Anatomy Anatomical Terms Skin Fascia 2024/2025 PDF

General Anatomy 1st Year 2024 / 2025 2 ILOs: By the end of this lecture, each student should be able to: 1. Describe the anatomical position. 2. Compare between the median, transverse & coronal planes. 3. Define the different anatomical terms 5. List the body regions. ANATOMIC...

General Anatomy 1st Year 2024 / 2025 2 ILOs: By the end of this lecture, each student should be able to: 1. Describe the anatomical position. 2. Compare between the median, transverse & coronal planes. 3. Define the different anatomical terms 5. List the body regions. ANATOMICAL TERMS You can think of anatomical terms as a GPS system for the body, where each term is like a coordinate or marker that helps pinpoint exact locations, directions, and relationships between different body parts. Here’s how anatomical terms work like a GPS: ANATOMICAL TERMS Anatomical position Erect: It is standing upright with eyes looking forwards, feet close together, arms straight by the sides with palms facing forwards 1. Regions as Locations on a Map Just like cities on a map, different regions of the body are clearly defined areas. Chest and Abdomen (Axial body): Like finding a city on a map, this locates a specific area in the abdomen where organs like the appendix reside. Umbilical Region: Think of this as the "center" of the map— the belly button is a key landmark to orient yourself in the abdominal region. ANATOMICAL TERMS Anatomical position Supine position : the person is lying on his back. Prone position :the person is lying on the front with face downwards  PLANES Divides the Divides the Divides the body into body into body into upper & anterior & equal right lower parts posterior parts & left halves  SURFACES Anterior or Ventral → towards the front of the body Anterior (ventral) Posterior (dorsal) Posterior or dorsal → towards the back of the body Anterior surface of hand→ palmar surface Posterior surface of hand → dorsal surface Upper surface of foot→ dorsal surface Lower surface of foot→ plantar surface  Directional Terms as Compass Points Superior x Inferior Medial x Lateral Proximal x Distal Epsilateral x Contralateral Proximal is towards the trunk Distal is away from the trunk contralateral epsilateral  Depth Superficial Deep  ANATOMICAL TERMS OF MOVEMENTS Flexion → to bend Extension→to stretch ANATOMICAL TERMS OF MOVEMENTS (cont) Abduction → moving a limb in the coronal plane away from midline Adduction → moving a limb in the coronal plane towards the midline  ANATOMICAL TERMS OF MOVEMENTS (cont) Abduction of fingers & toes → spreading of fingers or toes apart Adduction of fingers & toes → drawing or approximating fingers or toes together opposition  ANATOMICAL TERMS OF MOVEMENTS (cont) Circumduction → the combination in sequence of movements of flexion, abduction, extension & adduction.  ANATOMICAL TERMS OF MOVEMENTS (cont) Medial rotation → brings anterior surface to face medially Lateral rotation → brings anterior surface to face laterally  ANATOMICAL TERMS OF MOVEMENTS (cont) Pronation → medial rotation of forearm which brings palm of hand to face posteriorly Supination→ lateral rotation of forearm which brings palm of hand to face anteriorly  ANATOMICAL TERMS OF MOVEMENTS (cont) Protraction → moving the jaw forwards Retraction→ moving the jaw backwards Protraction & retraction can also occur at the shoulders Opposition of the thumb: the movement that brings the thumb to touch palmer surface of the other fingers (it comprises abduction & medial rotation).  ANATOMICAL TERMS OF MOVEMENTS (cont) Inversion → moving foot so that sole faces medially Eversion→ moving foot so that sole faces laterally  ANATOMICAL TERMS OF MOVEMENTS (cont) Dorsiflexion→ bending foot or ankle upwards Plantar flexion→ bending foot or ankle downwards HEAD NECK THORAX BACK Upper limb abdomen pelvis Lower limb Body Regions Parts of Limbs 3 segments and 3 joints Upper limb : 3 segments→ arm, forearm & hand 3 joints→ shoulder, elbow & wrist Lower Limb : 3 segments→ thigh, leg & foot 3 joints→ hip, knee & ankle 1- A plane which divides the body into 2 equal right & left halves is known as the: A. Coronal plane B. Median plane C. Paramedian plane D. Horizontal plane E. Transverse plane 2- Moving your foot so that the sole looks laterally is: A. pronation B. supination C. inversion D. eversion E. protraction 3- Which of the paired terms below are opposites? A) anterior and medial B) posterior and lateral C) posterior and superior D) superior and ventral E) anterior and posterior Skin and Fascia  INTENDED LEARNING OBJECTIVES (ILO) By the end of this lecture the student will be able to: Describe the different layers of the skin. Describe the different layers of the fascia Discuss the function of the skin. 37  Anatomy of Skin Skin (integument) is body’s largest organ Approximately 2 m2 in average-sized adult Weighs 9-11 lbs New skin produced in 25-45 days Integumentary system describes the skin and its appendages ‫— زوائد‬the hair, nails, and skin glands Thin and thick skin ‫رق يق وسم يك‬ “Thin skin”—covers most of body surface (1 to 3 mm thick) “Thick skin”—soles and palms ‫باطن القدم‬ ‫راحة اليد‬ (4 to 5 mm thick)  Cutaneous Membrane = Skin Skin contains two layers, the epidermis and the dermis. The hypodermis is the layer underneath the skin.  