Anatomy and Physiology Test Bank PDF

Test Bank 此外，数字时代对人类思维方式和行为 模式也产生了深远的影响。信息技术的 普及，使得人们的思维方式更加开放、 灵活。互联网提供了丰富的学习资源和 交流平台，激发了人们的创新意识和创 造力。同时，社交媒体的兴起，使得人 们的交流方式更加多样化，社会关系更 加紧...

Test Bank 此外，数字时代对人类思维方式和行为 模式也产生了深远的影响。信息技术的 普及，使得人们的思维方式更加开放、 灵活。互联网提供了丰富的学习资源和 交流平台，激发了人们的创新意识和创 造力。同时，社交媒体的兴起，使得人 们的交流方式更加多样化，社会关系更 加紧密。然而，数字时代的快速发展也 使得一些人对信息技术产生了依赖，甚 至出现了“数字成瘾”的现象。如何在享 受数字化便利的同时，保持健康的生活 方式，是现代社会面临的重要课题此外 ，数字时代对人类思维方式和行为模式 也产生了深远的影响。信息技术的普及 ，使得人们的思维方式更加开放、灵活 。互联网提供了丰富的学习资源和交流 平台，激发了人们的创新意识和创造力 。同时，社交媒体的兴起，使得人们的 交流方式更加多样化，社会关系更加紧 密。然而，数字时代的快速发展也使得 一些人对信息技术产生了依赖，甚至出 现了“数字成瘾”的现象。如何在享受数 字化便利的同时，保持健康的生活方式 ，是现代社会面临的重要课题此外，数 字时代对人类思维方式和行为模式也产 生了深远的影响。信息技术的普及，使 得人们的思维方式更加开放、灵活。互 联网提供了丰富的学习资源和交流平台 ，激发了人们的创新意识和创造力。同 时，社交媒体的兴起，使得人们的交流 方式更加多样化，社会关系更加紧密。 ANATOMY & 然而，数字时代的快速发展也使得一些 人对信息技术产生了依赖，甚至出现了 “数字成瘾”的现象。如何在享受数字化 PHYSIOLOGY 便利的同时，保持健康的生活方式，是 现代社会面临的重要课题此外，数字时 代对人类思维方式和行为模式也产生了 深远的影响。信息技术的普及，使得人 们的思维方式更加开放、灵活。互联网 提供了丰富的学习资源和交流平台，激 发了人们的创新意识和创造力。同时， 社交媒体的兴起，使得人们的交流方式 更加多样化，社会关系更加紧密。然而 ，数字时代的快速发展也使得一些人对 信息技术产生了依赖，甚至出现了“数 字成瘾”的现象。如何在享受数字化便 Contents Preface iv Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation 1 Chapter 2 Chemistry Comes Alive 19 Chapter 3 Cells: The Living Units 40 Chapter 4 Tissue: The Living Fabric 59 Chapter 5 The Integumentary System 76 Chapter 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissue 95 Chapter 7 The Skeleton 111 Chapter 8 Joints 128 Chapter 9 Muscles and Muscle Tissue 144 Chapter 10 The Muscular System 165 Chapter 11 Fundamentals of the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue 183 Chapter 12 The Central Nervous System 200 Chapter 13 The Peripheral Nervous System and Reflex Activity 224 Chapter 14 The Autonomic Nervous System 250 Chapter 15 The Endocrine System 265 Chapter 16 Blood 285 Chapter 17 The Cardiovascular System: The Heart 303 Chapter 18 The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels 321 Chapter 19 The Lymphatic System and Lymphoid Organs and Tissues 341 Chapter 20 The Immune System: Innate and Adaptive Body Defenses 354 Chapter 21 The Respiratory System 373 Chapter 22 The Digestive System 393 Chapter 23 Nutrition, Metabolism, and Body Temperature Regulation 417 Chapter 24 The Urinary System 436 Chapter 25 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance 454 Chapter 26 The Reproductive System 470 Iii Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Introduction 此外，数字时代对人类思维方式和行为 Matching Questions 模式也产生了深远的影响。信息技术的 普及，使得人们的思维方式更加开放、 灵活。互联网提供了丰富的学习资源和 交流平台，激发了人们的创新意识和创 造力。同时，社交媒体的兴起，使得人 们的交流方式更加多样化，社会关系更 加紧密。然而，数字时代的快速发展也 使得一些人对信息技术产生了依赖，甚 至出现了“数字成瘾”的现象。如何在享 受数字化便利的同时，保持健康的生活 方式，是现代社会面临的重要课题此外 ，数字时代对人类思维方式和行为模式 也产生了深远的影响。信息技术的普及 ，使得人们的思维方式更加开放、灵活 。互联网提供了丰富的学习资源和交流 平台，激发了人们的创新意识和创造力 。同时，社交媒体的兴起，使得人们的 交流方式更加多样化，社会关系更加紧 密。然而，数字时代的快速发展也使得 一些人对信息技术产生了依赖，甚至出 现了“数字成瘾”的现象。如何在享受数 字化便利的同时，保持健康的生活方式 ，是现代社会面临的重要课题此外，数 字时代对人类思维方式和行为模式也产 生了深远的影响。信息技术的普及，使 得人们的思维方式更加开放、灵活。互 联网提供了丰富的学习资源和交流平台 ，激发了人们的创新意识和创造力。同 Figure 1.1 时，社交媒体的兴起，使得人们的交流 Using Figure 1.1, match the following方式更加多样化，社会关系更加紧密。 cavities: 然而，数字时代的快速发展也使得一些 1) Thoracic cavity. 人对信息技术产生了依赖，甚至出现了 Answer: C “数字成瘾”的现象。如何在享受数字化 Diff: 1 Page Ref: 15-16;便利的同时，保持健康的生活方式，是 Fig. 1.9 现代社会面临的重要课题此外，数字时 2) Cranial cavity. 代对人类思维方式和行为模式也产生了 Answer: A 深远的影响。信息技术的普及，使得人 Diff: 1 Page Ref: 15-16; Fig. 1.9 们的思维方式更加开放、灵活。互联网 3) Abdominal cavity. 提供了丰富的学习资源和交流平台，激 Answer: D 发了人们的创新意识和创造力。同时， Diff: 1 Page Ref: 15-16;社交媒体的兴起，使得人们的交流方式 Fig. 1.9 更加多样化，社会关系更加紧密。然而 ，数字时代的快速发展也使得一些人对 信息技术产生了依赖，甚至出现了“数 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 字成瘾”的现象。如何在享受数字化便 1 利的同时，保持健康的生活方式，是现 代社会面临的重要课题 2 Test Bank for Anatomy & Physiology 4) Vertebral cavity. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 15-16; Fig. 1.9 Figure 1.2 Using Figure 1.2, match the following regions: 5) Umbilical region. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 17; Fig. 1.12 6) Right hypochondriac. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 17; Fig. 1.12 7) Hypogastric (pubic) region. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 17; Fig. 1.12 8) Epigastric region. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 17; Fig. 1.12 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.  CHAPTER 1 The Human Body: An Orientation 3 9) Right iliac (inguinal) region. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 17; Fig. 1.12 Match the following systems to their functions: 10) Directly causes mechanical A) Muscular motion. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 6; Fig. 1.3c B) Skeletal 11) Responds to environmental C) Integumentary changes by transmitting electrical impulses. D) Nervous Diff: 1 Page Ref: 6; Fig. 1.3d 12) Provides support and levers for muscles to work on. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 6; Fig. 1.3b 13) Protects underlying organs from mechanical damage and synthesizes vitamin D. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 6; Fig. 1.3a Answers: 10) A 11) D 12) B 13) C Match the following systems to their functions: 14) Controls the body with A) Immune chemical molecules called hormones. B) Endocrine Diff: 2 Page Ref: 6; Fig. 1.3e C) Cardiovascular 15) Delivers oxygen and nutrients to the tissues. D) Lymphatic Diff: 1 Page Ref: 6; Fig. 1.3f 16) Produces antibodies that neutralize foreign substances. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 7; Fig. 1.3g 17) Removes and filters excess fluid from tissues. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 7; Fig. 1.3g Answers: 14) B 15) C 16) A 17) D Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 4 Test Bank for Anatomy & Physiology Match the following examples of feedback mechanisms: 18) Blood glucose levels A) Negative feedback Diff: 2 Page Ref: 9-10 B) Positive feedback 19) Blood pressure Diff: 3 Page Ref: 9-10 20) Blood clotting Diff: 2 Page Ref: 9-10 21) Delivering a baby Diff: 2 Page Ref: 9-10 Answers: 18) A 19) A 20) B 21) B Match the following systems and organs: 22) Arteries, veins, heart. A) Digestive Diff: 1 Page Ref: 6; Fig. 1.3f B) Cardiovascular 23) Trachea, bronchi, alveoli. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 7; Fig. 1.3h C) Urinary 24) Adrenal glands, pancreas, D) Respiratory pituitary. E) Endocrine Diff: 1 Page Ref: 6; Fig. 1.3e 25) Esophagus, large intestine, rectum. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 7; Fig. 1.3i 26) Kidneys, bladder, ureters. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 7; Fig. 1.3j Answers: 22) B 23) D 24) E 25) A 26) C Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.  CHAPTER 1 The Human Body: An Orientation 5 Match the following cavities and organs: 27) Stomach. A) Cranial Diff: 1 Page Ref: 15; Fig. 1.9 B) Abdominopelvic 28) Heart. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 15; Fig. 1.9 C) Thoracic 29) Uterus. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 15; Fig. 1.9 30) Brain. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 15; Fig. 1.9 31) Lungs. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 15; Fig. 1.9 Answers: 27) B 28) C 29) B 30) A 31) C Match the following regional terms and common terms: 32) Arm. A) Brachial Diff: 1 Page Ref: 13; Fig. 1.7 B) Gluteal 33) Buttock. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 13; Fig. 1.7 C) Cephalic 34) Head. D) Patellar Diff: 1 Page Ref: 13; Fig. 1.7 E) Thoracic 35) Knee (anterior aspect). Diff: 1 Page Ref: 13; Fig. 1.7 36) Chest. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 13; Fig. 1.7 Answers: 32) A 33) B 34) C 35) D 36) E Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 6 Test Bank for Anatomy & Physiology Match the regional/directional terms and examples: 37) The bridge of the nose is A) Medial to the left eye. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 12; Tbl. 1.1 B) Distal 38) The upper arm is to C) Proximal the forearm. D) Anterior Diff: 2 Page Ref: 12; Tbl. 1.1 39) The heart is to the E) Superior stomach. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 12; Tbl. 1.1 40) The fingers are to the wrist. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 12; Tbl. 1.1 41) The stomach is to the spine. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 12; Tbl. 1.1 Answers: 37) A 38) C 39) E 40) B 41) D True/False Questions 1) Positive feedback mechanisms tend to increase the original stimulus. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 9-10 2) The anatomical position means the body is standing at attention with the palms facing forward and the thumbs pointing away from the body. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 13; Fig. 1.7 3) The elbow is proximal to the shoulder. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 12; Tbl. 1.1 4) The serous membrane that lines the peritoneal cavity wall is called visceral peritoneum. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 16-17 5) A major function of serous membranes is to decrease friction. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 16-17 6) The right hypochondriac region contains the majority of the stomach. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 17; Fig. 1.12 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.  CHAPTER 1 The Human Body: An Orientation 7 7) Lungs carry out an excretory function. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 7 8) Embryology concerns the structural changes that occur in an individual from conception through old age. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 2 9) A tissue consists of groups of similar cells that have a common function. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 4 10) It is important for any organism to maintain its boundaries, so that its internal environment remains distinct from the external environment surrounding it. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 4 11) Without some sort of negative feedback mechanism, it would be impossible to keep our body chemistry in balance. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 9 12) Regardless of the variable being regulated, all homeostatic control mechanisms have at least three interdependent components. