Anatomy & Physiology PDF - Radtech Handouts

NURSING*RADTECH*DENTISTRY*CRIMINOLOGY*MIDWIFERY*MEDTECH LET*PSYCHOMET*RESPIRATORY THERAPY*CIVIL SERVICE*NAPOLCOM NCLEX*DHA*HAAD* PROMETRIC* UK-CBT ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY...

NURSING*RADTECH*DENTISTRY*CRIMINOLOGY*MIDWIFERY*MEDTECH LET*PSYCHOMET*RESPIRATORY THERAPY*CIVIL SERVICE*NAPOLCOM NCLEX*DHA*HAAD* PROMETRIC* UK-CBT ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY Prepared by: Vincent Raphael V. Manarang MAN, RN(PH,UK) I. THE CELL Smooth E. R. Basic functional unit of all living organism. Structure: Membranous tubules and flattened sacs with no attached ribosomes Basic Parts Function: Manufactures lipids and carbohydrates; Plasmalemma detoxifies harmful chemicals; stores and Cytoplasm controls release of calcium - Site of cell-synthesizing activity Golgi Apparatus Contains: Flattened membrane sacs stacked on each > Cytosol (cytoplasmic matrix) other that collects, modifies, packages and > Organelles distributes proteins and lipids manufactured by > Metaplasm (Cytoplasmic inclusions) the ER. Nucleus Produces lysosome Lysosome Plasmalemma Membrane bound vesicles formed from the Golgi Structure: lipid bilayer composed of apparatus; contain the intracellular digestive phospholipids and cholesterol; proteins extend enzyme (hydrolase) that were synthesized in the across or are embedded RER Function: Outer boundary of cells; keep Peroxisome constant ion content of cytoplasm; function in Vesicles formed by budding off from the SER intercellular communication and by self-replication Cytosol They contain oxidases rather than hydrolases  Liquid part of the cell Secretory Vesicle/ Granules  Ground Substance Membrane-bound vesicles that pinch-off from Nucleus the Golgi apparatus move to the surface of the Largest organelle of the cell and the most cell, their membranes fuse with the plasma obvious feature under the microscope. membrane, to release contents by exocytosis Control center of the cell containing the Endosomes blueprint from which all the other components Vesicles formed as a result of phagocytosis of the cell are constructed. Mitochondria Nucleolus Structure:  a non-membranous circular-shaped structure double membraned elongated organelles found inside the nucleus that is the site of 1. outer membrane and ribosomal RNA synthesis. 2. inner membrane with many folds(cristae) Nucleoplasm Function:  Ground substance of the nucleus Carry out aerobic respiration to produce ATP Chromatin (adenosine triphosphate)  The complex of DNA and proteins (histones) Non-membrane bound Organelles Membrane-bound Organelles Cytoskeleton Endoplasmic Reticulum Consists of three groups of proteins: Anastomosing network of intercommunicating A. Microtubule channels or cisternae formed by a continuous - maintain cell shape membrane - assist in cell division Rough E. R. - form essential components like Structure: Membranous tubules and flattened sacs cilia and flagella with attached ribosomes B. Intermediate filaments Function: Synthesizes proteins and transports them - strengthen and maintain cell to Golgi apparatus shape 1 TOPRANK REVIEW ACADEMY- RADTECH  NURSING*RADTECH*DENTISTRY*CRIMINOLOGY*MIDWIFERY*MEDTECH LET*PSYCHOMET*RESPIRATORY THERAPY*CIVIL SERVICE*NAPOLCOM NCLEX*DHA*HAAD* PROMETRIC* UK-CBT C. Actin/microfilaments - Meiosis 2 - some involved in movement & Cell Death contraction 1. Apoptosis - programmed cell death that - change cell shape results in disassembly and phagocytosis of - support microvilli the cell before any leakage of its contents Basal bodies occurs, and neighboring cells usually remain Required for development of cilia healthy. Derived from centrioles 2. Necrosis - Cells die as a result of an acute Centrosome injury usually swell and burst due to loss of Oval-shaped organelle located next to the cell membrane integrity. Necrotic cells may nucleus spill their contents, causing inflammation Specialized zone of cytoplasm that is the center and injury to neighboring cells of microtubule formation Contains a pair of centrioles III. