Introduction To General Anatomy (PDF)

INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL ANATOMY ANA(102) BY RAMATU SALISU(FUD) Overview of Anatomy The word anatomy means cutting up or taking apart Derive from greek word anatome The latin word dissecare has similar meaning Anatomy is largely based on dissection from which it obtain it nam...

INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL ANATOMY ANA(102) BY RAMATU SALISU(FUD) Overview of Anatomy The word anatomy means cutting up or taking apart Derive from greek word anatome The latin word dissecare has similar meaning Anatomy is largely based on dissection from which it obtain it names Dissection of an organized body is called Anatomy The study of anatomy is traditionally based on dissecting cadavers and studying the various structures with the unaided eye Overview of Anatomy Cont’d Anatomy and dissection are no longer synonymous Dissection has remained a technique and it is still a technique Anatomy has now become a field of study Although Anatomy is mainly of observations and still dependent upon technique, but capable of consistent comparison among themselves and with other biological studies  Overview of Anatomy Cont’d Anatomy – Is a branch of biological sciences that deals with the study of formation andstructure of living organism; the organism may be an animal, plant or the human being. Human Anatomy is a branch of medical sciences that study human structure or body and the relationship of each parts to one another. Physiology - The study offunction of those body structures Anatomy Department Anatomy provides the stage on which various disciplines of medicine play their vital role It study helps in understanding and coping with injury, disease and death The structural study of human being starts in Anatomy department. The department normally consist of: Dissection hall Motuary Anatomy museum Histology laboratory Anatomy Department In anatomy department, there should also be embryology laboratory A full neuroanatomy section is also needed in anatomy department A cyber-Anatomy section is also very relevant in anatomy department Study of the human body There are many ways and means of studying the human body 1.Dissection(to cut through)- This is done on dead bodies lying in dissection hall 2.Operations- this is done by visiting the hospitals to see dissection on life body because human body cannot be learnt completely by studying dead bodies (cadavers) only. 3.Micro-dissection- here dissection is done with the use of simple magnifying glasses or dissecting microscope Study of the human body Cont’d 4. Microscopy- Here different organs, structures, tissues and cells are studied with the help of light microscope and electron microscope 5. Radiology- Here human body structures is studied with the help of different special rays (x-rays, ultrasound rays, magnetic rays etc)  Overview of Anatomy Anatomical terminology Based on ancient Greek or Latin Provides standard nomenclature worldwide Major Subdivisions of anatomy  GENERAL ANATOMY Anatomy = Ana (Greek) Tome (Greek) Apart To Cut Dissection = Dissecare (Latin) To cut apart The Hierarchy of Structural Organization Chemical level – atoms form molecules Cellular level – cells and their functional subunits Tissue level – a group of cells performing a common function Organ level – a discrete structure made up of more than one tissue Organ system – organs working together for a common purpose Organismal level – the result of all simpler levels working in unison The Hierarchy of Structural Organization Figure 1.1  REGIONAL AND SYSTEMIC ANATOMY Regional – study of anatomy by region Systemic – study of anatomy by system Most students use a combination of regional and systemic study  REGIONAL ANATOMY  SYSTEMIC ANATOMY Head and neck Integumentary system Brain Skeletal system Thorax Muscular system Nervous system Abdomen, Cardiovascular system Pelvis and Lymphatic system Perenium Endocrine system Upper Limb Digestive system Lower limb Respiratory system Urogenital system The Integumentary System Forms external body covering Protects deeper tissues from injury Synthesizes vitamin D Site of cutaneous receptors (pain, pressure, etc.) and sweat and oil glands The Skeletal System Protects and supports body organs Provides a framework for muscles Blood cells formed within bones Stores minerals The Muscular System Allows manipulation of environment Locomotion Facial expression Maintains posture Produces heat The Nervous System Fast-acting control system Responds to internal and external changes The Endocrine System Glands secrete hormones that regulate Growth Reproduction Nutrient use  The Cardiovascular System Blood vessels transport blood Carries oxygen and carbon dioxide Also carries nutrients and wastes Heart pumps blood through blood vessels Figure 1-2(f)  The Lymphatic System Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels Disposes of debris in the lymphatic system Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) Mounts attack against foreign substances in the body The Respiratory System Keeps blood supplied with oxygen Removes carbon dioxide Gas exchange occurs through walls of air sacs in the lungs The Digestive System Breaks down food into absorbable units Indigestible foodstuffs eliminated as feces The Urinary System Eliminates nitrogenous wastes Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance Reproductive System Overall function is to produce offspring Testes produce sperm and male sex hormones Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones Mammary glands produce milk Figure 1-2(l)  Introduction to Anatomy -Anatomical position- a common visual reference point -Person stands erect with feet together and eyes forward -Palms face anteriorly with the thumbs pointed away from the body Figure 1.3 Terms and planes in Anatomy Regional terms– Names of specific body areas Axial region– the main axis of the body