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 9; Fig. 1.4 13) The epigastric region is located superior to the umbilical region. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 17; Fig. 1.12 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Histology would be best defined as a study of. A) cells B) tissues C) cell chemistry D) the gross structures of the body Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 2 2) The study of the heart may incorporate many aspects of anatomy but as a whole you would say it is anatomy. A) microscopic B) gross C) developmental D) systemic Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 2 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 8 Test Bank for Anatomy & Physiology 3) An increased rate of breathing as a result of an increased buildup of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream would be best described as an example of. A) maintaining boundaries B) excretion of metabolic waste C) responsiveness D) metabolism Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 5 4) Average body temperature is degrees centigrade. A) 98 B) 68 C) 47 D) 37 Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 8 5) If you consider your home air conditioner in terms of homeostasis, then the wall thermostat would be the. A) control center B) receptor C) effector D) variable Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 8-9 6) What is the main, general purpose of negative feedback? A) to control all body system tissues B) to maintain homeostasis C) to keep the bodyʹs sugar high D) to regulate excretion Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 8-9 7) What is the specific name for the hip region? A) manus B) inguinal C) pedal D) coxal Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 13; Fig. 1.7 8) An oblique cut is one that is cut. A) horizontal right and left B) diagonally between the vertical and horizontal C) vertical right and left D) perpendicular to vertical and horizontal Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 13 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.  CHAPTER 1 The Human Body: An Orientation 9 9) The heart lies in the cavity. A) superior mediastinal B) pleural C) dorsal D) pericardial Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 15; Fig. 1.9 10) The cavities housing the eyes are called cavities. A) frontal B) cranial C) nasal D) orbital Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 17 11) A structure that is composed of two or more tissues would be a(n). A) complex tissue B) organ system C) organ D) complex cell Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 4 12) cavities are spaces within joints. A) Nasal B) Synovial C) Orbital D) Oral Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 17-18 13) Which of the following would not be a functional characteristic of life? A) movement B) responsiveness to external stimuli C) maintenance of boundaries D) decay Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 4-6 14) Which term means toward or at the back of the body, behind? A) anterior B) lateral C) distal D) dorsal Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 12; Tbl. 1.1 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 10 Test Bank for Anatomy & Physiology 15) The single most abundant chemical substance of the body, accounting for 60% to 80% of body weight, is. A) oxygen B) protein C) water D) hydrogen Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 8 16) What is the posterior side of the patella called? A) sural B) crural C) antecubital D) popliteal Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 13; Fig. 1.7 17) Which of the following statements is true concerning feedback mechanisms? A) Positive feedback mechanisms always result in excessive damage to the host. B) Negative feedback mechanisms tend to increase the original stimulus. C) Negative feedback mechanisms work to prevent sudden severe changes within the body. D) Blood glucose levels are regulated by positive feedback mechanisms. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 9-11 18) The anatomical position is characterized by all of the following except. A) body erect B) arms at sides C) palms turned posteriorly D) thumbs pointed laterally Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 11; Fig. 1.7 19) A good example of a positive feedback mechanism would be. A) body temperature regulation B) regulating glucose levels in the blood C) enhancement of labor contractions D) blood calcium level regulation Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 9-10 20) Which of the following describes a parasagittal plane? A) a transverse cut just above the knees B) two cuts dividing the body into left and right halves C) any sagittal plane except the median D) any cut dividing the body into anterior and posterior Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 13 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.  CHAPTER 1 The Human Body: An Orientation 11 21) Which of the following organs or structures would be found in the left iliac region? A) appendix B) stomach C) liver D) intestines Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 17; Fig. 1.12 22) The parietal pleura would represent a serous membrane. A) covering individual lungs B) lining the thoracic cavity C) covering the heart D) lining the abdominal cavity Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 16 23) Which one of the following systems responds to environmental stimuli? A) muscular B) lymphatic C) immune D) nervous Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 6; Fig. 1.3 24) Choose the anatomical topic and definition that is not correctly matched. A) Gross anatomy: study of structures visible to the eye. B) Microscopic anatomy: study of structures too small to be seen by the naked eye. C) Cytology: study of the structures in a particular region. D) Embryology: study of the changes in an individual from conception to birth. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 2 25) Homeostasis is the condition in which the body maintains. A) the lowest possible energy usage B) a relatively stable internal environment, within limits C) a static state with no deviation from preset points D) a dynamic state within an unlimited range Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 8-9 26) In which cavities are the lungs located? A) pleural, ventral, and thoracic B) mediastinum, thoracic, and ventral C) pleural, dorsal, and abdominal D) pericardial, ventral, and thoracic Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 15; Fig. 1.9 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 12 Test Bank for Anatomy & Physiology 27) Choose the following statement that is not completely correct regarding serous membranes. A) Serosa are very thin, double-layered structures. B) Serous membranes are divided into parietal and visceral membranes with a potential space between the two. C) Visceral pericardium covers the surface of the heart, and parietal pericardium lines the walls of the heart. D) Serous membranes secrete a watery lubricating fluid. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 15-16 28) Place the following in correct sequence from simplest to most complex: 1. molecules 2. atoms 3. tissues 4. cells 5. organ A) 1-2-3-4-5 B) 2-1-4-3-5 C) 2-1-3-4-5 D) 1-2-4-3-5 Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 3; Fig 1.1 29) Which of these is not part of the dorsal cavity? A) cranial cavity B) thoracic cavity C) spinal cord D) vertebral cavity Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 15-16; Fig. 1.9 30) In which abdominopelvic cavity is the stomach located? A) right upper B) right lower C) left upper D) left lower Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 16; Fig. 1.9 31) Which of the following statements is the most correct regarding homeostatic imbalance? A) It is considered the cause of most diseases. B) The internal environment is becoming more stable. C) Positive feedback mechanisms are overwhelmed. D) Negative feedback mechanisms are functioning normally. Answer: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 10 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.  CHAPTER 1 The Human Body: An Orientation 13 32) Subdivisions of anatomy include which of the following? A) gross, macroscopic, visual, and microscopic B) gross, regional, dissection, and surface C) regional, surface, visual, and microscopic D) gross, regional, systemic, and surface Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 2 33) The term pollex refers to the. A) great toe B) calf C) fingers D) thumb Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 13; Fig. 1.7 34) The dorsal body cavity is the site of which of the following? A) intestines B) brain C) lungs D) liver Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 15; Fig. 1.9 35) Select the most correct statement. A) The immune system is closely associated with the lymphatic system. B) Organ systems operate independently of each other to maintain life. C) The endocrine system is not a true structural organ system. D) Organ systems can be composed of cells or tissues, but not both. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 7; Fig. 1.3 36) One of the functional characteristics of life is irritability. This refers to. A) indigestible food residues stimulating the excretory system B) sensing changes in the environment and then reacting or responding to them C) the nervous system causing all living things to sometimes experience anger D) the necessity for all organisms to reproduce Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 5 37) Which of the following are survival needs of the body? A) nutrients, water, movement, and reproduction B) nutrients, water, growth, and reproduction C) water, atmospheric pressure, growth, and movement D) nutrients, water, atmospheric pressure, and oxygen Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 6-8 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 14 Test Bank for Anatomy & Physiology 38) The anatomical position is used. A) rarely, because people donʹt usually assume this position B) as a standard reference point for directional terms regardless of the actual position of the body C) only when a body is lying down D) as the most comfortable way to stand when dissecting a specimen Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 11 39) What is a vertical section through the body, dividing it into left and right, called? A) frontal B) regional C) sagittal D) transverse Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 13 40) What is a vertical section through the body, dividing it into anterior and posterior regions called? A) frontal B) median C) sagittal D) transverse Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 13-14; Fig 1.8 41) Which body cavity protects the nervous system? A) cranial B) dorsal C) vertebral D) thoracic Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 15 42) Which of the following describes the operation of the heart and blood vessels? A) systemic anatomy B) cardiovascular anatomy C) systemic physiology D) cardiovascular physiology Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 2 Fill-in-the-Blank/Short Answer Questions 1) Similar cells that have a common function are called. Answer: tissues Diff: 1 Page Ref: 4 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.  CHAPTER 1 The Human Body: An Orientation 15 2) What does the “principle of complementarity of structures and function” mean? Answer: What a structure can do depends on its specific form, or ʺstructure determines function.ʺ Diff: 2 Page Ref: 2 3) The term that describes the back of the elbow is. Answer: olecranal Diff: 2 Page Ref: 13; Fig. 1.7 4) The term that describes the heel region is. Answer: calcaneal Diff: 1 Page Ref: 13; Fig. 1.7 5) The elbow is to the wrist. Answer: proximal Diff: 2 Page Ref: 12; Tbl 1.1 6) The cavity contains tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations to the organ of hearing in the inner ear. Answer: middle ear Diff: 1 Page Ref: 17 7) is explained by chemical and physical principles and is concerned with the function of specific organs or organic systems. Answer: Physiology Diff: 1 Page Ref: 2 8) What is a dynamic equilibrium of your internal environment termed? Answer: homeostasis Diff: 2 Page Ref: 8-9 9) Which cavity contains the bladder, some reproductive organs, and the rectum? Answer: pelvic Diff: 1 Page Ref: 15; Fig. 1.9 10) What is the serous membrane that covers the intestines called? Answer: visceral Diff: 1 Page Ref: 16 11) physiology concerns urine production and kidney function. Answer: Renal Diff: 1 Page Ref: 2 12) What broad term covers all chemical reactions that occur within the body cells? Answer: metabolism Diff: 1 Page Ref: 5 13) What is the function of the serous membranes? Answer: They act to reduce friction and allow the organs to slide across cavity walls. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 16 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 16 Test Bank for Anatomy & Physiology 14) Fully describe the anatomical position for the human body. Answer: The body is erect, arms hanging at the sides, palms forward, and thumbs pointed away from the midline. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 11 15) What does gross anatomy study? Answer: Larger structures of the body that can be seen with the naked eye. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 2 16) Can lungs carry out excretory functions? Explain your answer. Answer: Yes, carbon dioxide is a metabolic waste the lungs excrete. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 5 17) The higher we go in the mountains, the greater the atmospheric pressure, which causes a loss of oxygen. Comment on this statement. Answer: The statement is backwards the higher we go, the less atmospheric pressure, therefore less oxygen. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 8 18) Why is anatomical terminology necessary? Answer: Anatomical terms are precise words that have limited usage, which prevents confusion when describing the location of body parts. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 11 19) The five cavities of the head are cranial, oral, nasal, middle ear, and. Answer: orbital Diff: 2 Page Ref: 17 20) The ability to sense changes in the environment and respond to them is called. Answer: responsiveness or irritability Diff: 1 Page Ref: 5 21) What is the single most abundant chemical substance in the body? Answer: water Diff: 1 Page Ref: 8 22) Why must a normal body temperature be maintained in order for chemical reactions to be continued at life-sustaining rates? Answer: If body temperature is too low, chemical reactions slow and eventually stop. If body temperature is too high, chemical reactions speed up and body proteins lose their normal shape, resulting in loss of function. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 8 23) What is the pathway between the receptor and the control center in the reflex pathway called? Answer: afferent pathway Diff: 1 Page Ref: 9; Fig. 1.4 24) What type of homeostatic feedback reflex is the withdrawal reflex? Answer: negative Diff: 3 Page Ref: 9 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.  CHAPTER 1 The Human Body: An Orientation 17 25) Why are the abdominopelvic cavity organs the most vulnerable in an automobile accident? Answer: The walls of the abdominal cavity are formed only by trunk muscles and are not reinforced by bone. The pelvic organs receive a somewhat greater degree of protection from the bony pelvis. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 16 26) What is the goal of all of the negative feedback mechanisms of the body? Answer: The goal is to prevent sudden severe changes within the body. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 9-10 27) Which feedback mechanism causes the variable to deviate further and further from its original value or range? Answer: positive feedback Diff: 2 Page Ref: 9-10 28) What can happen when the usual negative feedback mechanisms are overwhelmed and destructive positive feedback mechanisms take over? Answer: Homeostatic imbalances increase our risk for illness and produce the changes we associate with aging. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 10 29) Which body system would be most affected by a lower than normal atmospheric pressure? Answer: respiratory system Diff: 3 Page Ref: 8 Clinical Questions 1) A small family was traveling in its van and had a minor accident. The children in the back seats were wearing lap belts, but still sustained numerous bruises about the abdomen, and had some internal organ injuries. Why is this area more vulnerable to damage than others? Answer: The abdominal organs are the least protected in the body because they are not surrounded by a bony covering such as the ribs, pelvis, or cranium. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 15; Fig. 1.9 2) A surgeon removed a section of tissue along a transverse plane for microscopic examination. What two names would the section be called? Answer: A cross section or a transverse section. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 13 3) Judy is 16 years old and collapses on the gym floor with severe pain in her chest wall. She is rushed by ambulance to the emergency room. Judy is diagnosed with pleurisy and is given an anti-inflammatory through the intravenous route. Explain why an anti -inflammatory would be prescribed for someone with pleurisy. Answer: The pleural space contains a small amount of fluid that acts as a lubricant, allowing the pleurae to slide smoothly over each other as the lungs expand and contract. Pleurisy is an inflammation of the parietal pleura of the lungs. When inflammation occurs in the pleural space, the pleurae do not slide smoothly and this causes severe pain. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 16-17 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 18 Test Bank for Anatomy & Physiology 4) Explain why an 80-year-old woman requires a much longer time to recover from the flu than does a woman who is age 30. Answer: As we age, our bodyʹs control systems become less efficient. As a result, our internal environment becomes less and less stable. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 10 5) The nurse charted: ʺPatient has an open wound located on lateral aspect of leg.ʺ Describe where the wound is located. Answer: The wound is located on the outer side of the leg. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 12; Tbl. 1.1 6) The patient was admitted to the hospital with hypertension. The development of arteriosclerosis has increased peripheral resistance to blood flow, worsening his hypertension. This is an example of what type of feedback loop and why? Answer: Positive feedback loops are common in pathophysiological perpetuation of disease. For example, arteriosclerotic hypertension results in positive feedback mechanisms that enhance and propagate the initial step in the chain of events, which is hypertension. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 9-10 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 2 Chemistry Comes Alive Matching Questions Figure 2.1 Using Figure 2.1, match the following: 1) Lipid. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 39; Fig. 2.15b 2) Functional protein. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 45; Fig. 2.19d 3) Nucleotide. Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 50; Fig. 2.22a 4) Polysaccharide. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 39; Fig. 2.15c 5) Monosaccharide. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 39; Fig. 2.15a Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 19 20 Test Bank for Anatomy & Physiology 6) Polymer. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 39; Fig. 2.15c 7) Tertiary (protein) structure. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 45; Fig. 2.19c Figure 2.2 Using Figure 2.2, match the following: 8) Deoxyribose sugar. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 50; Fig. 2.22 9) Thymine. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 50; Fig. 2.22 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.  CHAPTER 2 Chemistry Comes Alive 21 10) Guanine. Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 50; Fig. 2.22 11) Phosphate. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 50; Fig. 2.22 12) Hydrogen bonds. Answer: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 50; Fig. 2.22 Match the following chemical bonds to the correct description: 13) A bond in which electrons are A) Hydrogen bond shared unequally. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 30; Fig. 2.9 B) Polar covalent bond 14) A bond in which electrons are C) Ionic bond completely lost or gained by the atoms involved. D) Nonpolar covalent bond Diff: 1 Page Ref: 27-28, 30 15) A bond in which electrons are shared equally. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 30; Fig. 2.9 16) A type of bond important in tying different parts of the same molecule together into a three-dimensional structure. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 30 Answers: 13) B 14) C 15) D 16) A Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 22 Test Bank for Anatomy & Physiology Match the following particles to the correct description: 17) Electrically charged particle A) Cation due to loss of an electron. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 27 B) Neutron 18) Neutral subatomic particle. C) Molecule Diff: 1 Page Ref: 21 D) Atom 19) Smallest particle of an element that retains its properties. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 21 20) Smallest particle of a compound that still retains its properties. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 24 Answers: 17) A 18) B 19) D 20) C Match the following: 21) Water. A) Element Diff: 1 Page Ref: 24 B) Mixture 22) Carbon. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 21 C) Compound 23) Dry ice (frozen carbon dioxide). Diff: 1 Page Ref: 24 24) Blood. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 24-25 Answers: 21) C 22) A 23) C 24) B Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.  CHAPTER 2 Chemistry Comes Alive 23 Match the following: 25) Can be measured only by its A) Matter effects on matter. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 20 B) Energy 26) Anything that occupies space C) Mass and has mass. D) Weight Diff: 1 Page Ref: 19 27) Although a man who weighs 175 pounds on Earth would be lighter on the moon and heavier on Jupiter, his would not be different. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 19 28) Is a function of, and varies with, gravity. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 19 Answers: 25) B 26) A 27) C 28) D Match the following: 29) Legs moving the pedals of a A) Electrical energy bicycle. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 20 B) Radiant energy 30) When the bonds of ATP are C) Mechanical energy broken, energy is released to do cellular work. D) Chemical energy Diff: 1 Page Ref: 20 31) Energy that travels in waves. Part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 20 32) Represented by the flow of charged particles along a conductor, or the flow of ions across a membrane. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 20 Answers: 29) C 30) D 31) B 32) A Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 24 Test Bank for Anatomy & Physiology Match the following: 33) Heterogeneous, will not settle. A) Suspensions Diff: 1 Page Ref: 26 B) Colloids 34) Heterogeneous, will settle. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 26 C) Solutions 35) Homogeneous, will not settle. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 24-25 36) Will not scatter light. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 24-25 Answers: 33) B 34) A 35) C 36) C True/False Questions 1) The atomic weight is only an average of relative weights of an atom and its isotopes, and it may vary from the weight of a specific isotope. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 23 2) Emulsions and colloids are the same thing. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 26 3) Chemical properties are determined primarily by neutrons. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 23 4) A charged particle is generally called an ion. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 27 5) Isotopes differ from each other only in the number of electrons contained. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 23 6) About 60% to 80% of the volume of most living cells consists of organic compounds. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 34 7) Lipids are a poor source of stored energy. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 42; Tbl. 2.2 8) Current information theorizes that omega-3 fatty acids decrease the risk of heart disease. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 42 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.  CHAPTER 2 Chemistry Comes Alive 25 9) Glucose is an example of a monosaccharide. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 38-40 10) A molecule consisting of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms is correctly written as CO 2. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 30; Fig. 2.8 11) The lower the pH, the higher the hydrogen ion concentration. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 36 12) Covalent bonds are generally less stable than ionic bonds. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 28-30 13) Hydrogen bonds are comparatively strong bonds. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 30 14) The fact that no chemical bonding occurs between the components of a mixture is the chief difference between mixtures and compounds. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 26 15) Alpha particles, although relatively weak energy particles, are second only to smoking as a cause of lung cancer. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 23-24 16) No chemical bonding occurs between the components of a mixture. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 26 17) All organic compounds contain carbon. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 37 18) A dipeptide can be broken into two amino acids by dehydration synthesis. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 44; Fig. 2.18 19) The pH of body fluids must remain fairly constant for the body to maintain homeostasis. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 35-36 20) Mixtures are combinations of elements or compounds that are physically blended together but are not bound by chemical bonds. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 24 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 26 Test Bank for Anatomy & Physiology 21) Buffers resist abrupt and large changes in the pH of the body by releasing or binding ions. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 36-37 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Which of the following elements is necessary for proper conduction of nervous impulses? A) Fe B) I C) P D) Na Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 22; Tbl. 2.1 2) Choose the statement that is false or incorrect. A) In chemical reactions, breaking old bonds requires energy and forming new bonds releases energy. B) Exergonic reactions release more energy than they absorb. C) Endergonic reactions absorb more energy than they release. D) A key feature of the body’s metabolism is the almost exclusive use of exergonic reactions by the body. Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 33 3) In general, the lipids that we refer to as oils have. A) a high water content B) long fatty acid chains C) a high degree of saturated bonds D) a high degree of unsaturated bonds Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 40-42 4) The genetic information is coded in DNA by the. A) regular alteration of sugar and phosphate molecules B) sequence of the nucleotides C) three-dimensional structure of the double helix D) arrangement of the histones Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 49 5) Which of the following is not true of proteins? A) They may be denatured or coagulated by heat or acidity. B) Some types are called enzymes. C) They appear to be the molecular carriers of the coded hereditary information. D) Their function depends on the three-dimensional shape. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 43-49 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.  