Anatomy 2 Test 3 Outline Question Set 2

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Questions and Answers

The primary enzyme responsible for fat digestion is:

Lactase

Lipase (correct)

Pepsin

Amylase

Trypsin

The role of cholecystokinin (CCK) in digestion includes:

Neutralizing stomach acid

Stimulating bile release from the gallbladder (correct)

Inhibiting gastric acid

Breaking down proteins

Increasing water absorption

Secretin, a hormone from the duodenum, primarily stimulates:

Pancreatic bicarbonate secretion (correct)

HCl production

Gastric emptying

Insulin release

Bile secretion

Amino acids are absorbed into the bloodstream through:

Capillaries in the villi (A) Signup and view all the answers

After absorption, monosaccharides are transported to the liver via the:

Hepatic portal vein (D) Signup and view all the answers

Lipids are transported in the lymphatic system as:

Chylomicrons (C) Signup and view all the answers

The primary role of the large intestine is to:

Absorb water and electrolytes (E) Signup and view all the answers

Vitamin K, which is absorbed in the large intestine, is produced by:

Bacteria in the intestine (C) Signup and view all the answers

Excess amino acids not used for protein synthesis are primarily:

Stored as triglycerides (B), Converted to urea (D) Signup and view all the answers

The main storage form of lipids in adipose tissue is:

Triglycerides (E) Signup and view all the answers

Ketone bodies are produced when:

Blood glucose is low and fat is broken down (A) Signup and view all the answers

During intense exercise, muscle cells primarily produce ATP through:

Glycolysis (E) Signup and view all the answers

Which process cools the body through heat loss due to water vaporization?

Evaporation (A) Signup and view all the answers

When body temperature decreases, which of the following occurs?

Shivering (E) Signup and view all the answers

The primary mechanism for heat loss when the body is warmer than the environment is:

Radiation (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an accessory organ of digestion?

Pancreas (A) Signup and view all the answers

The primary function of the enteric nervous system is to:

Control movements and secretions in the digestive tract (A) Signup and view all the answers

The peritoneum that lines the organs of the abdominal cavity is called the:

Visceral peritoneum (E) Signup and view all the answers

The palatine tonsils are located in the:

Oral cavity (B) Signup and view all the answers

Saliva production is stimulated primarily by the:

Parasympathetic nervous system (A) Signup and view all the answers

The main digestive enzyme in saliva that begins carbohydrate digestion is:

Amylase (A) Signup and view all the answers

The type of teeth specialized for tearing food are:

Canines (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle closes the jaw during mastication?

Masseter (E) Signup and view all the answers

The part of the pharynx that carries both food and air is the:

Oropharynx (C) Signup and view all the answers

The main function of the lower esophageal sphincter is to:

Prevent stomach acid from entering the esophagus (A) Signup and view all the answers

Peristalsis refers to:

Muscle contractions that move food along the digestive tract (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which cells in the stomach secrete hydrochloric acid?

Parietal cells (C) Signup and view all the answers

The primary function of pepsin is to:

Digest proteins (E) Signup and view all the answers

Chyme is the result of:

Food mixing with gastric secretions (A) Signup and view all the answers

The cephalic phase of gastric secretion is triggered by:

The taste, smell, or thought of food (A) Signup and view all the answers

Gastrin is released in response to:

Presence of food in the stomach (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the small intestine is closest to the stomach?

Duodenum (C) Signup and view all the answers

The primary function of villi in the small intestine is to:

Increase surface area for absorption (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is primarily responsible for carbohydrate digestion in the small intestine?

Amylase (D) Signup and view all the answers

The primary digestive function of the liver is to:

Produce bile (E) Signup and view all the answers

Bile salts are crucial for:

Lipid digestion (A) Signup and view all the answers

The pancreas produces all of the following enzymes EXCEPT:

Pepsin (C) Signup and view all the answers

Insulin is secreted by the:

Pancreatic islets (D) Signup and view all the answers

Bicarbonate ions from the pancreas primarily function to:

Neutralize stomach acid in the duodenum (D) Signup and view all the answers

The main function of the large intestine is to:

Absorb water and electrolytes (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which section of the large intestine is closest to the small intestine?

Cecum (C) Signup and view all the answers

Mass movements in the colon are typically initiated by:

Distension of the stomach (A) Signup and view all the answers

Bacteria in the large intestine are essential for producing:

Vitamin K (A) Signup and view all the answers

The main function of the rectum is to:

Store and expel waste (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which nutrient is the body's primary energy source?

Carbohydrates (B) Signup and view all the answers

A calorie is defined as:

Energy needed to raise 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius (B) Signup and view all the answers

Triglycerides are most commonly stored in the body as:

Adipose tissue (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which mineral is crucial for muscle contraction and nerve function?

Calcium (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin is water-soluble and must be consumed daily?

Vitamin C (D) Signup and view all the answers

The process by which glucose is converted into glycogen for storage is called:

Glycogenesis (D) Signup and view all the answers

Excess glucose is stored in the body primarily as:

Glycogen (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves the breakdown of triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol?

