Anatomy II - Module 5-Human Reproductive System PDF

ANATOMY II-NURSING & MIDWIFERY 8/8/2022 PU: FHAS - Nursing & Midwifery L100 Module 1: Integumentary System 1...

ANATOMY II-NURSING & MIDWIFERY 8/8/2022 PU: FHAS - Nursing & Midwifery L100 Module 1: Integumentary System 1 MR. BRIGHT OWUSU Department of Nursing and Midwifery Faculty of Health and Allied Sciences (FHAS) Pentecost University College MODULE 5: REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 2  REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Reproduction is the process of producing new individuals of the same kind Sexual reproduction does not necessarily entail copulation or even physical contact between the parents; many species merely shed sex cells into the sea and the parents never meet germ cells (germ cells or gametes) are characterized by having a half (23) as many chromosomes as are found in any other cell in the body 3  Assisted Reproductive Technology Human Reproductive Technology (HRT) or Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) procedures include fertility treatment in which both eggs and sperm are handled in the laboratory to aid in reproduction; thus, procreation without sex. E.g., Artificial insemination (AI); the process of injecting sperm from a male (by Husband or Donor) into a female close, to the time of ovulation, to induce fertilization In virtro fertilization (IVF); is a process by which egg cells are fertilized by sperm outside of the womb, in vitro, and the embryo(s) are introduced back into the woman’s uterus On 25 July, 1978, the first test-tube baby, Louise 4 Brown, was born. Louise Brown, 1978  SEX SELECTION AND DETERMINATION Sexual identity is initiated at the moment of conception, when the genetic sex of the zygote (fertilized egg) is determined. The ovum is fertilized by a spermatozoon containing either an X or a Y sex chromosome. If the spermatozoon contains an X chromosome, it will pair with the X chromosome of the ovum and a female child will develop. A spermatozoon carrying a Y chromosome results in an XY combination, and a male child will develop. Sex determination does not end with fertilization. it requires an interaction between genetics and the hormones produced by the mother and fetus. 5 thus, genetic sex determines whether the gonads will be testes or ovaries. Sex Selection and Determination cont. Up to a point, a fetus is sexually undifferentiated, or “noncommittal” as to which sex it will become. Gonads begin to develop at 5 to 6 weeks as gonadal ridges, Adjacent to each gonadal ridge are two ducts, the mesonephric (wolffian) duct; which originally serves the mesonephros, and the paramesonephric (müllerian) duct In males, the mesonephric ducts develop into the reproductive tract and the paramesonephric ducts degenerate. 6 In females, the opposite occurs  Functions of the Reproductive Systems The functions of the male reproductive system are to produce the male gametes, spermatozoa, and to transfer them to the female through the process of coitus (sexual intercourse) or copulation. produce and secrete sex hormones, which maintain the male sex organs and contribute to the male libido (sex drive). The functions of the female reproductive system are to produce gametes (oocytes or ova) and receives the sperm from the male, have specialized organs that provide sites for fertilization, implantation of the developing embryonic mass (the blastocyst), pregnancy, and delivery of a baby. provides a means for nourishing the baby through the secretion of milk from the mammary glands. produce and secrete sex hormones; maintain the female sex organs and 7 contribute to the female libido. ORGANS OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Median section of the pelvic 8 cavity viewed from the left Anterior Posterior  Categories of Reproductive Structures The structures of the male reproductive system can be categorized on a functional basis as follows: ❑ Primary sex organs: are called gonads; specifically, the testes ─ produce the gametes, or spermatozoa, and ─ produce and secrete sex hormones (androgens) scrotum is a pouch of skin that encloses and protects the testes ❑ Secondary sex organs: are structures that are essential in caring for and transporting spermatozoa. The three categories of secondary sex organs are the sperm-transporting ducts; epididymides, ductus deferentia, ejaculatory ducts, and urethra accessory glands; seminal vesicles, the prostate, and the bulbourethral glands 9 copulatory organ; penis, which contains erectile tissue  Categories of Reproductive Structures cont. Supporting structures – Scrotum 2 chambered sac that contains testes Muscles help regulate temperature – Penis Important sexual organ and part of the urinary system 10 DESCENT OF TESTES Descent – Pass from abdominal cavity through inguinal canal to scrotum 11  TESTES Compartments divided by septa – Seminiferous tubules Empty into efferent ductules Efferent ductules empty into epididymis – Epididymis Site of sperm cell maturation 12-16 days 12 Seminiferous Tubules 13  MALE REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES: PENIS Three columns of Urinary bladder erectile tissue