CHAPTER 2 Chemistry Comes Alive 27 6) The single most abundant protein in the body is. A) DNA B) hemoglobin C) collagen D) glucose Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 47; Tbl. 2.3 7) Carbohydrates are stored in the liver and muscles in the form of. A) glucose B) triglycerides C) glycogen D) cholesterol Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 40 8) Which of the following describes coenzymes? A) organic molecules derived from vitamins B) two enzymes that perform the same function C) metal ions D) enzymes that work together Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 47-48 9) Which of the following is not a role of molecular chaperonins? A) prevent accidental, premature, or incorrect folding of polypeptide chains B) aid the desired folding and association process of polypeptides C) help to translocate proteins and certain metal ions across cell membranes D) promote the breakdown of damaged or denatured proteins E) act as a biological catalyst Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 46-47 10) A chemical reaction in which bonds are broken is usually associated with. A) the release of energy B) the consumption of energy C) a synthesis D) forming a larger molecule Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 33 11) Salts are always. A) ionic compounds B) single covalent compounds C) double covalent compounds D) hydrogen bonded Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 27-28 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 28 Test Bank for Anatomy & Physiology 12) The numbers listed represent the number of electrons in the first, second, and third energy levels, respectively. On this basis, which of the following is an unstable or reactive atom? A) 2, 8, 8 B) 2, 8 C) 2 D) 2, 8, 1 Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 27 13) A solution that has a pH of 2 could best be described as being. A) acidic B) basic C) neutral D) slightly acidic Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 36 14) Which of the following is the major positive ion outside cells? A) nitrogen B) hydrogen C) potassium D) sodium Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 22; Tbl. 2.1 15) Which of the following would be regarded as an organic molecule? A) H2O B) NaCl C) NaOH D) CH4 Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 37 16) What is a chain of 25 amino acids called? A) polypeptide B) nucleotide C) protein D) starch Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 43-46 17) Which of the following constitutes a long chain of simple sugars? A) monosaccharide B) polysaccharide C) protein D) nucleic acid Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 39-40; Fig. 2.15 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.  CHAPTER 2 Chemistry Comes Alive 29 18) What level of protein synthesis is represented by the coiling of the protein chain backbone into an alpha helix? A) primary structure B) secondary structure C) tertiary structure D) quaternary structure Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 45; Fig. 2.19 19) Carbohydrates and proteins are built up from their basic building blocks by the. A) addition of a water molecule between each two units B) addition of a carbon atom between each two units C) removal of a water molecule between each two units D) removal of a nitrogen atom between each two units Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 37-38 20) Which statement about enzymes is false? A) Enzymes raise the activation energy needed to start a reaction. B) Enzymes are composed mostly of protein. C) Enzymes are organic catalysts. D) Enzymes may be damaged by high temperature. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 47-49 21) Which of the following statements is false? A) Chemical reactions proceed more quickly at higher temperatures. B) Chemical reactions progress at a faster rate when the reacting particles are present in higher numbers. C) Larger particles move faster than smaller ones and thus collide more frequently and more forcefully. D) Catalysts increase the rate of chemical reactions. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 33 22) Which of the following is true regarding the concentration of solutions? A) Percent solutions are parts per 1000 parts. B) Molarity is one mole of solute per 1000 ml of solution. C) To calculate molarity, one must know the atomic number of the solute. D) To calculate molarity, one must know the atomic weight of the solvent. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 24-26 23) Select the statement about mixtures that is correct. A) A solution contains solvent in large amounts and solute in smaller quantities. B) Solutions contain particles that settle out in time. C) Suspensions can change reversibly from liquid to solid. D) Suspensions are homogeneous mixtures of two or more components. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 24-26 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 30 Test Bank for Anatomy & Physiology 24) Choose the answer that best describes HCO3-. A) a bicarbonate ion B) common in the liver C) a weak acid D) a proton donor Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 36-37 25) Select which reactions will usually be irreversible regarding chemical equilibrium in living systems. A) glucose to CO2 and H2O B) ADP + Pi to make ATP C) H2O + CO2 to make H2CO3 D) glucose molecules joined to make glycogen Answer: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 33 26) What happens in redox reactions? A) both decomposition and electron exchange occur B) the electron acceptor is oxidized C) the electron donor is reduced D) the reaction is always easily reversible Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 32 27) Choose the answer that best describes fibrous proteins. A) rarely exhibit secondary structure B) are very stable and insoluble in water C) are usually called enzymes D) are cellular catalysts Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 46 28) Which of the following does not describe the ATP molecule? A) chemical work B) mechanical work C) transport D) pigments Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 51-52; Fig. 2.24 29) Select the most correct statement regarding nucleic acids. A) Three forms exist: DNA, RNA, and tDNA. B) DNA is a long, double-stranded molecule made up of A, T, G, and C bases. C) RNA is a long, single-stranded molecule made up of the bases A, T, G, and C. D) TDNA is considered a molecular slave of DNA. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 49-51 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.  CHAPTER 2 Chemistry Comes Alive 31 30) Which of the following is an example of a suspension? A) cytoplasm B) salt water C) rubbing alcohol D) blood Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 24-25; Fig. 2.4 31) Select the correct statement about isotopes. A) Isotopes of the same element have the same atomic number but differ in their atomic masses. B) All the isotopes of an element have the same number of neutrons. C) All the isotopes of an element are radioactive. D) Isotopes occur only in the heavier elements. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 23-24 32) The four elements that make up about 96% of body matter are. A) carbon, oxygen, phosphorus, calcium B) nitrogen, hydrogen, calcium, sodium C) carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen D) sodium, potassium, hydrogen, oxygen Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 22; Tbl. 2.1 33) An example of a coenzyme is. A) copper B) riboflavin (vitamin B2) C) iron D) zinc Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 47-48 34) is fat soluble, produced in the skin on exposure to UV radiation, and necessary for normal bone growth and function. A) Vitamin K B) Cortisol C) Vitamin A D) Vitamin D Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 42; Tbl. 2.2 35) In liquid XYZ, you notice that light is scattered as it passes through. There is no precipitant in the bottom of the beaker, though it has been sitting for several days. What type of liquid is this? A) solution B) suspension C) colloid D) mixture Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 26 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 32 Test Bank for Anatomy & Physiology 36) Atom X has 17 protons. How many electrons are in its valence shell? A) 3 B) 5 C) 7 D) 10 Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 26-27 37) Which protein types are vitally important to cell function in all types of stressful circumstances? A) structural proteins B) molecular chaperones C) catalytic proteins D) regulatory proteins Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 46-47 38) If atom X has an atomic number of 74 it would have which of the following? A) 37 protons and 37 neutrons B) 37 electrons C) 74 protons D) 37 protons and 37 electrons Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 23 39) What does the formula C6H12O6 mean? A) There are 6 calcium, 12 hydrogen, and 6 oxygen atoms. B) There are 12 hydrogen, 6 carbon, and 6 oxygen atoms. C) The molecular weight is 24. D) The substance is a colloid. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 31 40) Two good examples of a colloid would be Jell -O® and. A) blood B) toenails C) urine D) cytosol Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 26 41) An atom with a valence of 3 may have a total of electrons. A) 3 B) 8 C) 13 D) 17 Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 27 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.  CHAPTER 2 Chemistry Comes Alive 33 42) Which of the following is a neutralization reaction? A) HCl → H+ + Cl- B) NaOH → Na+ + OH- C) NH3 + H+ → NH4+2 D) HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 36 43) The chemical symbol O O means. A) zero equals zero B) both atoms are bonded and have zero electrons in the outer orbit C) the atoms are double bonded D) this is an ionic bond with two shared electrons Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 28 44) What is a dipole? A) a type of bond B) a polar molecule C) a type of reaction D) an organic molecule Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 30 45) What does CH4 mean? A) There is one carbon and four hydrogen atoms. B) There are four carbon and four hydrogen atoms. C) This is an inorganic molecule. D) This was involved in a redox reaction. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 24 46) Amino acids joining together to make a peptide is a good example of a(n) reaction. A) synthesis B) decomposition C) exchange D) reversible Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 31 47) Which of the following is not considered a factor in influencing a reaction? A) temperature B) concentration C) particle size D) time Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 33 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 34 Test Bank for Anatomy & Physiology 48) Which of the following is not an electrolyte? A) HCl B) Ca2CO3 C) H2O D) NaOH Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 35 49) Which property of water is demonstrated when we sweat? A) high heat capacity B) high heat of vaporization C) polar solvent properties D) reactivity E) cushioning Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 34 50) Sucrose is a. A) monosaccharide B) disaccharide C) polysaccharide D) triglyceride Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 38 51) What is the ratio of fatty acids to glycerol in neutral fats? A) 1:1 B) 2:1 C) 3:1 D) 4:1 Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 40 52) In a DNA molecule, the phosphate serves. A) as a code B) to hold the molecular backbone together C) to bind the sugars to their bases D) as nucleotides Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 50; Fig. 2.22 53) Heat shock proteins (hsp) are a type of protein called. A) coenzymes B) cofactors C) eicosanoids D) chaperones Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 47 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.  