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What is the study of the structures that can be seen on an organism with the naked eye?
What is the study of the structures that can be seen on an organism with the naked eye?
What is the branch of anatomy that deals with the morphologic changes in the tissues?
What is the branch of anatomy that deals with the morphologic changes in the tissues?
What is the term for the study of the small structures that can only be seen by using the microscope?
What is the term for the study of the small structures that can only be seen by using the microscope?
What is the basis of the formation of a molecule?
What is the basis of the formation of a molecule?
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What is the level of organization that is composed of two or more tissue types?
What is the level of organization that is composed of two or more tissue types?
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What is the level of organization that is a group of molecules?
What is the level of organization that is a group of molecules?
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What is the study of the central and peripheral nervous system?
What is the study of the central and peripheral nervous system?
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What is the origin of the word 'anatomy'?
What is the origin of the word 'anatomy'?
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What is the location of the urinary bladder in the human body?
What is the location of the urinary bladder in the human body?
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In the standard anatomical position, how do the palms of the hands face?
In the standard anatomical position, how do the palms of the hands face?
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What is the purpose of anatomical planes in human anatomy?
What is the purpose of anatomical planes in human anatomy?
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Which plane divides the body into a left section and a right section?
Which plane divides the body into a left section and a right section?
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What is the direction of the median plane?
What is the direction of the median plane?
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Which plane divides the body into an upper section and a lower section?
Which plane divides the body into an upper section and a lower section?
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What is an organ system?
What is an organ system?
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What is the highest level of organization in the human body?
What is the highest level of organization in the human body?
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How many main body regions are there in the human body?
How many main body regions are there in the human body?
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What is the function of the dorsal body cavity?
What is the function of the dorsal body cavity?
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What is the thoracic cavity?
What is the thoracic cavity?
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What organs are contained in the abdominal cavity?
What organs are contained in the abdominal cavity?
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What is the purpose of a body cavity?
What is the purpose of a body cavity?
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What is the main function of an organism?
What is the main function of an organism?
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What is the term for the direction towards the front of the body?
What is the term for the direction towards the front of the body?
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Which movement involves bending a joint?
Which movement involves bending a joint?
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What is the term for the direction away from the midline of the body?
What is the term for the direction away from the midline of the body?
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What is the term for moving the palm of the hand downward?
What is the term for moving the palm of the hand downward?
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What is the term for the direction towards the surface of the body?
What is the term for the direction towards the surface of the body?
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What is the term for moving the sole of the foot away from the midline?
What is the term for moving the sole of the foot away from the midline?
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What is the term for moving a part downward?
What is the term for moving a part downward?
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What is a group of cells that have similar structure and function together as a unit?
What is a group of cells that have similar structure and function together as a unit?
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What is the primary function of epithelial tissues?
What is the primary function of epithelial tissues?
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What is the main function of muscle tissue?
What is the main function of muscle tissue?
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What is the primary function of nervous tissue?
What is the primary function of nervous tissue?
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What is the main function of connective tissue?
What is the main function of connective tissue?
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What type of body membrane is the synovial membrane?
What type of body membrane is the synovial membrane?
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What is the main function of body membranes?
What is the main function of body membranes?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Human Anatomy
- Anatomy is the science that deals with the structures of all parts of the body, their function, relation, microscopical organization, and process by which they developed.
- The word "anatomy" comes from the Greek words "ana" meaning "up" and "tome" meaning "cut" or "dissect".
Branches of Anatomy
- Gross Anatomy (Macroscopic Anatomy): studies structures visible to the naked eye, such as external and internal bodily organs.
- Microscopical Anatomy (Histology): studies small structures that can only be seen with a microscope.
- Neuroanatomy: studies the central and peripheral nervous system, both grossly and microscopically.
- Pathological Anatomy: deals with morphologic changes in tissues, both grossly and microscopically.
- Radiological Anatomy: studies body structures using radiography and other imaging methods, such as ultrasound, CT scans, and MRI.