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Ribosomes Protein synthesis for use within the cell. Skin Composed of rRNA and protein. It is the largest single organ of the body Also known as the integument or cutaneous Cell Surface Appendages layer. Cilia Functions: “Protect VETS” Short, hair-like structures  Protection Capable of moving  Vitamin D Production Contains specialized microtubules similar to the  Excretion orientation in centrioles.  Temperature Regulation Flagella  Sensation Have structure similar to cilia but are much longer. 3 Main Layers of Skin Microvilli  Epidermis Specialized extension of cell membrane that are  Dermis supported by microfilaments but do not actively  Hypodermis or subcutis move and increase the surface area of cells Stereocilia Epidermis Unusually long microvilli Strata: II. CELL LIFE CYCLE 1. Stratum Basale / Germinativum - Basal Layer Phases of Cell Cycle - Keratinocyte stem cells undergo mitotic divisions Non-dividing phase (interphase) approximately every 19 days. - G1 phase (first gap) 2. Stratum Spinosum - S phase (synthesis) - Prickle cell layer/ Spinous layer - G2 (second gap) - Normally the thickest Cell Division/ Mitotic phase (M phase) 3. Stratum Granulosum - Prophase - Granular layer - Metaphase 4. Stratum Lucidum - Anaphase - thin, clear zone that consists of several layers of - Telophase dead cells Meiosis - Cells appear somewhat transparent. produce four genetically different daughter cells. 5. Stratum Corneum Each of these daughter cells contains half as - Keratin layer many chromosomes as the parent cell. - consists of cornified cells, which are dead cells 2 key features: - The type of keratin found in the skin is soft - Synapsis keratin. - Crossover 2 events: Melanin – group of pigments responsible for skin, - Meiosis 1 hair, and eye color 2 TOPRANK REVIEW ACADEMY- RADTECH  NURSING*RADTECH*DENTISTRY*CRIMINOLOGY*MIDWIFERY*MEDTECH LET*PSYCHOMET*RESPIRATORY THERAPY*CIVIL SERVICE*NAPOLCOM NCLEX*DHA*HAAD* PROMETRIC* UK-CBT - 22 BONES excluding ossicles Hair - composed of FLAT & IRREGULAR BONES - Hair follicles Divided into: - Hair shafts  Neurocranium (Cranial bones) - “PEST OF 6” Hair Growth Cycle “AnCaTe” (total of 8 in number, but only 6 by name) (Makati pag tumutubo ang buhok!)  Viscerocranium (Facial bones + Mandible)  Anagen - Facial “Viagras Can Not Make Penis Like  Catagen Zebra”  Telogen - Mandible Nail Sutures *Nail Body/ plate - Sagittal *Nail root - Coronal *Nail bed - Lambdoid - Squamosal Glands of the Skin - Metopic  Sebaceous  Sweat glands FONTANELLES = unosified gaps (temporary) a. Merocrine/ eccrine  FRONTAL (A) = closes 18-24 months ◊ b. Apocrine  OCCIPITAL (P) = closes 2-3 months ∆  OTHERS: mastoid & sphenoid IV. SKELETAL SYSTEM PARANASAL SINUSES: “FES M” Functions: - Frontal 1. Support - Ethmoid 2. Protection - Sphenoid 3. Movement - Maxillary 4. Storage 5. Blood cell production Vertebral Column - It is the central axis of the skeleton. Types of Bone based on Location: - Has a normal curvature  Axial  Appendicular Types of Bone based on their Shape  Long Bones – longer than they are wide ex. Upper and lower limbs  Short Bones – approximately as broad as they are long ex. Wrist and ankle  Flat Bones – relatively thin, flattened shape Cervical Vertebrae ex. Ribs, scapulae - Have very small bodies  Irregular Bones – with shapes that do not fit - Most have bifid spinous processes into the other three - The only vertebrae that has a transverse ex. Vertebrae and facial bones foramina C1, C2, C7 = Atypical Common Terms in Bone Anatomy C3, C4, C5, C6 = Typical  Foramen – hole in a bone  Canal or meatus – elongated hole which is a C1 = Atlas (Holds up the head) tunnel-like passage through the bone.  No body and no spinous process  Fossa – depression on a bone C2 = Axis  Tubercle or tuberosity – lump on a bone  Has DENS  Process – projection from a bone  The dens fits into the enlarged vertebral foramen of the atlas, and the atlas rotates SKULL around this process. 3 TOPRANK REVIEW ACADEMY- RADTECH  NURSING*RADTECH*DENTISTRY*CRIMINOLOGY*MIDWIFERY*MEDTECH LET*PSYCHOMET*RESPIRATORY THERAPY*CIVIL SERVICE*NAPOLCOM NCLEX*DHA*HAAD* PROMETRIC* UK-CBT - Acromion Process – attachment of clavicle C7  The spine is not bifid Clavicle  It resembles the 1st Thoracic Vertebra - Collar bone Vertebral prominence – most prominent spinous - S-shaped bone process Parts: Acromial End, Shaft, Sternal End Thoracic Vertebrae Long bones of Upper Appendicular: - Possess long processes - Humerus - Typical vertebrae - Radius - Ulna Lumbar Vertebrae - The body is wider transversely and deeper in Humerus front.  