Processes (Continued)** 53. **The process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources is called:** - A. Glycolysis - B. Glycogenesis - C. Gluconeogenesis - D. Glycogenolysis - E. Lipogenesis\ *(Correct answer: C)* 54. **What is the net ATP yield per glucose molecule during glycolysis?** - A. 1 ATP - B. 2 ATP - C. 4 ATP - D. 8 ATP - E. 10 ATP\ *(Correct answer: B)* 55. **Which metabolic state involves the absorption of nutrients immediately after eating?** - A. Postabsorptive state - B. Starvation state - C. Absorptive state - D. Basal state - E. Ketogenic state\ *(Correct answer: C)* **Temperature Regulation** 56. **Heat is primarily lost from the body through all EXCEPT:** - A. Radiation - B. Convection - C. Conduction - D. Metabolism - E. Evaporation\ *(Correct answer: D)* 57. **The hypothalamus helps regulate body temperature through a mechanism called:** - A. Homeostasis - B. Negative feedback - C. Peristalsis - D. Defecation reflex - E. Thermogenesis\ *(Correct answer: B)* 58. **Which process produces body heat as a by-product of chemical reactions?** - A. Evaporation - B. Metabolism - C. Conduction - D. Radiation - E. Convection\ *(Correct answer: B)* 59. **During a fever, the body's set point in the hypothalamus is temporarily:** - A. Decreased - B. Increased - C. Unchanged - D. Lowered by shivering - E. Adjusted through the medulla oblongata\ *(Correct answer: B)* 60. **A balance between heat production and heat loss is necessary to maintain:** - A. Cellular respiration - B. Metabolic rate - C. Body temperature - D. Homeostatic imbalance - E. Blood glucose\ *(Correct answer: C)* **Small Intestine Absorption (Continued)** 61. **Which component of the small intestine increases nutrient absorption by 600 times?** - A. Circular folds - B. Villi - C. Microvilli - D. All of the above - E. None of the above\ *(Correct answer: D)* 62. **The primary function of lacteals in the small intestine is to absorb:** - A. Amino acids - B. Monosaccharides - C. Lipids - D. Nucleic acids - E. Vitamins\ *(Correct answer: C)* 63. **The majority of water absorption in the digestive tract occurs in the:** - A. Stomach - B. Small intestine - C. Large intestine - D. Duodenum - E. Colon\ *(Correct answer: B)* 64. **In the small intestine, Peyer's patches are clusters of:** - A. Lymphatic tissue - B. Digestive enzymes - C. Fat droplets - D. Blood vessels - E. Endocrine cells\ *(Correct answer: A)* 65. **The ileum meets the large intestine at the:** - A. Cecum - B. Sigmoid colon - C. Ascending colon - D. Transverse colon - E. Jejunum\ *(Correct answer: A)* **Large Intestine and Defecation (Continued)** 66. **The main purpose of mucus in the large intestine is to:** - A. Absorb water - B. Facilitate movement of feces - C. Produce vitamin K - D. Stimulate muscle contractions - E. Emulsify fats\ *(Correct answer: B)* 67. **The final section of the large intestine is called the:** - A. Cecum - B. Colon - C. Sigmoid colon - D. Rectum - E. Anal canal\ *(Correct answer: E)* 68. **The conversion of chyme to feces in the large intestine typically takes:** - A. 1--2 hours - B. 3--4 hours - C. 6--8 hours - D. 12--18 hours - E. 18--24 hours\ *(Correct answer: E)* 69. **A Valsalva maneuver is performed to:** - A. Inhibit stomach motility - B. Increase peristalsis - C. Initiate the defecation reflex - D. Decrease heart rate - E. Stimulate bile secretion\ *(Correct answer: C)* 70. **Bacteria in the large intestine help produce which vitamin?** - A. Vitamin C - B. Vitamin D - C. Vitamin K - D. Vitamin E - E. Vitamin B12\ *(Correct answer: C)* **Nutrition and Energy Sources (Continued)** 71. **Carbohydrates are primarily stored in the body as:** - A. Fat - B. Glycogen - C. Glucose - D. Amino acids - E. Lipids\ *(Correct answer: B)* 72. **Which dietary component is essential for building and repairing tissues?** - A. Carbohydrates - B. Lipids - C. Proteins - D. Vitamins - E. Water\ *(Correct answer: C)* 73. **Dietary fiber is composed of:** - A. Simple sugars - B. Saturated fats - C. Proteins - D. Complex carbohydrates - E. Minerals\ *(Correct answer: D)* 74. **The main function of minerals in the body is to:** - A. Provide energy - B. Act as enzymes - C. Support metabolic processes and build structures - D. Store carbohydrates - E. Produce ATP\ *(Correct answer: C)* 75. **Which of the following vitamins is classified as water-soluble?