CHAPTER 2 Chemistry Comes Alive 35 54) Which bonds often bind different parts of a molecule into a specific three -dimensional shape? A) Carbon B) Hydrogen C) Oxygen D) Amino acid Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 30 Fill-in-the-Blank/Short Answer Questions 1) The atomic number is equal to the number of. Answer: protons (and electrons) Diff: 1 Page Ref: 23 2) Molecules such as methane that are made of atoms that share electrons have bonds. Answer: covalent Diff: 1 Page Ref: 29; Fig. 2.7 3) An atom with three electrons would have a valence of. Answer: one Diff: 2 Page Ref: 27-28 4) AB → A + B is an example of a(n) reaction. Answer: decomposition Diff: 2 Page Ref: 32 5) have a bitter taste, feel slippery, and are proton acceptors. Answer: Bases Diff: 1 Page Ref: 35 6) A holoenzyme is composed of an apoenzyme and a(n). Answer: cofactor Diff: 2 Page Ref: 47 7) In a DNA molecule, guanine would connect to. Answer: cytosine Diff: 1 Page Ref: 49 8) The molecule directly provides energy for cellular work. Answer: ATP Diff: 1 Page Ref: 51-52 9) Hydrogen bonds are more like a type of weak than true bonds. Answer: attraction Diff: 2 Page Ref: 30 10) Weak acids and bases make good. Answer: buffers Diff: 2 Page Ref: 37 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 36 Test Bank for Anatomy & Physiology 11) Starch is the stored carbohydrate in plants, while is the stored carbohydrate in animals. Answer: glycogen Diff: 2 Page Ref: 40 12) How many phosphates would AMP have attached to it? Answer: one Diff: 2 Page Ref: 51; Fig. 2.23 13) What does the polar end of a phospholipid contain? Answer: a phosphorus-containing group Diff: 1 Page Ref: 43 14) What type of chemical bond can form between an element with 11 protons and an element with 17 protons? Answer: ionic Diff: 3 Page Ref: 27-28 15) What happens when globular proteins are denatured? Answer: The active sites are destroyed. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 46 16) Explain the difference between potential and kinetic energy. Answer: Potential energy is inactive stored energy that has potential to do work. Kinetic energy is energy in action. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 20 17) How can phospholipids form a film when mixed in water? Answer: Phospholipids have both polar and nonpolar ends. The polar end interacts with water, leaving the nonpolar end oriented in the opposite direction. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 43 18) What properties does water have that make it a very versatile fluid? Answer: High heat capacity, high heat of vaporization, polarity and solvent properties, reactivity, and cushioning. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 34 19) What advantages does ATP have in being the energy currency molecule? Answer: Its energy is easy to capture and store; it releases just the right amount of energy for the cellʹs needs so it is protected from excessive energy release. A universal energy currency is efficient because a single system can be used by all the cells in the body. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 51-52 20) Explain why chemical reactions in the body are often irreversible. Answer: Chemical reactions that release energy cannot be reversed unless energy is put back into the system. Also, the body may use the chemicals solely for its energy, such as glucose, or some reactions produce molecules in excessive quantities (like CO 2 and NH4) that the body needs to discard. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 33 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.  CHAPTER 2 Chemistry Comes Alive 37 21) When a set of electrodes connected to a lightbulb is placed in a solution of dextrose and a current is applied, the lightbulb does not light up. When the same unit is placed in HCl, it does. Why? Answer: HCl ionizes to form current-conducting electrolytes. Dextrose does not ionize, and therefore does not conduct current. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 35 22) Describe the factors that affect chemical reaction rates. Answer: Temperature increases kinetic energy and therefore the force of molecular collisions. Particle size: smaller particles move faster at the same temperature and therefore collide more frequently; also, smaller particles have more surface area given the same concentration of reactants. Concentration: the higher the concentration, the greater the chance of particles colliding. Catalysts increase the rate of the reaction at a given temperature. Enzymes are biological catalysts. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 33 23) Protons and electrons exist in every atom nucleus except hydrogen. Is this statement true or false and why? Answer: False Hydrogen has one proton and one electron. It is the neutron that hydrogen does not have. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 23; Fig. 2.2 24) A chemical bond never occurs in a mixture. Discuss this. Answer: Mixtures come in three forms solutions, colloids, and suspensions. Components of these mixtures always retain their original makeup and can be separated into their individual components; therefore no chemical bonding has taken place. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 24-25 25) All chemical reactions are theoretically reversible. Comment on this statement. Answer: It is possible to reverse any reaction if the products are still present. Those that are only slightly exergonic are easily reversible. Some would require an enormous amount of energy to reverse. In the simple reaction Na + Cl → NaCl the amount of energy it takes to reverse table salt to chlorine gas and sodium metal is enormous. The reversing of the covalently bonded sugar molecule once it is reduced to ATP molecules is even harder or next to impossible. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 33 26) What is the major difference between polar and nonpolar covalent bonds? Answer: Polar bonds have an unequal sharing of electrons resulting in a slight negative charge at one end of the molecule and a slight positive charge at the other end. Nonpolar bonds have an equal sharing of electrons, resulting in a balanced charge among the atoms. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 30; Fig. 2.9 27) An amino acid may act as a proton acceptor or donor. Explain. Answer: Amino acids have two components a base group (proton acceptor) and an organic acid part (a proton donor). Diff: 3 Page Ref: 43 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 38 Test Bank for Anatomy & Physiology 28) Name at least four things you know about enzymes. Answer: 1. They are proteins. 2. They have specific binding sites for specific substrates. 3. They lower the activation barrier for a specific reaction. 4. The names end in ʺase.ʺ 5. They can be denatured. 6. They can be used again and again. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 47-49 29) In the compound H2CO3, what do the numbers 2 and 3 represent? Answer: The 2 indicates that there are two hydrogen atoms in the compound and the 3 indicates that there are three oxygen atoms in the compound. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 24 30) Are all chemical reactions reversible? If not, why aren’t they all reversible? Answer: All chemical reactions are theoretically reversible, but only if the products are not consumed. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 33 Clinical Questions 1) Mrs. Mulligan goes to her dentist and, after having a couple of cavities filled, her dentist strongly suggests that she reduce her intake of sodas and increase her intake of calcium phosphates in the foods she eats. Why? Answer: Sodas are strong acids that can reduce bone and tooth salts. Calcium phosphate makes teeth hard and therefore more resistant to tooth decay. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 35 2) Although his cholesterol levels were not high, Mr. Martinez read that cholesterol was bad for his health, so he eliminated all foods and food products containing this molecule. He later found that his cholesterol level dropped only 20%. Why did it not drop more? Answer: Cholesterol is produced by the liver, in addition to being ingested in foods. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 42 3) How can DNA be used to ʺfingerprintʺ a suspect in a crime? Answer: The DNA of a person is unique to that individual. By obtaining the DNA from nucleated cells from the crime scene (e.g., tissue, sperm), enzymes may be used to break up the DNA into fragments. Because nearly everyoneʹs DNA is different, it also breaks up into fragments differently. When the fragments are separated, they form patterns even more unique than fingerprint patterns. A match of suspect and crime scene DNA is strong evidence. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 49-51 4) Why is it possible for us to drink a solution that contains a mixture of equal concentration of a strong acid and a strong base, either of which, separately, would be very caustic? Answer: When an acid and base of equal strength are mixed, they undergo a displacement reaction to form a water and a salt. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 35 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.  