Head – articulates with the glenoid cavity - With mammillary process  Anatomical neck – distal to the head; almost non-existent Sacral Vertebrae  Surgical neck – common fracture site that - 5 vertebrae fused into a single bone called often requires surgical repair Sacrum.  Greater tubercle – located at lateral surface Alae - Wing-shaped areas on the superior surfaces  Lesser Tubercle – located at the anterior of the lateral parts. surface of the proximal end of the humerus.  Capitulum – Very rounded; located at the Coccyx lateral portion that articulates with the radius. - Tailbone  Trochlea – located at the medial portion; - NO vertebral foramina nor well- developed articulates with the ulna. processes  Medial and Lateral Epicondyles – Proximal to the capitulum and trochlea which are points Rib Cage of attachment for the muscles of the forearm. - Thoracic cage Ulna  Trochlear Notch (Semilunar Notch) – C- shaped articular surface located at the proximal end of the ulna. Trochlear notch is bounded by two processes: Ribs  Olecranon Process – Larger, posterior - 12 pairs process; “the elbow”  Coronoid Process - Smaller, anterior process Classified as either:  Head – Small head of ulna which articulates - TRUE RIBS/ Vertebrosternal both the radius and the wrist bones; located at - FALSE RIBS the posterior, medial (ulnar) side of the distal a. Vertebrochondral forearm. b. Floating/ Vertebral  Styloid Process – located at the posteromedial side of head to which ligaments of wrist are Sternum attached - Breastbone; Sword-shaped - Composed of three parts: Radius  Manubrium  Head – Proximal end of the radius; concave and  Gladiolus/ Body articulates with the capitulum of the humerus.  Xiphoid Process  Radial Tuberosity – Point of attachment of biceps brachii. Scapula  Styloid Process – Located at the lateral side - Coracoid process provides attachments for of the distal radius in which wrist ligaments are some shoulder and arm muscles. attached. - Glenoid Cavity – located in the superior lateral portion of the bone, articulates with the Carpals head of the humerus. - Wrist bones 4 TOPRANK REVIEW ACADEMY- RADTECH  NURSING*RADTECH*DENTISTRY*CRIMINOLOGY*MIDWIFERY*MEDTECH LET*PSYCHOMET*RESPIRATORY THERAPY*CIVIL SERVICE*NAPOLCOM NCLEX*DHA*HAAD* PROMETRIC* UK-CBT - Composed of eight bones arranged into two  Calcaneus (Heel bone) – Largest and rows of four each (Scaphoid, Lunate, strongest bone in the foot; located inferior to Triquetrium, Pisiform, Trapezoid, Trapezium, the talus and supports the bone Capitate, Hamate)  Navicular (Boat-shaped) – Lies between the “She Looks Too Pretty talus posteriorly and the cuneiforms anteriorly. Try To Catch Her” Distal Four Bones in a row:  Medial, wedge-shaped bone: Metacarpals  Medial Cuneiform - Five metacarpal bones are attached to the  Intermediate Cuneiform carpal bones and constitute the bony framework  Lateral Cuneiform of the hand.  Cuboid (Cube-shaped) – Most lateral of the - Five digits of each hand include one thumb and distal row four fingers. “Try Catching Naughty Cute Chicks” - Each digit consists of small long bones called Phalanges: Metatarsals Thumb – has two phalanges (proximal and - Arranged in a manner very similar to that of the distal) metacarpal bones and phalanges of the hand. Four Fingers – have three phalanges (Proximal, Middle and Distal) V. MUSCULAR SYSTEM Pelvic Girdle Functions: Pelvis = Pelvic Girdle and Coccyx.  Body Movement  Maintenance of Posture Femur  Respiration - Has a prominent, rounded head, where it  Production of Body Heat articulates with the acetabulum  Communication - Neck is located at an oblique angle to the shaft  Constriction of Organs and Vessels of the femur.  