Anatomy & Physiology C1 2024 PDF

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY The structure and function of the human body A&P Anatomy – the branch of science that deals with the STRUCTURE of body parts. Physiology – deals with the FUNCTIONS of body parts (what they do and how they do it.)  Levels of Organizati...

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY The structure and function of the human body A&P Anatomy – the branch of science that deals with the STRUCTURE of body parts. Physiology – deals with the FUNCTIONS of body parts (what they do and how they do it.)  Levels of Organization A human body is composed of parts within parts Q: In the human body, what is the structural and functional part?  Characteristics of Life Traits humans share with other organisms Movement- change in position of body or bodypart; motion of internal parts (heart, and WBC’s) Responsiveness- reaction to change inside and outside the body (drinking water)  Characteristics of Life Traits humans share with other organisms Growth - increase in body size (without change in shape) Reproduction - new individual, cell reproduction (mitosis)  Characteristics of Life Traits humans share with other organisms Respiration - process of obtaining and using oxygen to release energy from food and removal of CO2  Characteristics of Life Traits humans share with other organisms Digestion – break-down of foods to simpler forms Absorption – passage of nutrients thru a membrane, such as the intestines and into body fluids  Characteristics of Life Traits humans share with other organisms Circulation - movement of substances in body fluids Assimilation - incorporation of nutrients  Characteristics of Life Traits humans share with other organisms Excretion - removal of waste  Characteristics of Life Traits humans share with other organisms All of these characteristics of life, including the way an organism lives depends on the physical and chemical changes that occur within their body parts. Physiological events that obtain, release and use energy can be put together in a process called? METABOLISM  Characteristics of Life Traits humans share with other organisms Vital signs –Observable body functions that reflect essential metabolic activities – an indication one is alive!!! – Name as many vital signs as you can  Vital Signs Body temperature – Thermometer Blood pressure – sphymomanometer  Vital Signs Pulse rate – Radial pulse Respiration rate – Breaths per minute Muscular movement – Reflexes (knee jerk)  Vital Signs Blood oxygen – Pulse oximeter Weight – Scale Blood Glucose level – Blood glucose meter  Vital Signs Brain waves – Measured using an encephalogram  Maintenance of Life Requirements of Organisms Water – the most abundant chemical in the body – Provides an environment for all metabolic processes – Adults consist of 55-60% water Muscle 75% Fat 20% Blood 83% Bone 22% Heart and lungs 80-90% Brain 75%  Maintenance of Life Requirements of Organisms Foods – provides the body with nutrients – Energy source – Raw materials for building new matter Amino acids to make protein Nucleic acids to make DNA Fats Carbohydrates – Vital chemical reactions (enzymes)  Maintenance of Life Requirements of Organisms Oxygen – gas that makes up 21% of ordinary air – It is required to produce energy from glucose in the process of cellular respiration  Maintenance of Life Requirements of Organisms Heat – is a product of metabolic reaction – Body temperature is a measure of the amount of heat produced by your metabolism – The amount of body heat you have determines the rate of reactions  Maintenance of Life Requirements of Organisms Pressure – application of force on an object – Atmospheric pressure – important for breathing – Hydrostatic pressure - Blood pressure Q: Will these requirements alone ensure survival? Explain  Homeostasis Maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment Body parts can only function efficiently when concentrations of water, nutrients, and oxygen and the conditions of heat and pressure remain within certain narrow limits. Normal (homeostatic) range for some vital signs = relatively stable Internal environment? General Mechanism of Homeostatic control  Regulation of Homeostasis Ex: Body Temperature ( 98.6o F ) – Cold environments promote shivering – Hot environments stimulates sweat production – Regulation of blood flow Negative Feedback - changes away from the normal range What might disrupt the body’s normal processes and disturb homeostasis? Organization of the Human Body The human organism can be divided into two main divisions – Axial Portion – includes the head, neck, trunk – Appendicular Portion – includes the upper & lower limbs  Organization of the Human Body Axial Portion – contain two major cavities. – Dorsal Cavity Toward the back – Ventral Cavity Toward the front Name examples or organs found in each cavity  Organization of the Human Body Dorsal Cavity – Subcavities Cranial cavity Vertebral (or spinal) cavity Ventral Cavity – Subcavities Thoracic Cavity – Pleural cavity – Mediastinum ❖ Pericardial cavity Abdominopelvic Cavity – Abdominal ❖ Peritoneal cavity – Pelvic Name examples or organs found in each cavity  Organization of the Human Body The thoracic cavity is separated from the lower abdominopelvic cavity by the DIAPHRAGM Organization of the Human Body Membranes of the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities: Parietal – membranes attached to the wall of the cavity – Ex. Parietal pleura, parietal peritoneum, parietal pericardium Visceral – membrane that covers an internal organ – Ex. Visceral pleura, visceral peritoneum, visceral pericardium Critical Thinking A small family was traveling in their van and had a minor accident. The children in the back seats were wearing lap belts but still sustained numerous bruises about the abdomen and some internal injuries. Why is this area more vulnerable to damage than others? What body cavity was injured? Cavities of the head: Practice: Critical Thinking a. Abdominal b. Dorsal c. Spinal d. Ventral e. Cranial f. Pelvic g. Thoracic ___________1. Removal of the uterus, or Womb ___________2. Coronary bypass surgery ___________3. Removal of a serious brain tumor ___________4. Removal of a “hot” appendix ___________5. A stomach ulcer operation Universal Language Because humans can change orientation with respect to their environment, and because appendages (arms and legs) can change position with respect to the main body, it is important that anatomical terms of location refer to the organism when it is in its standard anatomical position. ANATOMICAL POSITION Subject standing erect Eyes and head facing forward Feet together and flat on the floor Arms at your sides Palms turned forward  Relative Body Positions Superior - means a body part is above another body part or closer to the head. Inferior - means that a body part is below another part or is towards the feet. Anterior - means towards the front. Also called ventral Posterior - means towards the back. Also called dorsal  Relative Body Positions Medial - related to an imaginary line dividing the body into equal right and left halves. Lateral - means towards the side with respect to the imaginary line.  Relative Body Positions Proximal – describes a body part that is closer to a point of attachment or closer to the trunk. Distal – it means that a body part is farther away from the point of attachment. Relative body positions  Relative Body Positions Superficial – means closer to the surface. Also called peripheral Deep – describes parts that are more internal.  Relative Body Positions Supine – Lying face upward Prone – Lying face downward  Body Sections Sagittal – Refers to a length-wise cut that divides the body into right and left halves. If the sagittal passes along the midline it is called median or midsagittal. Q. What is it called if its located left or right of the mid-line?  Body Sections Transverse – refers to a cut that divides the body into superior and inferior portions. – also called Horizontal  Body Sections Coronal – refers to a section that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions. – also called Frontal Body Planes (sections)  Computerized Tomography CT Scan – also called a Cat Scan, used to visualize organs. vertebra kidneys stomach liver