Lesson 1 (Prelim) - Human Body

LESSON 1 (PRELIM) BY: EMSL, RMT INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN BODY ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY ANATOMY ❑Is the scientific discipline that investigates the body’s structures. ❑The word anatomy means to dissect or cut apart and separate the parts of the body for study. ❑It was first studied by dissection (dis...

LESSON 1 (PRELIM) BY: EMSL, RMT INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN BODY ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY ANATOMY ❑Is the scientific discipline that investigates the body’s structures. ❑The word anatomy means to dissect or cut apart and separate the parts of the body for study. ❑It was first studied by dissection (dis-SEK-shun; dis- = apart; -section = act of cutting), the careful cutting apart of body structures to study their relationships  DIFFERENT LEVELS/BRANCHES OF ❑EMBRYOLOGY ANATOMY ❑DEVELOPMENTAL ANATOMY ❑CELL BIOLOGY ❑HISTOLOGY ❑GROSS ANATOMEY ❑SYSTEMIC ANATOMY ❑REGIONAL ANATOMY ❑SURFACE ANATOMY ❑IMAGING ANATOMY ❑PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY ❑Is the science of body functions. ❑Is the scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things. ❑Physiology often examines systems rather than regions because a particular function can involve portions of a system in more than one region.  DIFFERENT LEVELS/BRANCHES OF PHYSIOLOGY ❑NEUROPHYSIOLOGY ❑ENDOCRINOLOGY ❑CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY ❑IMMUNOLOGY ❑RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY ❑EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY ❑PATHOPHYSIOLOGY PATHOLOGY ❑medical science dealing with all aspects of disease. PHYSIOLOGY ❑Is the science of body functions. ❑Is the scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things. ❑Physiology often examines systems rather than regions because a particular function can involve portions of a system in more than one region. STRUCTURAL & ORGANIZATION OF HUMAN BODY STRUCTURAL & ORGANIZATION OF HUMAN BODY CHEMICAL ❑Determined by chemical makeup ❑Atoms ❑Molecules STRUCTURAL & ORGANIZATION OF HUMAN BODY CELL ❑Basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms. CELL ❑Question: What do you call the structure of cells that carry out particular functions? ❑ANSWER: ORGANELLES STRUCTURAL & ORGANIZATION OF HUMAN BODY TISSUE ❑Groups of similar cells. ❑4 BASIC TYPES OF TISSUES ❖ EPITHELIAL ❖ CONNECTIVE ❖ MUSCLE ❖ NERVOUS STRUCTURAL & ORGANIZATION OF HUMAN BODY ORGAN ❑COMPOSED OF TWO OR MORE TISSUES. ❑USUALLY HAVE RECOGNIZABLE SHAPE STRUCTURAL & ORGANIZATION OF HUMAN BODY ORGAN SYSTEM/ SYSTEM ❑Group of organs that perform common or set of functions 11 MAJOR ORGAN SYSTEMS 1. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM 2. SKELETAL SYSTEM 3. MUSCULAR SYSTEM 4. NERVOUS SYSTEM 5. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 6. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 7. LYMPHATIC SYSTEM 8. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 9. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 10. URINARY SYSTEM 11. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM STRUCTURAL & ORGANIZATION OF HUMAN BODY ORGANISM ❑Living thing considered as a whole ❑QUESTION: Can a bacterial be called an organism? ❑ANSWER: Whether composed of one cell, such as a bacterium, or of trillions of cells, such as a human CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE ORGANIZATION ❑Refers to the specific interrelationships among the parts of an organism and how those parts interact to perform specific functions. METABOLISM ❑Refers to all the chemical reactions taking place in the cells and internal environment of an organism ❑Question: 2 types of Metabolism ❑ANSWER: ❑Catabolism ❑Anabolism RESPONSIVENESS ❑Is an organism’s ability to sense changes in its external or internal environment and adjust to those changes. MOVEMENT ❑motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny structures inside cells ❑QUESTION: Give 1 good example of Movement in the human body. GROWTH ❑refers to an increase in the size or number of cells, which produces an overall enlargement of all or part of an organism. ❑ASSIGNMENT: The difference between Hyperplasia & Hypertrophy DEVELOPMENT ❑includes the changes an organism undergoes through time, beginning with fertilization and ending at death ❑Usually involves DIFFERENTIATION & MORPHOGENESIS REPRODUCTION ❑Involves CELL DIVISION & FERTILIZATION