CHAPTER 2 Chemistry Comes Alive 39 5) A 65-year-old patient came to the emergency room with complaints of severe heartburn unrelieved by taking a ʺlarge handfulʺ of antacids. Would you expect the pH to be high or low? Explain why. Answer: You would expect a high pH. Taking antacids will neutralize the acidic stomach. Taking a ʺhandfulʺ of antacids can cause an alkaloid state. Certain drugs, such as corticosteroids and antacids that contain baking soda, will lead to metabolic alkalosis. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 35-36 6) A 23-year-old male was riding his road bike in 100-degree heat, when he suddenly became nauseated and weak. He called 911 from his cell phone. When the ambulance came, the paramedics started intravenous therapy for severe dehydration. Explain the critical role of water to maintain homeostasis. Answer: Water is the most abundant and important inorganic compound in living material. It makes up 60% to 80% of the volume of most living cells. The properties of water are: high heat capacity, high heat of vaporization, polar solvent properties, reactivity, and cushioning. In this case the bicyclist lost a large amount of water through perspiration in an effort to cool his body. This caused a disruption in homeostasis. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 34 7) Brenda is a 26-year-old female who is being discharged from the hospital after a vaginal delivery of an 8-pound healthy infant. Brenda is instructed by the nurse to eat a diet high in fiber and to drink 8 glasses of water per day to prevent constipation. Explain the role of fiber and water to promote defecation. Answer: Cellulose is a polysaccharide found in all plant products that adds bulk to the diet to promote feces through the colon. Water acts as a lubricating liquid within the colon, which eases feces through the bowel. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 40 8) A 64-year-old man is admitted to the hospital for nonhealing pressure ulcers to his heels. He has been bedridden for 10 years because of a degenerative muscle disease. Explain why protein would be an important part of his diet to promote wound healing. Answer: Protein composes 10% to 30% of cell mass and is the basic structural material of the body. Proteins regulate body processes. Skin, hair, and eyes are made of protein, as are the enzymes needed for digestion and absorption. Protein is essential for growth, maintenance, and repair of tissue. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 43 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 3 Cells: The Living Units Matching Questions Figure 3.1 Using Figure 3.1, match the following: 1) Produces ATP aerobically. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 75-76; Fig. 3.2 2) Site of enzymatic breakdown of phagocytized material. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 78; Fig. 3.2 3) Packages proteins for insertion in the cell membrane or for exocytosis. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 77; Fig. 3.2 4) Site of synthesis of lipid and steroid molecules. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 77; Fig. 3.2 5) Forms the mitotic spindle. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 82; Fig. 3.2 40 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.  CHAPTER 3 Cells: The Living Units 41 6) Replicate for cell division. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 82; Fig. 3.2 7) Source of cell autolysis. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 56; Fig. 3.2 Figure 3.2 Using Figure 3.2, match the following: 8) Nonpolar region of phospholipid. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 57; Fig. 3.3 9) Glycocalyx. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 57; Fig. 3.3 10) Polar region of phospholipid. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 57; Fig. 3.3 11) Peripheral protein. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 57; Fig. 3.3 12) Integral protein. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 57; Fig. 3.3 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 42 Test Bank for Anatomy & Physiology 13) Identification ʺtagsʺ for the cell. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 58; Fig. 3.3 14) Hydrophilic portion. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 56; Fig. 3.3 Match the following: 15) Forms part of the protein A) Messenger RNA synthesis site in the cytoplasm. B) ATP Diff: 1 Page Ref: 91 C) Synthetase enzymes 16) Act as ʺinterpreterʺ molecules that recognize specific amino D) Ribosomal RNA acids and nucleotide base sequences. E) Transfer RNA Diff: 1 Page Ref: 95-96 17) Attaches the correct amino acid to its transfer RNA. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 96 18) Provides the energy needed for synthesis reactions. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 75-76 19) Found in the cytoplasm, this structure specifies the exact sequence of amino acids of the protein to be made. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 91 20) May be attached to the ER or scattered in the cytoplasm. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 91 Answers: 15) D 16) E 17) C 18) B 19) A 20) D Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.  CHAPTER 3 Cells: The Living Units 43 Match the following: 21) Chromosomes decoil to form A) Early prophase chromatin. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 92; Fig 3.33 B) Anaphase 22) Chromosomal centromeres C) Metaphase split and chromosomes migrate to opposite ends of D) Late prophase the cell. E) Telophase Diff: 1 Page Ref: 92; Fig 3.33 23) Nuclear membrane and nucleolus disintegrate. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 92; Fig 3.33 24) Chromosomes align on the spindle equator. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 92; Fig 3.33 25) Centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 92; Fig 3.33 Answers: 21) E 22) B 23) D 24) C 25) A Match the following: 26) Plays a role in the synthesis of A) Ribosomes steroid-based hormones and proteins. B) Endoplasmic reticulum Diff: 2 Page Ref: 77 C) Microtubules 27) The actual site of protein synthesis. D) Nucleus Diff: 1 Page Ref: 76; Tbl. 3.3 E) Nucleoli 28) Hollow cytoskeletal elements that act as organizers for the cytoskeleton. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 81; Tbl. 3.3 29) Dense spherical bodies in the nucleus that are the synthesis site for ribosomal RNA. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 84, 88; Tbl. 3.3 30) Houses DNA and RNA. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 88; Tbl. 3.3 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 44 Test Bank for Anatomy & Physiology Answers: 26) B 27) A 28) C 29) E 30) D Match the following: 31) Help prevent molecules from A) Gap junctions passing through the extracellular space between B) Tight junctions adjacent cells. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 59 C) Desmosomes 32) Type of anchoring junction. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 59 33) Communicating junction. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 59 34) Present in electrically excitable tissues. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 59 35) Abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 59 Answers: 31) B 32) C 33) A 34) A 35) C True/False Questions 1) Each daughter cell resulting from mitotic cell division has exactly as many chromosomes as the parent cell. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 92 2) DNA contains ʺdark matterʺ that codes for specific structural proteins. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 91 3) Final preparation for cell division is made during the cell life cycle subphase called G 2. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 88 4) Chromatin consists of DNA and RNA. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 85 5) In osmosis, movement of water occurs toward the solution with the lower solute concentration. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 62 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.  CHAPTER 3 Cells: The Living Units 45 6) The genetic information is coded in DNA by the regular alternation of sugar and phosphate molecules. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 91 7) A process by which large particles may be taken into the cell for food, protection of the body, or for disposing of old or dead cells is called phagocytosis. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 69 8) The orderly sequence of the phases of mitosis is prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 89; Fig. 3.31 9) Diffusion is always from areas of greater to areas of lesser concentration. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 61 10) Facilitated diffusion always requires a carrier protein. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 61-62 11) DNA transcription is another word for DNA replication. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 94 12) The glycocalyx is often referred to as the ʺcell coat,ʺ which is somewhat fuzzy and sticky with numerous cholesterol chains sticking out from the surface of the cell membrane. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 58 13) In their resting state, all body cells exhibit a resting membrane potential ranging from -50 to about +50 millivolts. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 71 14) Microfilaments are thin strands of the contractile protein myosin. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 80; Fig. 3.23 15) Interstitial fluid represents one type of extracellular material. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 99 16) The cell (plasma) membrane normally contains substantial amounts of cholesterol. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 56 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 46 Test Bank for Anatomy & Physiology 17) Aquaporins are believed to be present in red blood cells and kidney tubules, but very few other cells in the body. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 62 18) Most organelles are bounded by a membrane that is quite different in structure from the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 75 19) Only one cell type in the human body has a flagellum. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 82 20) Microtubules are hollow tubes made of subunits of the protein tubulin. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 81 21) Nitric oxide may act as a biological messenger. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 75 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Which of the following is true regarding the generation of a membrane potential? A) Both potassium and sodium ions can ʺleakʺ through the cell membrane due to diffusion. B) In the polarized state, sodium and potassium ion concentrations are in static equilibrium. C) The maintenance of the potential is based exclusively on diffusion processes. D) When the sodium-potassium pump is activated, potassium is pumped into the cell twice as fast as the sodium is pumped out, thus causing the membrane potential. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 72 2) Which statement best describes transcytosis? A) combining an endosome with a lysosome and degrading or releasing the contents B) transporting an endosome from one side of a cell to the other and releasing the contents by exocytosis C) recycling the contents of the endosome back to the surface of the cell D) storing the contents of the endosome Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 68 3) In certain kinds of muscle cells, calcium ions are stored in. A) the smooth ER B) the rough ER C) both smooth and rough ER D) the cytoplasm Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 77 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.  CHAPTER 3 Cells: The Living Units 47 4) The RNA responsible for bringing the amino acids to the ʺfactoryʺ site for protein formation is. A) rRNA B) mRNA C) tRNA D) ssRNA Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 95-96 5) A red blood cell placed in pure water would. A) shrink B) swell initially, then shrink as equilibrium is reached C) neither shrink nor swell D) swell and burst Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 64; Fig. 3.9 6) Which of the following describes the plasma membrane? A) a single-layered membrane that surrounds the nucleus of the cell B) a double layer of protein enclosing the plasma C) the phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell D) a membrane composed of tiny shelves or cristae Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 56 7) Which of these is not a function of the plasma membrane? A) It is selectively permeable. B) It prevents potassium ions from leaking out and sodium ions from crossing into the cell. C) It acts as a site of cell-to-cell interaction and recognition. D) It encloses the cell contents. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 60 8) Which structures are fingerlike projections that greatly increase the absorbing surface of cells? A) stereocilia B) microvilli C) cilia D) flagella Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 83 9) Which of the following statements is correct regarding diffusion? A) The rate of diffusion is independent of temperature. B) The greater the concentration of gradient, the faster the rate of diffusion. C) Molecular weight of a substance does not affect the rate of diffusion. D) The lower the temperature, the faster the diffusion rate. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 61 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 48 Test Bank for Anatomy & Physiology 10) Cell junctions that promote the coordinated activity of cells by physically binding them together into a cell community include all of the following except. A) gap junctions B) desmosomes C) peroxisomes D) tight junctions Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 59 11) If cells are placed in a hypertonic solution containing a solute to which the membrane is impermeable, what could happen? A) The cells will swell and ultimately burst. B) The cells will lose water and shrink. C) The cells will shrink at first, but will later reach equilibrium with the surrounding solution and return to their original condition. D) The cells will show no change due to diffusion of both solute and solvent. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 62-63 12) Which of the following is not a subcellular structure? A) intercellular material B) membranes C) cytoplasm D) organelles Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 75 13) Once solid material is phagocytized and taken into a vacuole, which of the following statements best describes what happens? A) A ribosome enters the vacuole and uses the amino acids in the ʺinvaderʺ to form new protein. B) A lysosome combines with the vacuole and digests the enclosed solid material. C) The vacuole remains separated from the cytoplasm and the solid material persists unchanged. D) Nitrogen enters the vacuole and ʺburnsʺ the enclosed solid material. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 78 14) Riboswitches are folded RNAs that act as switches to turn protein synthesis on or off in response to. A) changes in the environment B) specific tRNAs C) specific codes from the DNA D) the presence or absence of ubiquitins Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 98 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.  CHAPTER 3 Cells: The Living Units 49 15) Which of the following is a function of a plasma membrane protein? A) circulating antibody B) molecular transport through the membrane C) forms a lipid bilayer D) oxygen transport Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 58 16) Which of the following statements is correct regarding RNA? A) Messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA play a role in protein synthesis. B) If the base sequence of DNA is ATTGCA, the messenger RNA template will be UCCAGU. C) There is exactly one specific type of mRNA for each amino acid. D) rRNA is always attached to the rough ER. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 91 17) Which of the following would not be a constituent of a plasma membrane? A) glycolipids B) messenger RNA C) glycoproteins D) phospholipids Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 56-58 18) Mitosis. A) is the formation of sex cells B) produces nucleus replication C) creates diversity in genetic potential D) always results in division of a cell Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 89 19) The electron microscope has revealed that one of the components within the cell consists of microtubules arranged to form a hollow tube. This structure is a. A) centrosome B) centriole C) chromosome D) ribosome Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 82 20) Which of these is an inclusion, not an organelle? A) melanin B) lysosome C) microtubule D) cilia Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 75 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 50 Test Bank for Anatomy & Physiology 21) Which of the following is not a factor that binds cells together? A) glycoproteins in the glycocalyx B) glycolipids in the glycocalyx C) wavy contours of the membranes of adjacent cells D) special membrane junctions Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 58 22) If the nucleotide or base sequence of the DNA strand used as a template for messenger RNA synthesis is ACGTT, then what would be the sequence of bases in the corresponding mRNA? A) TGCAA B) ACGTT C) UGCAA D) GUACC Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 100; Fig. 3.40 23) Which transport process is the main mechanism for the movement of most macromolecules by body cells? A) phagocytosis B) pinocytosis C) receptor-mediated endocytosis D) secondary active transport Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 69 24) Caveolae are closely associated with all but which of the following? A) lipid rafts B) receptors for hormones C) enzymes involved in cell regulation D) enzymes involved in cell metabolism Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 70 25) Passive membrane transport processes include. A) movement of a substance down its concentration gradient B) movement of water from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration C) consumption of ATP D) the use of transport proteins when moving substances from areas of low to high concentration Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 61 26) Mitochondria. A) are always the same shape B) are single-membrane structures involved in the breakdown of ATP C) contain some of the DNA and RNA code necessary for their own function D) synthesize proteins for use outside the cell Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 76 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.  CHAPTER 3 Cells: The Living Units 51 27) Ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and the Golgi apparatus functionally act in sequence to synthesize and modify proteins for secretory use (export) only, never for use by the cell. This statement is. A) false; proteins thus manufactured are for use inside the cell only B) false; integral cell membrane proteins are also synthesized this way C) false; lipids, not proteins, are synthesized this way D) true Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 76-77 28) Peroxisomes. A) are also called microbodies, and contain acid hydrolases B) are able to detoxify substances by enzymatic action C) function to digest particles ingested by endocytosis D) sometimes function as secretory vesicles Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 80 29) DNA replication. A) can also be called mitosis B) is spontaneous, not requiring enzyme action C) takes place during interphase of the cell cycle D) occurs only in translationally active areas Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 88 30) Which statement is the most correct regarding