Levels of Organization of the Human Body
- Atom: the basic and fundamental unit of matter.
- Molecule and Macromolecule: formed by chemical bonds between two or more atoms.
- Organelle: a group of molecules.
- Cell: formed by a group of organelles.
- Tissue: a combination of different types of cells that perform specialized functions.
- Organ: a structure composed of two or more tissue types.
- Organ System: a group of organs that work together to perform major functions.
- Organism: the highest level of organization, a living subject with a cellular structure that can perform all physiologic functions necessary for life.
Body Regions
- The entire human body is divided into regions, including:
- Head and neck
- Chest
- Abdomen and pelvis
- Upper extremities
- Lower extremities
- Each main region is divided into several smaller regions.
Body Cavities
- A body cavity is a space or compartment that accommodates organs and contains fluid.
- There are two major body cavities:
- Dorsal body cavities:
- Cranial cavity contains the brain
- Vertebral cavity contains the spinal cord
- Ventral body cavity:
- Thoracic cavity contains pericardial and pleural cavities
- Abdominal cavity contains esophagus, stomach, large intestine, small intestine, liver, spleen, pancreas, and kidneys
- Pelvic cavity contains urinary bladder and ureter
- Dorsal body cavities:
Anatomical Position
- The standard anatomical position of the human body is standing upright and facing forward with the legs parallel to each other.
- The upper limbs hang at either side, and the palms face forward.
Anatomical Planes
- The anatomical planes are imaginary planes used to describe the location of structures in human anatomy.
- There are four anatomical planes:
- Sagittal plane: a vertical plane that passes through the body longitudinally, dividing it into a left and right section.
- Median (mid sagittal) plane: a vertical plane that passes down the midline of the body, separating it into equal halves.
- Coronal plane: a vertical plane that passes through the body longitudinally, dividing it into a front (anterior) and back (posterior) section.
- Transverse plane (cross section): a horizontal plane that divides the body into an upper (superior) and lower (inferior) section.
Descriptive Terms of Position
- Anterior (ventral): toward the front
- Posterior (dorsal): toward the back
- Medial: toward the midline of the body
- Lateral: away from the midline of the body
- Proximal: near the origin of the structure
- Distal: away from the origin of the structure
- External: toward the surface (superficial)
- Internal: away from the surface (deep)
- Superior: up toward the head
- Inferior: down toward the foot
- Central: at the midline
- Peripheral: away from the midline
Descriptive Terms of Movement
- Flexion: bend the joint
- Extension: make the joint straight
- Abduction: move the structure away from the midline
- Adduction: move the structure toward the midline
- Pronation: move the palm of the hand upward
- Supination: move the palm of the hand downward
- Inversion: move the sole of the foot toward the midline
- Eversion: move the sole of the foot away from the midline
- Dorsiflexion: stand on the heel
- Plantar flexion: stand on the toes
- Depression: move the part downward
- Elevation: move the part upward
Body Tissues
- Tissue is a group of cells that have similar structure and function together as a unit.
- There are four main types of body tissues:
- Epithelial tissues: form the covering of all body surfaces, line body cavities, and are the major tissue in glands.
- Connective tissues: bind structures together, form a framework and support for organs, store fat, transport substances, protect against disease, and help repair tissue damage.
- Muscle tissue: composed of cells that have the special ability to shorten or contract in order to produce movement of body parts.
- Nervous tissue: responsible for coordinating and controlling all body activities.
Body Membranes
- Body membranes are thin sheets of tissue that cover the body, line body cavities, and cover organs within the cavities.
- There are two main categories of body membranes:
- Epithelial tissue membranes: include mucous, serous, and cutaneous membranes.
- Connective tissue membranes: include synovial membranes and meninges.
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Description
Learn about the basics of human anatomy, including the structure, function, and relations of body parts, as well as their microscopic organization and development. This quiz covers the introduction to human anatomy.