Heart beat Proximal shaft exhibits two projections: *Some skeletal muscles are not attached to bone at both  Greater Trochanter – Lateral to the neck ends  Lesser Trochanter – Small and located on the eg. Facial muscles inferior and posterior to the neck *Tendons - connects the muscle to the bone Patella *Origin (head) - “knee cap” - most stationary end of the muscle - a large sesamoid bone *Insertion Tibia and Fibula -end of the muscle attached to the bone  Intercondylar Eminence – Located between undergoing the greatest movement the condyles; a ridge between the two articular *Belly surfaces of the proximal tibia -part of muscle between origin and insertion  Medial Malleolus – Enlarged; Located at the distal end of the tibia; helps to form the medial Muscles may be named according to: side of the ankle joint Location – Pectoralis (Chest) Origin and Insertion – Brachioradialis (which  Lateral Malleolus – Slightly enlarged; creates extends from brachio meaning arm to the the lateral wall of the ankle joint radius) *Fibula does not articulate with the femur but has a Number of heads – biceps (“bi”, two + “ceps”, small head where it articulates with the tibia. head) Function – flexor digitorum (flexes the digits) Tarsals Size – Vastus (means large) - Consist of 7 bones: Shape – Deltoid (means triangular) Proximal in the Foot: Orientation of fasciculi – Rectus (means  Talus (Ankle bone) – Articulates with the tibia straight) and the fibula to form the ankle joint Types of Muscle: 5 TOPRANK REVIEW ACADEMY- RADTECH  NURSING*RADTECH*DENTISTRY*CRIMINOLOGY*MIDWIFERY*MEDTECH LET*PSYCHOMET*RESPIRATORY THERAPY*CIVIL SERVICE*NAPOLCOM NCLEX*DHA*HAAD* PROMETRIC* UK-CBT 1. Skeletal muscle – responsible for movement of skeleton and MUSCLES OF THE THORAX organs such as globe of the eye and the tongue.  Pectoralis - often referred to as voluntary muscle and  External Intercostals striated muscle.  Internal Intercostals 2. Smooth Muscle  Diaphragm - also called visceral muscle and involuntary  Rectus Abdominis muscle  Latissimus Dorsi 3. Cardiac Muscle (myocardium) THIGH MUSCLES (Anterior Compartment) –structural and functional characteristics are  Rectus Femoris intermediate between those of skeletal and  Vastus Lateralis smooth muscle  Vastus Medialis - composed of elongated, branched individual  Vastus Intermedius cells that lie parallel to each other. Contraction  Sartorius of cardiac muscle is involuntary, vigorous, and rhythmic. THIGH MUSCLES (Posterior Compartment)  Biceps Femoris  Semimembranosus  Semitendinosus OTHER LOWER EXTREMITY MUSCLES  Gastrocnemius  Soleus  Gracilis MUSCLES OF THE GLUTEAL REGION, PELVIC FLOOR AND PERINEUM  Gluteus maximus MUSCLES OF THE FACE & HEAD  Bulbospongiosus  Orbicularis Oculi  Coccygeus  Corrugator Supercilii  Levator ani  Nasalis  External anal sphincter  Procerus  External urethral sphincter  Orbicularis Oris  Buccinator  Risorius VI. NERVOUS SYSTEM  Zygomaticus  Mentalis 2 Division accdg to Location: - CNS  Occipitalis - PNS  Frontalis 2 Functional Division of the PNS:  Sensory (Afferent) Division – transmits signals MUSCLES OF THE NECK from the sensory receptors to the CNS  Sternocleidomastoid  Motor (Efferent) Division – transmits signals  Trapezius from the CNS to the effector organs CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM MUSCLES OF THE UPPER EXTREMITIES - Brain + Spinal Cord  Deltoid  Biceps brachii BRAIN  Triceps brachii Cerebrum - largest portion of total brain weight, which  Brachioradialis is about 1200 g in females and 1400 g in males.  Extensor Digitorum Longitudinal fissure – divides it into right and left hemisphere  Flexor Digitorum 6 TOPRANK REVIEW ACADEMY- RADTECH  NURSING*RADTECH*DENTISTRY*CRIMINOLOGY*MIDWIFERY*MEDTECH LET*PSYCHOMET*RESPIRATORY THERAPY*CIVIL SERVICE*NAPOLCOM NCLEX*DHA*HAAD* PROMETRIC* UK-CBT Gyri – numerous folds that are the most conspicuous  Filled with CSF. feature on the surface of the hemispheres. Sulci – grooves in between gyri Central sulcus – separates frontal and parietal lobe PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Hemispheres Consists of: Left Right  Cranial nerves (12): Leave the brain and pass Language aRts out the skull foramina. mathematical memoRIGHT NO. NAMES FUNCTION analytical I Oh Some II Oh Says Lobes III Oh Marry Frontal - voluntary motor function, motivation, IV To Money aggression, smell, and mood V Touch But Parietal - somatic sensory VI And My Occipital - vision VII Feel Brother Temporal - smell and hearing; memory VIII A/ Virgin Says Diencephalon IX Girl’s Big part between the brainstem and the cerebrum. X Vagina Boobs Consists of: XI Aahh/ So Matter - Thalamus XII Heaven Most - Hypothalamus - Subthalamus  Spinal nerves (31): Leave the spinal cord and - Epithalamus pass out via the intervertebral foramina. 