Lipolysis (D) Signup and view all the answers

The process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources is called:

Gluconeogenesis (E) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones is essential for regulating blood glucose levels?

Insulin (B), Glucagon (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which mineral is critical for the formation of hemoglobin in red blood cells?

Iron (A) Signup and view all the answers

The metabolic process that occurs in the cytoplasm and breaks down glucose into pyruvate is called:

Glycolysis (D) Signup and view all the answers

How many ATP molecules are produced from one molecule of glucose during aerobic respiration?

32 (D) Signup and view all the answers

Beta-oxidation is the process by which:

Fatty acids are broken down into acetyl-CoA (E) Signup and view all the answers

The primary role of the hypothalamus in temperature regulation is to:

Act as the body's thermostat (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism involves the loss of heat through infrared rays?

Radiation (C) Signup and view all the answers

Sweating cools the body by which method of heat loss?

Evaporation (B) Signup and view all the answers

Shivering helps to increase body temperature by:

Increasing metabolic heat production (A) Signup and view all the answers

A fever results when the hypothalamus:

Raises the body's set point (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is primarily responsible for starch digestion in the mouth?

Amylase (D) Signup and view all the answers

Carbohydrate digestion continues in the small intestine with the action of:

Amylase (A) Signup and view all the answers

In the small intestine, maltose is broken down by maltase into:

Two molecules of glucose (B) Signup and view all the answers

The main monosaccharide absorbed by the intestines is:

Glucose (D) Signup and view all the answers

The enzyme pepsin initiates protein digestion in the:

Stomach (A) Signup and view all the answers

Protein-digesting enzymes released from the pancreas include:

Trypsin and chymotrypsin (E) Signup and view all the answers

Peptidases in the small intestine complete protein digestion by breaking down peptides into:

Amino acids (E) Signup and view all the answers

The process of breaking down large fat droplets into smaller ones is called:

Emulsification (D) Signup and view all the answers

Bile salts play a role in fat digestion by:

Emulsifying lipids (A) Signup and view all the answers

After lipids are absorbed, they are transported in the lymphatic system as:

Chylomicrons (C) Signup and view all the answers

Vitamin A is essential for:

Vision (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following vitamins is fat-soluble?

Vitamin D (B) Signup and view all the answers

The mineral calcium is necessary for:

Nerve transmission (C) Signup and view all the answers

Vitamin C deficiency can lead to:

Scurvy (C) Signup and view all the answers

The primary function of ATP in cells is to:

Provide energy for cellular processes (D) Signup and view all the answers

Aerobic respiration primarily occurs in the:

Mitochondria (A) Signup and view all the answers

Glycolysis, the first stage of cellular respiration, occurs in the:

Cytoplasm (C) Signup and view all the answers

The end products of aerobic respiration are:

Water and carbon dioxide (A) Signup and view all the answers

The citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) produces:

NADH and FADH2 (D) Signup and view all the answers

The absorptive state occurs:

Immediately after a meal (D) Signup and view all the answers

During the postabsorptive state, the body:

Relies on stored nutrients for energy (C) Signup and view all the answers

The liver detoxifies ammonia by converting it to:

Urea (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is released in response to low blood glucose levels?

Glucagon (C) Signup and view all the answers

Insulin primarily promotes:

Glucose uptake by cells (A) Signup and view all the answers

The 'fight or flight' response involves the release of:

Epinephrine (C) Signup and view all the answers

Cortisol, a hormone released during stress, helps to:

Increase blood glucose levels (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose?

Lactase (C) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Digestive System Anatomy

The pancreas, liver, and gallbladder are accessory organs of digestion.
The enteric nervous system regulates the digestive tract's movements and secretions.
The visceral peritoneum lines the abdominal cavity's organs.

Oral Cavity Structure and Function

The palatine tonsils are located in the oral cavity.
Saliva production is stimulated by the parasympathetic nervous system.
Salivary amylase is the main enzyme responsible for carbohydrate digestion in the mouth.
Canines are the teeth specialized for tearing food.
The masseter muscle closes the jaw during mastication.

Pharynx and Esophagus

The oropharynx is the part of the pharynx that carries both food and air.
The lower esophageal sphincter prevents stomach acid from backing up into the esophagus.
Peristalsis refers to muscle contractions that move food along the digestive tract.

Stomach Functions and Secretions

Parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid in the stomach.
Pepsin's primary role is to digest proteins.
Chyme is formed by food mixing with gastric secretions.
The cephalic phase of gastric secretion is triggered by the sight, smell, or thought of food.
Gastrin is released in response to the presence of food in the stomach.

Small Intestine Anatomy and Absorption

The duodenum is the part of the small intestine closest to the stomach.
Villi in the small intestine increase surface area for absorption.
Pancreatic amylase is the primary enzyme responsible for carbohydrate digestion in the small intestine.

Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas

The liver's primary digestive function is to produce bile.
Bile salts are crucial for lipid digestion.
The pancreas produces amylase, lipase, trypsin, and ribonuclease.
Insulin is secreted by the pancreatic islets.
Pancreatic bicarbonate neutralizes stomach acid in the duodenum.

Large Intestine Functions

The large intestine's main function is to absorb water and electrolytes.
The cecum is the section of the large intestine closest to the small intestine.
Mass movements in the colon are typically initiated by distension of the stomach.
Bacteria in the large intestine produce Vitamin K.
The rectum's main function is to store and expel waste.

Nutrition and Metabolism

Carbohydrates are the body's primary energy source.
A calorie is defined as the energy needed to raise 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius.
Triglycerides are primarily stored in adipose tissue.
Calcium is crucial for muscle contraction and nerve function.
Vitamin C is water-soluble and needs to be consumed daily.

Nutrition and Metabolism (Continued)

Glycogenesis is the process of converting glucose into glycogen for storage.
Excess glucose is primarily stored in the body as glycogen.
Lipolysis involves the breakdown of triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol.
Gluconeogenesis is the process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.
Glucagon and insulin regulate blood glucose levels.
Iron is critical for the formation of hemoglobin.
Glycolysis is the process that breaks down glucose into pyruvate in the cytoplasm

Body Temperature Regulation

The hypothalamus acts as the body's thermostat in temperature regulation.
Radiation involves losing heat through infrared rays.
Sweating cools the body through evaporation.
Shivering increases body temperature by increasing metabolic heat production.
A fever results from the hypothalamus raising the body's set point.

Carbohydrate Digestion and Absorption

Salivary amylase is the primary enzyme responsible for starch digestion in the mouth.
Pancreatic amylase continues carbohydrate digestion in the small intestine.
Maltase breaks down maltose into two glucose molecules.
Glucose is the main monosaccharide absorbed by the intestines.

Protein Digestion and Absorption

Pepsin initiates protein digestion in the stomach.
Trypsin and chymotrypsin are protein-digesting enzymes released from the pancreas.
Peptidases in the small intestine break down peptides into amino acids.

Lipid Digestion and Absorption

Emulsification is the process of breaking down large fat droplets into smaller ones.
Bile salts emulsify lipids.
Chylomicrons are the form in which lipids are transported in the lymphatic system.

Vitamins and Minerals

Vitamin A is essential for vision.
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin.
Calcium is necessary for nerve transmission.
Vitamin C deficiency can cause scurvy.

Energy Production and ATP

ATP's primary function in cells is to provide energy for cellular processes.
Mitochondria are the primary location of aerobic respiration.
Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm.
Water and carbon dioxide are the end products of aerobic respiration.
The citric acid cycle produces NADH and FADH2.
Aerobic respiration produces 32 ATP molecules from one glucose molecule.
Beta-oxidation breaks down fatty acids into acetyl-CoA.

Absorptive and Postabsorptive States

The absorptive state occurs immediately after a meal.
The body relies on stored nutrients for energy during the postabsorptive state.

Liver and Detoxification

The liver detoxifies ammonia by converting it to urea.

Hormones and Metabolic Regulation

Glucagon is released in response to low blood glucose levels.
Insulin primarily promotes glucose uptake by cells.
Epinephrine is released during the "fight or flight" response.
Cortisol increases blood glucose levels during stress.

Digestive Enzymes and Functions

Lactase breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose.
Lipase is the primary enzyme responsible for fat digestion.
Cholecystokinin (CCK) stimulates bile release from the gallbladder.
Secretin stimulates pancreatic bicarbonate secretion.

Macromolecule Absorption and Transport

Amino acids are absorbed into the bloodstream through capillaries in the villi.
Monosaccharides are transported to the liver via the hepatic portal vein.
Chylomicrons transport lipids in the lymphatic system.

Large Intestine and Water Absorption

The large intestine's primary role is to absorb water and electrolytes.
Bacteria in the intestine produce Vitamin K.

Epithelial Cells of The Small Intestine

The epithelial cells of the small intestine play a crucial role in nutrient absorption
Bile salts aid in the digestion and absorption of fats within the small intestine

Energy Storage and Utilization

Excess amino acids are primarily converted to urea and stored as triglycerides
Triglycerides are the main form of lipid storage in adipose tissue
Ketone bodies are produced when the body breaks down fat for energy in low blood glucose conditions
During intense exercise, muscle cells primarily produce ATP through glycolysis
Glycolysis is an anaerobic process that does not require oxygen

Additional Concepts in Thermoregulation

Evaporation is the process of heat loss through water vaporization
Shivering is a mechanism to increase body temperature when it decreases
The primary mechanism for heat loss when the body is warmer than the environment is radiation.

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Explore the fascinating structures and functions of the digestive system through this quiz. Topics include the roles of accessory organs, oral cavity functions, and the mechanics of swallowing and digestion. Test your knowledge of anatomy, physiology, and digestive processes.