that Ureter engorge with blood – Corpora cavernosa (2) – Corpus spongiosum (1) Glans penis – Prepuce or foreskin Corpus covers cavernosum Urethra Circumcision: Surgical removal Testis Penis Corpus spongiosum 14 Glans A cross section through the Penis 15  Functions of the Male Reproductive Structures Organ(s) Function(s) o Testes Seminiferous Produce spermatozoa tubules Interstitial cells Secrete male sex hormones o Epididymides Site of sperm maturation; Store and convey spermatozoa to the ductus deferentia o Ductus deferentia Store spermatozoa; convey spermatozoa to the ejaculatory ducts o Ejaculatory ducts Receive spermatozoa and additives to produce seminal fluid o Seminal vesicles Secrete alkaline fluid containing nutrients and prostaglandins; Helps neutralize the acidic environment of the vagina o Prostate glands Secretes acidic fluid that enhances motility of spermatozoa o Bulbourethral Secrete fluid that lubricates the urethra and end of the penis glands o Scrotum Encloses and protects the testes; Helps maintain constant temperature for spermatogenesis 16 o Penis Conveys urine and seminal fluid to outside of body; Serves as the copulatory organ ORGANS OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 17 Anterior Posterior Reproductive System cont. 18  The Female Reproductive System cont. The organs of the female reproductive system, like those of the male, are categorized on a functional basis as follows: ❑ Primary sex organs: are called gonads, and in the female are known more specifically as the ovaries. produce the gametes (ova), or eggs, and produce and secrete sex steroid hormones. ❑ Secondary sex organs: are structures that are essential for … ― successful fertilization of the ovum, implantation of the blastocyst, ― development of the embryo and fetus, and ― parturition. 19  The Female Reproductive System cont. The secondary sex organs include: the vagina, which receives the penis and ejaculated semen during coitus and through which the baby passes during delivery; the external genitalia, which protect the vaginal orifice (opening); the uterine (fallopian) tubes, through which ovulated eggs are transported toward the uterus and where fertilization takes place; and the uterus (womb), where implantation and development occur. The muscular walls of the uterus play an active role in parturition. Mammary glands; secrete milk they after parturition 20 UTERUS & VAGINA Uterus – Parts: fundus, body, cervix – Composed of 3 layers Perimetrium: Serous membrane Myometrium: Smooth muscle Endometrium: Mucous membrane 26-21 The Endometrium: when things go wrong 22 UTERUS & VAGINA Vagina – extends down from the cervix, the lower part of the uterus, to the vestibule, which is part of the vulva and the external genitalia. – three core functions: it § carries menstrual flow outside the body, § receives the male penis during sexual intercourse, and § serves as a birth canal during labor. – Composed of 3 layers Outer covering of areolar tissue Middle layer: Smooth muscle 26-23 Inner lining: squamous epithelium Presence of Lactobacillus acidophilus between that forms ridges or rugae puberty and menopause FEMALE EXTERNAL GENITALIA The Vulva Comprises the External Female Genitalia The structures of the vulva ! facilitate sexual intercourse and ! provide the entrance to and outlet for the internal genitalia. 24  FEMALE EXTERNAL GENITALIA The The structures of the vulva include the: ! labia minora and labia majora, ! mons pubis, ! greater vestibular glands, and ! the vestibule: space includes two openings: the smaller urethral orifice allows urine to exit (as part of the urinary system). The larger vaginal orifice is the entrance to the vagina. Labia minora: form borders on sides Clitoris: Erectile structure – Corpora cavernosa – Corpora spongiosa 25 Erectile tissue of female and male genitalia 26 FEMALE EXTERNAL GENITALIA 27  Reproductive Organs of the Female Organ Function/Description Ovaries Produce female gametes (oocytes) and female sex hormones Uterine tubes Convey oocytes toward uterus; site of fertilization; convey developing embryo to uterus Uterus Site of implantation; protects and sustains embryo and fetus during pregnancy, plays active role in parturition (childbirth) Vagina Conveys uterine secretions to outside of body; receives erect penis and semen during coitus and ejaculation; serves as passageway for fetus during parturition Labia majora Form margins of pudendal cleft; enclose and protect labia minora Labia minora Form margins of vaginal vestibule; protect openings of vagina and urethra Clitoris Glans of the clitoris is richly supplied with sensory nerve endings associated with feeling of pleasure during sexual stimulation Pudendal Cleft between labia majora within which labia minora and clitoris are cleft located 28 Vaginal Cleft between labia minora within which vaginal and urethral openings vestibule are located  Reproductive Organs of the Female cont. Organ Function/Description Vestibular Secrete fluid that moistens and lubricates the vaginal vestibule and glands vaginal opening during sexual arousal and coitus Mammary Produce and secrete milk for nourishment of an infant glands 29