8 cervical spinal nerves Brainstem 12 thoracic. connects the spinal cord to the remainder of 5 lumbar. brain. 5 sacral. 3 Parts: 1 coccygeal. 1. Medulla Oblongata 2. Pons VII. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM 3. Midbrain 2 Functional Components Cerebellum  Blood Vascular System attached to the brainstem posterior to the pons.  Lymph Vascular System Controls balance and coordination Blood Vascular System Composition  Heart MENINGES  Arteries “PAD” of the Brain  Capillaries Dura  Veins Arachnoid Parts of the Heart Pia 1. Valves > SEMILUNAR Spinal Cord - Each has three semilunar cusps - located in Spinal Canal - No chordae tendineae or papillary muscles are - continuation of medulla oblongata and exits the associated with semilunar valves. foramen magnum a. Pulmonic valve - meninges are same with brain b. Aortic valve > ATRIOVENTRICULAR Contains: a. Tricuspid valve Gray matter b. Mitral valve  Located centrally; H-shaped. 2. Atria White matter. >RIGHT ATRIUM  Surrounds the gray matter peripherally. - receives blood from superior and Central canal inferior vena cava 7 TOPRANK REVIEW ACADEMY- RADTECH  NURSING*RADTECH*DENTISTRY*CRIMINOLOGY*MIDWIFERY*MEDTECH LET*PSYCHOMET*RESPIRATORY THERAPY*CIVIL SERVICE*NAPOLCOM NCLEX*DHA*HAAD* PROMETRIC* UK-CBT > LEFT ATRIUM - 2% other substances (ions, - Incoming blood from pulmonary veins. nutrients, gases and waste products) 3. Ventricles > RIGHT VENTRICLE Formed Elements - Responsible for the pulmonic circulation. 1. Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes) - Pumps deoxygenated blood through the 2. White Blood Cells (leukocytes) pulmonic valve to pulmonary artery and lungs 3. Platelets (Thrombocytes) for oxygenation. >LEFT VENTRICLE Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) Apex of the heart. - biconcave disk; no nucleus Responsible for the systemic circulation - contains hemoglobin which colors the cell red - transports oxygen and carbon dioxide Blood Circulatory/Vascular System  Arterial System – distribute blood from the White Blood Cells (Leukocytes) heart to capillary beds throughout the body. - are spherical cells with nucleus; white in color  Capillaries (Microcirculation) – extremely because they lack hemoglobin thin-walled vessels forming an interconnected 2 Types: network where the exchange occurs.  Granulocytes “BEN Phil”  Venous System – a low-pressure component  Basophil (Baso lalagyan ng H20 – 2 Hs – responsible for carrying blood from the capillary Histamine & Heparin) networks to the right atrium of the heart.  Eosinophil – for allErgy and parasitE  Neutrophil – for NEW infection (acute); first to respond (pabibo kasi bago)  Agranulocytes  Lymphocytes – T cells and B cells  Monocytes – mononuclear phagocytes Platelets (Thrombocytes) - cell fragments surrounded by plasma membrane and containing granules - forms platelet plugs; releases chemicals Lymphatic Vascular System necessary for blood clotting  a system of thin-walled endothelial channels that collect excess interstitial fluid called lymph Blood Groups and Types * Unlike the blood, lymph flows in only one direction, toward the heart. ABO Blood Group type A blood - has type A antigens Blood type B blood - has type B antigens Structural components of blood: type AB blood - has both A and B antigens Blood is a connective tissue that consists of cells type O blood - has neither A nor B antigens and cell fragments surrounded by a liquid matrix. Rh Blood Group Plasma – liquid (55%); Formed elements – cells and cell People are Rh-positive if they have a certain Rh antigen fragments (45%) (the D antigen) on the surface of their red blood cells, and people are Rh-negative if they do not have this Rh *Blood makes up about 8% of total body weight antigen. Antibodies against the Rh antigen do not develop unless an Rh-negative person is exposed to Rh- Plasma positive blood. Pale yellow fluid that consists of: - 91% water - 7% protein (albumin, globulins, VIII. IMMUNE SYSTEM fibrinogen) Antibody - A glycoprotein of immunoglobulin family that interacts specifically with antigens. 