Anatomy 2 Test 3 Outline Question Set 2
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Questions and Answers

The primary enzyme responsible for fat digestion is:

  • Lactase
  • Lipase (correct)
  • Pepsin
  • Amylase
  • Trypsin

    • The role of cholecystokinin (CCK) in digestion includes:

  • Neutralizing stomach acid
  • Stimulating bile release from the gallbladder (correct)
  • Inhibiting gastric acid
  • Breaking down proteins
  • Increasing water absorption

    • Secretin, a hormone from the duodenum, primarily stimulates:

  • Pancreatic bicarbonate secretion (correct)
  • HCl production
  • Gastric emptying
  • Insulin release
  • Bile secretion

    • Amino acids are absorbed into the bloodstream through:

    <p>Capillaries in the villi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After absorption, monosaccharides are transported to the liver via the:

    <p>Hepatic portal vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lipids are transported in the lymphatic system as:

    <p>Chylomicrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary role of the large intestine is to:

    <p>Absorb water and electrolytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vitamin K, which is absorbed in the large intestine, is produced by:

    <p>Bacteria in the intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Excess amino acids not used for protein synthesis are primarily:

    <p>Stored as triglycerides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main storage form of lipids in adipose tissue is:

    <p>Triglycerides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ketone bodies are produced when:

    <p>Blood glucose is low and fat is broken down</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During intense exercise, muscle cells primarily produce ATP through:

    <p>Glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process cools the body through heat loss due to water vaporization?

    <p>Evaporation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When body temperature decreases, which of the following occurs?

    <p>Shivering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary mechanism for heat loss when the body is warmer than the environment is:

    <p>Radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an accessory organ of digestion?

    <p>Pancreas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary function of the enteric nervous system is to:

    <p>Control movements and secretions in the digestive tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The peritoneum that lines the organs of the abdominal cavity is called the:

    <p>Visceral peritoneum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The palatine tonsils are located in the:

    <p>Oral cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Saliva production is stimulated primarily by the:

    <p>Parasympathetic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main digestive enzyme in saliva that begins carbohydrate digestion is:

    <p>Amylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The type of teeth specialized for tearing food are:

    <p>Canines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle closes the jaw during mastication?

    <p>Masseter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The part of the pharynx that carries both food and air is the:

    <p>Oropharynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main function of the lower esophageal sphincter is to:

    <p>Prevent stomach acid from entering the esophagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Peristalsis refers to:

    <p>Muscle contractions that move food along the digestive tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells in the stomach secrete hydrochloric acid?

    <p>Parietal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary function of pepsin is to:

    <p>Digest proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chyme is the result of:

    <p>Food mixing with gastric secretions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cephalic phase of gastric secretion is triggered by:

    <p>The taste, smell, or thought of food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gastrin is released in response to:

    <p>Presence of food in the stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the small intestine is closest to the stomach?

    <p>Duodenum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary function of villi in the small intestine is to:

    <p>Increase surface area for absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is primarily responsible for carbohydrate digestion in the small intestine?

    <p>Amylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary digestive function of the liver is to:

    <p>Produce bile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bile salts are crucial for:

    <p>Lipid digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pancreas produces all of the following enzymes EXCEPT:

    <p>Pepsin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Insulin is secreted by the:

    <p>Pancreatic islets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bicarbonate ions from the pancreas primarily function to:

    <p>Neutralize stomach acid in the duodenum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main function of the large intestine is to:

    <p>Absorb water and electrolytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which section of the large intestine is closest to the small intestine?

    <p>Cecum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mass movements in the colon are typically initiated by:

    <p>Distension of the stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bacteria in the large intestine are essential for producing:

    <p>Vitamin K</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main function of the rectum is to:

    <p>Store and expel waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nutrient is the body's primary energy source?

    <p>Carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A calorie is defined as:

    <p>Energy needed to raise 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Triglycerides are most commonly stored in the body as:

    <p>Adipose tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mineral is crucial for muscle contraction and nerve function?

    <p>Calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vitamin is water-soluble and must be consumed daily?

    <p>Vitamin C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process by which glucose is converted into glycogen for storage is called:

    <p>Glycogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Excess glucose is stored in the body primarily as:

    <p>Glycogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the breakdown of triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol?

    <p>Lipolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources is called:

    <p>Gluconeogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones is essential for regulating blood glucose levels?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mineral is critical for the formation of hemoglobin in red blood cells?

    <p>Iron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The metabolic process that occurs in the cytoplasm and breaks down glucose into pyruvate is called:

    <p>Glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many ATP molecules are produced from one molecule of glucose during aerobic respiration?