Appendicular region – the limbs Directional terminology -Refers to the body in anatomical position -Standardized terms of directions are Figure 1.3 Orientation and Directional Terms Table 1.1 (1 of 3) Orientation and Directional Terms Table 1.1 (2 of 3) Orientation and Directional Terms Table 1.1 (3 of 3) Regional Terms Figure 1.4a Regional Terms Figure 1.4b  Body Planes and Sections Median (midsagittal) plane- Specific sagittal plane that lies vertically in the midline and divides body into right and left equal halves Coronal (frontal) plane- Lies vertically at right angle to the median plane and divides body into anterior and posterior parts Sagittal- A vertical plane which is parallel to the sagittal plane  Body Planes and Sections Transverse plane - runs horizontally and divides body into superior and inferior parts Or Transverse plane- is a plane at right angles to the sagittal /coronal plane dividing the body into an upper and lower part Figure 1.5  Body Planes and Sections Oblique section through the trunk Figure 1.6  TERMS OF PLANES NOTE: HORIZONTAL PLANE: Is a plane parallel to the ground. OBLIQUE PLANE: Is any plane other than the mentioned planes.  TERMS OF POSTURE Supine Prone Right Lateral Left Lateral Lithotomy Erect Upside Dow n TERMS OF POSITION Anterior = Ventral Intermediate = Middle Posterior= Dorsal TERMS OF POSITION Lateral Intermediate Medial Median OTHER TERMS For solid organs: -Superficial -Deep For hollow organs: -Interior -Exterior For indicating the side: -Ipsilateral -Contralateral TERMS OF POSITION Superior = Cephalic Inferior = Caudal TERMS FOR LIMBS Proximal Distal Radial Ulnar Tibial Fibular Preaxial border Postaxial border TERMS OF POSITION Skull - Inferior surface is called as Base Hand - Posterior surface - Dorum of Hand - Anterior surface - Palmar surface TERMS OF POSITION Foot - Superior surface - Dorsum of Foot - Inferior Surface - Plantar Surface TERMS OF POSITION Combination of Terms: - Supero medial - Infero lateral - Postero superior - Antero inferior TERMS OF MOVEMENT Flexion: - Moving part is carried forwards - Movement on the transverse axis Extension: -Moving part is carried backwards - Movement on the transverse axis Circumduction: -Moving part forms the base of a cone TERMS OF MOVEMENT Abduction: Moving part is carried away from the body/ reference line Adduction: Moving part is carried towards the body/reference line TERMS OF MOVEMENT Medial Rotation – -Moving part is rotated towards the mid line. - Movement on vertical axis. Lateral Rotation – - Moving part is rotated away from the mid line. - Movement on vertical axis. SPECIAL TERMS OF MOVEMENT LEG: Flexion – A movement on knee joint in which leg is carried backwards. Extension – A movement on knee joint in which leg is carried forwards. TOES: Abduction – Toes move away from the long axis of 2nd toe. Adduction – Toes move towards long axis of the 2nd toe. SPECIAL TERMS OF MOVEMENT NECK: - Flexion - Extension ROTATION: - Right - Left - LATERAL FLEXION - Right - Left SPECIAL TERMS OF MOVEMENT FINGERS: ABDUCTION – Fingers move away from the long axis of middle finger. ADDUCTION – Fingers move towards the long axis of middle finger. SPECIAL TERMS OF MOVEMENT Thumb: Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Opposition Forearm: Pronation – Forearm is rotated that the palm faces towards ground. Supination – Forearm is rotated that the palm faces above. Mid Prone Position SPECIAL TERMS OF MOVEMENT FOOT – Inversion – Sole of the foot faces medially. Eversion – Sole of the foot faces laterally. Dorsiflexion – A movement of foot in which the dorsal surface of foot comes closure to the front of leg. Plantarflexion – A movement of foot in which the dorsal surface of foot goes away from the front of leg.  Anatomy SPECIAL TERMS OF MOVEMENT Trunk: Flexion Extension Rotation - Left  Anatomy SPECIAL TERMS OF MOVEMENT Rotation - Right Lateral Flexion - Right - Left  Body Cavities and Membranes Dorsal body cavity Cavity subdivided into the cranial cavity and the vertebral cavity. Cranial cavity houses the brain. Vertebral cavity runs through the vertebral column and encloses the spinal cord  Body Cavities and Membranes Ventral body cavity – subdivided into: Thoracic cavity – divided into three parts Two lateral parts each containing a lung surrounded by a pleural cavity Mediastinum – contains the heart surrounded by the pericardial sac  Body Cavities and Membranes Ventral body cavity Abdominopelvic cavity – divided into two parts Abdominal cavity – contains the liver, stomach, kidneys, and other organs Pelvic cavity – contains the bladder, some reproductive organs, and rectum  Body Cavities and Membranes Serous cavities – a slit-like space lined by a serous membrane Pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum Parietal serosa – outer wall of the cavity Visceral serosa covers the visceral organs Body Cavities and Membranes Other Body Cavities Oral cavity Nasal cavity Orbital cavities Middle ear cavities Synovial cavities  Abdominal Regions and Quadrants Abdominal regions divide the abdomen into nine regions  Abdominal Quadrants Abdominal quadrants divide the abdomen into four quadrants Right upper and left upper quadrants Right lower and left lower quadrants  MCQs 2. The meaning of term anatomy is: a) To analyze b) To observe c) To cut up d) To make  MCQs 3. The sectional plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions is: a) Transverse plane b) Sagittal plane c) Coronal plane d) Oblique plane  MCQs 4. Lying down position with the face directed down is called as: a) Supine b) Prone c) Anatomical d) Lithotomy  MCQs 5. During flexion of the arm, the arm moves: a) Upwards b) Downwards c) Medial d) Lateral  REFERENCES 1. Cunningham’s Manual of Practical Anatomy, Vol.1. 2. Grant’s Method of Anatomy, 11th Edition. 3. Vishram Singh. General Anatomy, 1st Edition 4. Dr. Archana Rani Associate Professor Department of Anatomy KGMU, UP, Lucknow