8 TOPRANK REVIEW ACADEMY- RADTECH  NURSING*RADTECH*DENTISTRY*CRIMINOLOGY*MIDWIFERY*MEDTECH LET*PSYCHOMET*RESPIRATORY THERAPY*CIVIL SERVICE*NAPOLCOM NCLEX*DHA*HAAD* PROMETRIC* UK-CBT  IgG  IgA Palate  IgM  Roof of oral cavity, floor of nasal cavity.  IgE  It consists of two parts:  IgD  Hard palate: anterior part which contains bone Thymus  Soft palate: posterior portion which  primary or central lymphoid organ in which T consists of skeletal muscle and cells are produced connective tissue  most active during childhood and at puberty it Uvula undergoes slow involution.  Posterior extension from soft palate. Bone Marrow Pharynx  Site of B-cell development  Consists of three parts:  Primarily located in ribs, vertebrae, sternum and - nasopharynx pelvis. - oropharynx,  Does not undergo involution unlike thymus - laryngopharynx. Epiglottis Lymph Nodes - covers the opening of the larynx and keeps  Provides perfect location for lymphocytes to be food and drink from entering the larynx exposed to a wide variety of antigens and to undergo stimulation. Esophagus  It is a muscular tube, about 25 cm long in adults Spleen Upper and lower esophageal sphincter -  the only lymphoid organ involved in filtration of regulate the movement of materials into and out blood of the esophagus.  important organ in defense against blood-borne antigens. Stomach  main site of old erythrocyte destruction. It is a muscular dilation of the digestive tract where mechanical and chemical digestion occurs. MALT Major stomach regions are:  Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue - cardia  The total mass of lymphoid tissues in the - fundus gastrointestinal, respiratory and genitourinary - body, and tracts - pylorus 1. Waldeyer’s ring *All these regions have longitudinal gastric folds, called Formed by the tonsils rugae. a. Palatine tonsils b. Lingual tonsils/ faucial tonsils Liver c. Pharyngeal tonsils/ adenoids Functions: A B C D E F G H 2. GALT (Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue) - Albumin Synthesis a. Peyer Patches - Bile Production b. Appendix - Cholesterol Metabolism - Detoxification of Drugs and Alcohol IX. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM - Excretion - Factors for Clotting Lips - Glycogen storage  muscular structures, formed mostly by the - Hormone production “BATH” orbicularis oris muscle. Parts of the Liver 2 Major Lobes Tongue - Right A mass of striated muscle covered by mucosa - Left Major sensory organ for taste and one of the 2 Minor Lobes major organs of speech. - Caudate and Quadrate Frenulum - anterior attachment to the floor of the mouth Gallbladder 9 TOPRANK REVIEW ACADEMY- RADTECH  NURSING*RADTECH*DENTISTRY*CRIMINOLOGY*MIDWIFERY*MEDTECH LET*PSYCHOMET*RESPIRATORY THERAPY*CIVIL SERVICE*NAPOLCOM NCLEX*DHA*HAAD* PROMETRIC* UK-CBT - Stores and concentrates bile. 2 Functional Components Common bile duct formed by:  Conducting portion Cystic duct (from gallbladder).  Respiratory portion Hepatic duct (from liver). Common bile duct empties into duodenum. Nose  Also called “Nasus” Pancreas  It consists of: - lobulated gland Parts: Head, Body & Tail  External nose – It is a visible structure that Function: Produces digestive enzyme precursors forms a prominent feature of the face (proenzymes)  Nasal cavity – It extends form nares to choanae. Small Intestine  Nasal septum – Partition dividing the nasal Site where the digestive processes are cavity into right and left parts. completed and where nutrients are absorbed Pharynx 3 Segments: Nasopharynx  Duodenum  first part  Jejunum  Two auditory tubes from the middle ear open  Ileum into the nasopharynx. Villi - short mucosal outgrowths that project Oropharynx into the lumen  Extends from soft palate to epiglottis Laryngopharynx Large Intestine  It extends from the tip of the epiglottis to the  Also called bowel, which absorbs water and esophagus and passes posterior to the larynx. electrolytes and forms indigestible material into feces, has the following regions: Larynx - cecum  “Voice box” - colon (ascending, transverse, descending)  It is both a valve to close the respiratory tract, - rectum Haustra - Individual segments that allow for and an instrument to produce sound. independent contraction Trachea  “Wind pipe” Anus Trachealis muscle. It relaxes during swallowing - Last portion of digestive tract that allows the and strongly contracts in the cough reflex passage of feces Tracheobronchial Tree Internal anal sphincter 1. trachea External anal sphincter 2. Main or primary bronchi 3. lobar or secondary bronchi 4. segmental or tertiary bronchi. X. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 5. bronchioles 6. terminal bronchioles Functions: “PRO-VAPE” 7. Respiratory bronchioles Pulmonary Ventilation Regulation of pH Alveoli Olfaction Alveoli are saclike evaginations from the Voice Production respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and ACE production alveolar sacs. Protection Site for Gas exchange Exchange of Gases Lungs 2 Structural Divisions:  Principal organs of respiration  Upper  Largest organs of the body (volume basis)  Lower 10 TOPRANK REVIEW ACADEMY- RADTECH  NURSING*RADTECH*DENTISTRY*CRIMINOLOGY*MIDWIFERY*MEDTECH LET*PSYCHOMET*RESPIRATORY THERAPY*CIVIL SERVICE*NAPOLCOM NCLEX*DHA*HAAD* PROMETRIC* UK-CBT Hilum – a region on the medial surface of the lung Internal urinary sphincter – elastic tissue and where structures enter or exit the lung. smooth muscle that contracts to keep semen from entering the urinary bladder during sexual intercourse. *There is no functional internal urinary sphincter in females. XI. URINARY SYSTEM External urinary sphincter - composed of skeletal muscle that surrounds the urethra as the urethra Functions of Kidney: “A WET BED” extends through the pelvic floor. This sphincter acts as a Acid-Base Balance valve that controls the flow of urine through the urethra. Water Removal Erythropoiesis Toxin Removal XII. MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Blood Pressure Control Electrolyte Balance Testes D (Vitamin) Activation  small, ovoid organs within the scrotum Septa - divide each testis into cone-shaped Kidneys testicular lobules. Bean-shaped, about the size of a tightly Lobules – contain seminiferous tubules clenched fist. Seminiferous Tubules – site of sperm cell 2 Major Regions of Kidneys: development.  Outer Cortex  Inner Medulla Epididymis  comma-shaped structure on the posterior side of Nephron the testis. - The histological and functional unit of the  Storage of semen kidney. Ductus Deferens/ Vas Deferens 2 basic components:  emerges from the tail of the epididymis and 1. renal corpuscle ascends along the posterior side of the testis - glomerulus medial to the epididymis - bowman’s capsule Ejaculatory Duct 2. renal tubules  Formed by the short duct from the seminal - proximal convoluted tubule vesicle and the ampulla of the ductus deferens. - loop of Henle These ducts project into the prostate gland and - distal convoluted tubule end by opening into the urethra. Accessory glands Urine Formation 1. Seminal Vesicle 3 Major Processes - exocrine glands in which production of their 1. Filtration viscid, yellowish secretion depends on 2. Tubular reabsorption testosterone (seminal fluid) 3. Tubular secretion Components of Seminal Fluid: - Fructose Ureters - tubes through which urine flows from the - Prostaglandin kidneys to the urinary bladder and extend inferiorly and - Fibrinogen medially from the renal pelvis at the renal hilum of each 2. Prostate Gland kidney to the urinary bladder - dense organ that resembles a walnut in shape and size that secretes prostatic fluid Urinary bladder - a hollow, muscular container that 3. Bulbourethral Gland lies in the pelvic cavity just posterior to the symphysis - Mucus-secreting glands pubis that stores urine. Urethra Urethra - transports urine to the outside of the body,  extends from the urinary bladder to the distal exits the urinary bladder inferiorly and anteriorly. end of the penis and is a passageway for both urine and male reproductive fluids. 11 TOPRANK REVIEW ACADEMY- RADTECH  NURSING*RADTECH*DENTISTRY*CRIMINOLOGY*MIDWIFERY*MEDTECH LET*PSYCHOMET*RESPIRATORY THERAPY*CIVIL SERVICE*NAPOLCOM NCLEX*DHA*HAAD* PROMETRIC* UK-CBT Penis - Provides lubricating mucus during sexual  male organ of copulation arousal, also called greater vestibular glands Glans Penis - cap formed from expansion of corpus which are homologous to the male spongiosum. bulbourethral glands. External Genitalia External Genitalia Prepuce/ foreskin- loose fold of skin that  Vestibule covers the glans penis.  