    <p>32</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Beta-oxidation is the process by which:

    <p>Fatty acids are broken down into acetyl-CoA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary role of the hypothalamus in temperature regulation is to:

    <p>Act as the body's thermostat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism involves the loss of heat through infrared rays?

    <p>Radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sweating cools the body by which method of heat loss?

    <p>Evaporation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Shivering helps to increase body temperature by:

    <p>Increasing metabolic heat production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A fever results when the hypothalamus:

    <p>Raises the body's set point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is primarily responsible for starch digestion in the mouth?

    <p>Amylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carbohydrate digestion continues in the small intestine with the action of:

    <p>Amylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the small intestine, maltose is broken down by maltase into:

    <p>Two molecules of glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main monosaccharide absorbed by the intestines is:

    <p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The enzyme pepsin initiates protein digestion in the:

    <p>Stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Protein-digesting enzymes released from the pancreas include:

    <p>Trypsin and chymotrypsin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Peptidases in the small intestine complete protein digestion by breaking down peptides into:

    <p>Amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of breaking down large fat droplets into smaller ones is called:

    <p>Emulsification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bile salts play a role in fat digestion by:

    <p>Emulsifying lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After lipids are absorbed, they are transported in the lymphatic system as:

    <p>Chylomicrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vitamin A is essential for:

    <p>Vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following vitamins is fat-soluble?

    <p>Vitamin D</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The mineral calcium is necessary for:

    <p>Nerve transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vitamin C deficiency can lead to:

    <p>Scurvy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary function of ATP in cells is to:

    <p>Provide energy for cellular processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aerobic respiration primarily occurs in the:

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glycolysis, the first stage of cellular respiration, occurs in the:

    <p>Cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The end products of aerobic respiration are:

    <p>Water and carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) produces:

    <p>NADH and FADH2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The absorptive state occurs:

    <p>Immediately after a meal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the postabsorptive state, the body:

    <p>Relies on stored nutrients for energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The liver detoxifies ammonia by converting it to:

    <p>Urea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is released in response to low blood glucose levels?

    <p>Glucagon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Insulin primarily promotes:

    <p>Glucose uptake by cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 'fight or flight' response involves the release of:

    <p>Epinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cortisol, a hormone released during stress, helps to:

    <p>Increase blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose?

    <p>Lactase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Digestive System Anatomy

    • The pancreas, liver, and gallbladder are accessory organs of digestion.
    • The enteric nervous system regulates the digestive tract's movements and secretions.
    • The visceral peritoneum lines the abdominal cavity's organs.

    Oral Cavity Structure and Function

    • The palatine tonsils are located in the oral cavity.
    • Saliva production is stimulated by the parasympathetic nervous system.
    • Salivary amylase is the main enzyme responsible for carbohydrate digestion in the mouth.
    • Canines are the teeth specialized for tearing food.
    • The masseter muscle closes the jaw during mastication.

    Pharynx and Esophagus

    • The oropharynx is the part of the pharynx that carries both food and air.
    • The lower esophageal sphincter prevents stomach acid from backing up into the esophagus.
    • Peristalsis refers to muscle contractions that move food along the digestive tract.

    Stomach Functions and Secretions

    • Parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid in the stomach.
    • Pepsin's primary role is to digest proteins.
    • Chyme is formed by food mixing with gastric secretions.
    • The cephalic phase of gastric secretion is triggered by the sight, smell, or thought of food.
    • Gastrin is released in response to the presence of food in the stomach.

    Small Intestine Anatomy and Absorption

    • The duodenum is the part of the small intestine closest to the stomach.
    • Villi in the small intestine increase surface area for absorption.
    • Pancreatic amylase is the primary enzyme responsible for carbohydrate digestion in the small intestine.

    Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas

    • The liver's primary digestive function is to produce bile.
    • Bile salts are crucial for lipid digestion.
    • The pancreas produces amylase, lipase, trypsin, and ribonuclease.
    • Insulin is secreted by the pancreatic islets.
    • Pancreatic bicarbonate neutralizes stomach acid in the duodenum.

    Large Intestine Functions

    • The large intestine's main function is to absorb water and electrolytes.
    • The cecum is the section of the large intestine closest to the small intestine.
    • Mass movements in the colon are typically initiated by distension of the stomach.
    • Bacteria in the large intestine produce Vitamin K.
    • The rectum's main function is to store and expel waste.

    Nutrition and Metabolism

    • Carbohydrates are the body's primary energy source.
    • A calorie is defined as the energy needed to raise 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius.
    • Triglycerides are primarily stored in adipose tissue.
    • Calcium is crucial for muscle contraction and nerve function.
    • Vitamin C is water-soluble and needs to be consumed daily.