** - A. Vitamin A - B. Vitamin D - C. Vitamin C - D. Vitamin E - E. Vitamin K\ *(Correct answer: C)* **Metabolism and Biochemical Pathways (Continued)** 76. **The breakdown of triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol is called:** - A. Lipogenesis - B. Glycogenesis - C. Lipolysis - D. Beta-oxidation - E. Ketogenesis\ *(Correct answer: C)* 77. **Which process directly produces acetyl-CoA for entry into the citric acid cycle?** - A. Glycolysis - B. Beta-oxidation - C. Glycogenolysis - D. Lipogenesis - E. Fermentation\ *(Correct answer: B)* 78. **Which cycle produces the majority of CO2 in aerobic respiration?** - A. Glycolysis - B. Beta-oxidation - C. Citric acid cycle - D. Electron transport chain - E. Anaerobic glycolysis\ *(Correct answer: C)* 79. **The electron transport chain is located in the:** - A. Cytoplasm - B. Mitochondrial membrane - C. Golgi apparatus - D. Ribosomes - E. Lysosome\ *(Correct answer: B)* 80. **During fasting, the process that converts non-carbohydrates to glucose is:** - A. Glycogenolysis - B. Lipolysis - C. Gluconeogenesis - D. Beta-oxidation - E. Fermentation\ *(Correct answer: C)* **Temperature Regulation and Thermoregulation** 81. **What part of the brain regulates body temperature?** - A. Medulla oblongata - B. Thalamus - C. Hypothalamus - D. Hippocampus - E. Pituitary gland\ *(Correct answer: C)* 82. **Shivering is a mechanism used by the body to:** - A. Increase heat loss - B. Conserve energy - C. Generate heat - D. Lower body temperature - E. Initiate sweating\ *(Correct answer: C)* 83. **The process of sweating helps to cool the body through:** - A. Radiation - B. Conduction - C. Convection - D. Evaporation - E. Metabolism\ *(Correct answer: D)* 84. **The release of acetylcholine by the vagus nerve can:** - A. Increase heart rate - B. Cause vasoconstriction - C. Decrease body temperature - D. Cause vasodilation - E. Increase body temperature\ *(Correct answer: D)* 85. **Which of the following mechanisms prevents overheating of the body?** - A. Shivering - B. Vasodilation - C. Glycogenesis - D. Protein synthesis - E. Lipolysis\ *(Correct answer: B)* **Absorptive and Postabsorptive States** 86. **The absorptive state primarily occurs:** - A. During fasting - B. Right after a meal - C. During exercise - D. During sleep - E. After digestion is complete\ *(Correct answer: B)* 87. **During the postabsorptive state, the body primarily relies on:** - A. Glucose from digestion - B. Fat stores - C. Dietary protein - D. Vitamins and minerals - E. Glycolysis\ *(Correct answer: B)* 88. **Glycogenolysis is a process that:** - A. Creates glycogen - B. Breaks down glucose - C. Breaks down glycogen to glucose - D. Synthesizes lipids - E. Converts protein to glucose\ *(Correct answer: C)* 89. **Which metabolic activity is stimulated by insulin?** - A. Glycogenolysis - B. Lipolysis - C. Gluconeogenesis - D. Glycogenesis - E. Ketogenesis\ *(Correct answer: D)* 90. **In the postabsorptive state, the liver supports blood glucose levels by:** - A. Storing glucose - B. Producing fatty acids - C. Synthesizing amino acids - D. Releasing glucose - E. Converting glucose to glycogen\ *(Correct answer: D)* **Metabolic Rate and Energy Use** 91. **Basal metabolic rate refers to:** - A. Energy used for digestion - B. Energy used during exercise - C. Energy required at rest - D. Total energy expenditure - E. Energy stored as fat\ *(Correct answer: C)* 92. **The thermic effect of food represents approximately what percentage of energy expenditure?** - A. 5% - B. 10% - C. 15% - D. 20% - E. 25%\ *(Correct answer: B)* 93. **Which factor increases metabolic rate the most?** - A. Sleeping - B. Sitting quietly - C. Digesting food - D. Muscle activity - E. Watching TV\ *(Correct answer: D)* 94. **Muscle contraction and exercise increase energy expenditure due to:** - A. Glycolysis - B. ATP production - C. Mitochondrial activation - D. Metabolic rate increase - E. Hormonal changes\ *(Correct answer: D)* 95. **One of the effects of a high basal metabolic rate is:** - A. Increased fat storage - B. Decreased energy expenditure - C. Enhanced digestion - D. Faster calorie burning - E. Reduced heat production\ *(Correct answer: D)* **Vitamin and Mineral Metabolism** 96. **Which mineral is primarily involved in muscle contraction and nerve function?** - A. Potassium - B. Iron - C. Calcium - D. Sodium - E. Magnesium\ *(Correct answer: C)* 97. **Vitamin B12 is necessary for:** - A. Vision - B. Blood clotting - C. DNA synthesis - D. Bone health - E. Fat storage\ *(Correct answer: C)* 98. **Which fat-soluble vitamin is known to help with blood clotting?