Labia minora Scrotum – Saclike structure that contains the  Labia majora testes; male homologue of labia majora in female.  Clitoris Raphe – an irregular ridge that marks the midline of the external part of the scrotum that extends Mammary Gland from the anus, over the scrotal sac, and onto the inferior  Compound tubuloalveolar glands of the aspect of the body of the penis breasts that resembles highly modified apocrine sweat glands Areola Male Sexual Act  Thin skin covering the nipple 1. Sexual Sensation and/or Psychic stimulation  Contains sebaceous glands and abundant 2. Penile Erection (with Lubrication) sensory nerves 3. Emission 4. Ejaculation Female Sexual Act 5. Resolution 1. Sexual sensation 2. Female Erection and lubrication 3. Female Orgasm XIII. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 4. Resolution (relaxed peacefulness) Ovaries XIV. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM  Almond-shaped bodies producing the oocytes. 2 Parts Pituitary Gland  Cortex - the denser, outer part of the ovary,  Also called Hypophysis  Medulla - the looser, inner part of the ovary  It lies below the brain in a small cavity on the sphenoid bone, the sella turcica. Uterine/ Fallopian Tubes 2 Glands/ Parts:  Also called oviducts 1. Posterior Pituitary or neurohypophysis Regions: 2. Anterior Pituitary or adenohypophysis 1. Infundibulum 2. Ampulla Anterior Pituitary 3. Isthmus  Also called adenohypophysis and is derived 4. Uterine or intramural part from the oral ectoderm. Uterus  A pear-shaped organ with thick, muscular walls. Parts: 1. Fundus 2. Body 3. Isthmus 4. Cervix Layers:  Perimetrium  Myometrium  Endometrium Vagina  female organ of copulation Rugae - ridges Hymen - covers the vaginal opening, or orifice. Bartholin’s gland Posterior Pituitary 12 TOPRANK REVIEW ACADEMY- RADTECH  NURSING*RADTECH*DENTISTRY*CRIMINOLOGY*MIDWIFERY*MEDTECH LET*PSYCHOMET*RESPIRATORY THERAPY*CIVIL SERVICE*NAPOLCOM NCLEX*DHA*HAAD* PROMETRIC* UK-CBT  Also called the neurohypophysis and consists of: Thyroid Gland  composed of two lobes connected by a narrow band of thyroid tissue called isthmus. Pancreas  It is both an exocrine gland and an endocrine  Largest endocrine gland. gland. *exocrine – acini - produce pancreatic juice *endocrine - consisting of pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) secretes hormones that enter the circulatory system. Parathyroid gland  Four small ovoid masses are usually embedded in the posterior part of each lobe of the thyroid Gonads gland. Parathyroid Hormone Testes Regulates Blood Ca levels by: Hormones: - Increase rate of breakdown of bone by  Testosterone osteoclasts Target tissue: Most Cells - Increase reabsorption of Ca in kidneys Response: Aids in spermatogenesis, dev’t of - Increased absorption of Ca from small intestine genitalia, maintenance of functional reproductive by increased vitamin D synthesis organs, secondary sex characteristics, sexual behavior Adrenal Gland  also called the suprarenal glands, are paired Ovaries organs lying near the superior poles of the Hormones: kidneys  Estrogen/ Progesterone Target tissue: Most cells  composed of an inner medulla and an outer Response: Aids in uterine and mammary gland cortex. dev’t and function, maturation of genitalia, secondary sex characteristics, sexual behavior, menstrual cycle Thymus It is a bilobed gland located in the superior mediastinum, the partition dividing the thoracic cavity into the left and right parts. The site for the maturation of T cells. 13 TOPRANK REVIEW ACADEMY- RADTECH  NURSING*RADTECH*DENTISTRY*CRIMINOLOGY*MIDWIFERY*MEDTECH LET*PSYCHOMET*RESPIRATORY THERAPY*CIVIL SERVICE*NAPOLCOM NCLEX*DHA*HAAD* PROMETRIC* UK-CBT Thymosin - a hormone secreted by the thymus, is important in the T-cell maturation process. Pineal Gland  It is in the epithalamus of the brain and also known as the epiphysis cerebri  Produces melatonin that is responsible for circadian (24 hours, day/night) rhythm of physiological functions and behaviors. RRTs GRAB YOUR LICENSE!!!! Dream Act Believe What is your Goal? TO TOP THE BOARD EXAM! 14 TOPRANK REVIEW ACADEMY- RADTECH