HOMEOSTASIS  Homeostasis is the existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body* is the condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body’s internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body’s many regulatory processes. * consistently influenced by different HOMEOSTASIS variables (ex., body temperature) maintaining the body near an ideal normal value, or set point (however, not precisely at set point but slightly increase or decrease around the set point to produce a normal range values)  ICF ECF Interstitial Fluid HOMEOSTASIS & BODY FLUIDS  ASSIGNMENT: Provide at least 3 specific examples of ECF of the body HOMEOSTASIS & BODY FLUIDS  QUESTIONS: WHAT ORGAN SYSTEM(S) WOULD BE INVOLVED IN THE CONTROL OF HOMEOSTASIS? Most often, the nervous system and the endocrine CONTROL OF system, working to gether HOMEOSTASIS or independently, provide the needed corrective measures (feedback system/feedback loop)  3 BASIC COMPONENTS OF FEEDBACK SYSTEMS ❑RECEPTOR ❑CONTROL CENTER ❑EFFECTOR  RECEPTOR ❑This pathway is called an afferent pathway. ❑Flows toward the control center ❑Input  CONTROL CENTER ❑This pathway is called an efferent pathway. ❑Flows away the control center ❑Output  EFFECTOR ❑Receives the output ❑Produces a response or effect ❑Can adjust the value of variable NEGATIVE FEEDBACK POSITIVE FEEDBACK Most systems of the body are regulated by negative- the set point becoming even greater. Tends feedback mechanisms, which maintain homeostasis. to strengthen or reinforce a change in one of the body’s controlled mechanism “to decrease.” any deviation from the set point is made , positive means “increase.” smaller or is resisted some positive-feedback mechanisms can Sometimes a deviation from the usual be detrimental instead of helpful. range of values can be beneficial  HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE - The body’s ability to maintain homeostasis gives it tremendous healing power and a remarkable resistance to abuse. The physiological processes responsible for maintaining homeostasis are in large part also responsible for your good health. For most people, lifelong good health is not something that happens effortlessly. The many factors in this balance called health include the following: Environment and behavior Genetic makeup The air you breathe, food you eat, and thoughts you think.  HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE - If not maintained, and if disrupted could result to the following - DISEASE - DISORDER.  HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE DISEASE (a)Local (b) Systemic -characterized by SYMPTOMS 1. Subjective 2. Objective TERMINOLOGY - ETYMOLOGY OR ASSIGNMENT: DERIVATION. In a 1 whole short bond - Most anatomical term paper, write at least 10 are derived from Greek medical terms with either or Latin Prefix or Suffix and Prefixes and suffixes can indicate its meaning be added to words to expand their meaning. TERMINOLOGY BODY PLAN -Anatomical position refers to a person standing erect with the face directed forward, the upper limbs hanging to the sides, and the palms of the hands facing forward. SUPINE = Lying face upward PRONE = Lying face downward In anatomical position, the head is above the feet would still be the preferred position of the head as being BODY POSITIONS BODY POSITIONS  Left & Right Caudal & Cephalic Superior & Inferior Ventral & Dorsal Anterior & Posterior Proximal & Distal Lateral & Medial Superficial & Deep DIRECTION TERMS BODY PARTS & REGIONS BODY PARTS & REGIONS PLANES BODY CAVITIES  DORSAL BODY CAVITY BODY CAVITIES VENTRAL BODY CAVITY  DORSAL BODY CAVITY Cranial Cavity Vertebral Canal BODY CAVITIES  VENTRAL BODY CAVITY Houses vast majority of internal organs. 2 subdivisions: BODY CAVITIES (a) Thoracic cavity (b) Abdominal Cavity  THORACIC CAVITY (1) PLEURAL (2) Mediastinum (3) Pericardial  ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY (1) Abdominal cavity (2) Pelvic Cavity SEROUS MEMBRANES OF THE VENTRAL BODY CAVITY A membrane is a thin, pliable tissue that covers, lines, partitions, or connects structures. These membranes are double layered. (a) Parietal serous SEROUS membrane MEMBRANES OF (b)Visceral serous THE VENTRAL membrane BODY CAVITY  THANK YOU G. Tortora & B. Derrickson (2014) Principles of ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY 14th Edition C. VanPutte et al. (2020) Seeley’s ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY 12th Edition