Cutaneous Membrane Beneath the dermis is loose connective and adipose tissue that binds the skin to underlying organs. This is the hypodermis / subcutaneous layer.  Functions of Skin (the master organ’) Function of Skin 1)Protection : against ultra-violet light, mechanical, chemical & thermal insults. 2)Barrier ‫ الحاجز‬against bacteria, viruses, and fluid loss. 3)Thermo-regulation ‫ من ظمل لحرارة‬:keeping heat through subcutaneous fat while heat loss is facilitated by evaporation of sweat. 4)Metabolic function :as synthesis of vitamin D that stored in subcutaneous fat. 5)Excretory function :through sweating. 6)Sensation : It is considered the largest sensory organ in the body. 7) Blood reservoir 8-10%. 8) Immunity.‫المياعة‬  Skin Color Heredity and environment determine skin color. The number of melanocytes is the same in all races, but more melanin is released in darker skinned individuals. People who inherit mutant melanin genes do not produce this pigment and have nonpigmented skin and hair, albinism.  Epidermal Ridges of Thick Skin Ridges on the palms and soles increase surface area and increase friction ‫اح نكاك‬for a secure grip Create unique fingerprints Skin creases:‫ثنيات الجلد‬  Third Requirement: Normal Skin Anatomy *Skin layer differentiation: Echogenicity and major components High-resolution diagnostic US nowadays allows optimal definition of the skin layers, similar to histologic sections, according to its main components: *Epidermis: Epidermis Keratin External layer, composed of keratin, 0.06-0.6 mm - Superficial hyperechoic line or keratin: bilaminar in glabrous skin Dermis Collagen - Hyperechoic to dermis *Dermis: Hypodermis Fat Intermediate layer, composed of collagen, 1.0-4.0 mm - Less echogenic intermediate hyperechoic line *Hypodermis or subcutaneous: Deep layer, composed of fat, 5.0-20.0 mm - Deep hypoechoic layer to dermis *Teaching point: imaging findings and details in skin layers give us information about the sex and age of the patient, and we can also differentiate some body parts (based on regional quantitative and qualitative differences).  Ⅳ. The Subcutaneous Tissue (Fasciae) Ⅰ) The Fascia It is formed by connective tissue and can be divided, into two groups, superficial and deep.  1. The superficial fascia It is found immediately beneath the skin covering almost the entire body. It is a layer of loose connective tissue containing fat in varying quantity. 1-Attachment : The superficial fascia is firmly attached to the skin in : 1-scalp. 2-back of the neck. 3-plams of the hands. 4-soles of the feet. The superficial fascia is loosely attached to the skin on: 1 ) dorsum of the hands.2 ) dorsum of the feet. FAT: The superficial fascia is devoid of adipose (fatty) tissue in the: 1 ) eyelids. 2 ) auricle of the ear. 1) Facilitates the movement THE FUNCTIONS OF of the skin. Fat store THE SUP FASCIA 2) Acts as a bad conductor to heat, so it diminishes the heat loss and keeps warmth of the body. Regulation of temperature 3) Gives the body its full rounded appearance and smooth outline particularly in females as it fills up the hollows and irregularities of the body and contain mammary gland 4) Contains the blood vessels, nerves, lymph glands and sometimes thin sheets of subcutaneous muscles. It is a dense, inelastic THE DEEP FASCIA fibrous membrane, forming a strong investment the muscles in each region, but also gives a separate sheath to each, as well as to the vessels and nerves. In the limbs, the fasciae give off septa which separate the groups of muscle and attached to the periosteum. These prolongations of fasciae are usually called the intermuscular septa. ‫حواجز‬. is a dense fibrous sheet THE DEEP FASCIA that invests the body beneath the superficial fascia. It is devoid of fat, and is usually inelastic and tough. Forms: It has variable forms according to its site: -It usually forms sheath around the different muscles or glands. - It forms intermuscular septa and joints capsules. - It forms intermuscular THE DEEP FASCIA septa and joints capsules. Functions of deep fascia: 1) It covers the underlying muscles so it assists them in their action by the pressure it exerts on their surfaces. 2) It keeps the underlying structures in position especially during muscles movements. ❖It is poorly developed in sites which nead expansion, e.g.: face & thoracic & abdominal walls. ‫الحمدهلل‬