** - A. Vitamin A - B. Vitamin D - C. Vitamin E - D. Vitamin K - E. Vitamin C\ *(Correct answer: D)* 99. **Excess vitamin C is generally:** - A. Stored in the liver - B. Excreted in urine - C. Converted to fat - D. Stored in adipose tissue - E. Stored in bones\ *(Correct answer: B)* 100. **Iron is a key component of which protein that transports oxygen?** - A. Myoglobin - B. Actin - C. Collagen - D. Hemoglobin - E. Keratin\ *(Correct answer: D)* **Vitamins and Minerals (Continued)** 101. **A deficiency in vitamin D can lead to:** - A. Scurvy - B. Rickets - C. Anemia - D. Night blindness - E. Hypercalcemia\ *(Correct answer: B)* 102. **Which of the following minerals is essential for thyroid hormone production?** - A. Iodine - B. Calcium - C. Iron - D. Potassium - E. Magnesium\ *(Correct answer: A)* 103. **Vitamin A is important for:** - A. Muscle contraction - B. Bone formation - C. Vision and immune function - D. Oxygen transport - E. Metabolic rate\ *(Correct answer: C)* 104. **Vitamin K deficiency can result in:** - A. Anemia - B. Excessive bleeding - C. Bone softening - D. Weak immune response - E. Muscle cramps\ *(Correct answer: B)* 105. **The role of vitamin E in the body includes:** - A. Bone development - B. Antioxidant protection - C. Blood clotting - D. Protein synthesis - E. Glycogen formation\ *(Correct answer: B)* **Body Fluid and Electrolyte Balance** 106. **Which electrolyte is most critical for maintaining cell membrane potential?** - A. Sodium - B. Calcium - C. Iron - D. Magnesium - E. Iodine\ *(Correct answer: A)* 107. **A major function of potassium in the body is to:** - A. Promote bone health - B. Aid in blood clotting - C. Regulate heartbeat and muscle function - D. Enhance vision - E. Increase energy storage\ *(Correct answer: C)* 108. **An excess of calcium in the blood may cause:** - A. Muscle cramps - B. Bone weakening - C. High blood pressure - D. Kidney stones - E. Edema\ *(Correct answer: D)* 109. **Water balance in the body is primarily controlled by:** - A. Electrolyte intake - B. Vitamin D - C. Osmosis and kidney function - D. Protein synthesis - E. Fat metabolism\ *(Correct answer: C)* 110. **Sodium is mainly reabsorbed in the kidneys to regulate:** - A. Blood sugar - B. pH levels - C. Blood pressure and fluid balance - D. Muscle tone - E. Digestion\ *(Correct answer: C)* **Oxidation and Reduction in Metabolism** 111. **A molecule is considered reduced when it:** - A. Gains oxygen - B. Loses electrons - C. Gains electrons - D. Loses hydrogen - E. Loses energy\ *(Correct answer: C)* 112. **Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the:** - A. Cytoplasm - B. Nucleus - C. Mitochondria - D. Endoplasmic reticulum - E. Golgi apparatus\ *(Correct answer: C)* 113. **The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is:** - A. Carbon dioxide - B. Water - C. ATP - D. Oxygen - E. Glucose\ *(Correct answer: D)* 114. **In an oxidation-reduction reaction, the molecule that gains an electron is:** - A. Oxidized - B. Decomposed - C. Hydrolyzed - D. Reduced - E. Synthesized\ *(Correct answer: D)* 115. **The energy from high-energy electrons in the electron transport chain is used to:** - A. Break down proteins - B. Pump protons to generate a gradient - C. Form glucose - D. Produce NADH - E. Activate enzymes\ *(Correct answer: B)* **Energy Storage and Release** 116. **Which of the following processes releases glucose from stored glycogen?** - A. Glycogenesis - B. Glycogenolysis - C. Lipogenesis - D. Gluconeogenesis - E. Ketogenesis\ *(Correct answer: B)* 117. **The primary site of triglyceride storage in the body is:** - A. Liver - B. Muscle tissue - C. Adipose tissue - D. Bone marrow - E. Spleen\ *(Correct answer: C)* 118. **When glucose is converted to pyruvate in the cytoplasm, it produces:** - A. 36 ATP - B. 32 ATP - C. 4 ATP - D. 2 ATP (net) - E. 12 ATP\ *(Correct answer: D)* 119. **Ketone bodies are produced in response to:** - A. High glucose intake - B. Excess oxygen - C. Fatty acid breakdown - D. High protein diets - E. Increased glycolysis\ *(Correct answer: C)* 120. **Which process describes the conversion of amino acids to glucose in the liver?** - A. Glycogenolysis - B. Lipogenesis - C. Gluconeogenesis - D. Transamination - E. Beta-oxidation\ *(Correct answer: C)*

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