    Nutrition and Metabolism (Continued)

    • Glycogenesis is the process of converting glucose into glycogen for storage.
    • Excess glucose is primarily stored in the body as glycogen.
    • Lipolysis involves the breakdown of triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol.
    • Gluconeogenesis is the process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.
    • Glucagon and insulin regulate blood glucose levels.
    • Iron is critical for the formation of hemoglobin.
    • Glycolysis is the process that breaks down glucose into pyruvate in the cytoplasm

    Body Temperature Regulation

    • The hypothalamus acts as the body's thermostat in temperature regulation.
    • Radiation involves losing heat through infrared rays.
    • Sweating cools the body through evaporation.
    • Shivering increases body temperature by increasing metabolic heat production.
    • A fever results from the hypothalamus raising the body's set point.

    Carbohydrate Digestion and Absorption

    • Salivary amylase is the primary enzyme responsible for starch digestion in the mouth.
    • Pancreatic amylase continues carbohydrate digestion in the small intestine.
    • Maltase breaks down maltose into two glucose molecules.
    • Glucose is the main monosaccharide absorbed by the intestines.

    Protein Digestion and Absorption

    • Pepsin initiates protein digestion in the stomach.
    • Trypsin and chymotrypsin are protein-digesting enzymes released from the pancreas.
    • Peptidases in the small intestine break down peptides into amino acids.

    Lipid Digestion and Absorption

    • Emulsification is the process of breaking down large fat droplets into smaller ones.
    • Bile salts emulsify lipids.
    • Chylomicrons are the form in which lipids are transported in the lymphatic system.

    Vitamins and Minerals

    • Vitamin A is essential for vision.
    • Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin.
    • Calcium is necessary for nerve transmission.
    • Vitamin C deficiency can cause scurvy.

    Energy Production and ATP

    • ATP's primary function in cells is to provide energy for cellular processes.
    • Mitochondria are the primary location of aerobic respiration.
    • Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm.
    • Water and carbon dioxide are the end products of aerobic respiration.
    • The citric acid cycle produces NADH and FADH2.
    • Aerobic respiration produces 32 ATP molecules from one glucose molecule.
    • Beta-oxidation breaks down fatty acids into acetyl-CoA.

    Absorptive and Postabsorptive States

    • The absorptive state occurs immediately after a meal.
    • The body relies on stored nutrients for energy during the postabsorptive state.

    Liver and Detoxification

    • The liver detoxifies ammonia by converting it to urea.

    Hormones and Metabolic Regulation

    • Glucagon is released in response to low blood glucose levels.
    • Insulin primarily promotes glucose uptake by cells.
    • Epinephrine is released during the "fight or flight" response.
    • Cortisol increases blood glucose levels during stress.

    Digestive Enzymes and Functions

    • Lactase breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose.
    • Lipase is the primary enzyme responsible for fat digestion.
    • Cholecystokinin (CCK) stimulates bile release from the gallbladder.
    • Secretin stimulates pancreatic bicarbonate secretion.

    Macromolecule Absorption and Transport

    • Amino acids are absorbed into the bloodstream through capillaries in the villi.
    • Monosaccharides are transported to the liver via the hepatic portal vein.
    • Chylomicrons transport lipids in the lymphatic system.

    Large Intestine and Water Absorption

    • The large intestine's primary role is to absorb water and electrolytes.
    • Bacteria in the intestine produce Vitamin K.

    Epithelial Cells of The Small Intestine

    • The epithelial cells of the small intestine play a crucial role in nutrient absorption
    • Bile salts aid in the digestion and absorption of fats within the small intestine

    Energy Storage and Utilization

    • Excess amino acids are primarily converted to urea and stored as triglycerides
    • Triglycerides are the main form of lipid storage in adipose tissue
    • Ketone bodies are produced when the body breaks down fat for energy in low blood glucose conditions
    • During intense exercise, muscle cells primarily produce ATP through glycolysis
    • Glycolysis is an anaerobic process that does not require oxygen

    Additional Concepts in Thermoregulation

    • Evaporation is the process of heat loss through water vaporization
    • Shivering is a mechanism to increase body temperature when it decreases
    • The primary mechanism for heat loss when the body is warmer than the environment is radiation.

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    Digestive System Anatomy Test Outline Question Set 2 PDF

    Description

    Explore the fascinating structures and functions of the digestive system through this quiz. Topics include the roles of accessory organs, oral cavity functions, and the mechanics of swallowing and digestion. Test your knowledge of anatomy, physiology, and digestive processes.

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