Anatomy 1 PDF

The Human Body PRACTICAL HUMAN ANATOMY LAB. 1 Human body The Human Body: Anatomical Regions, Directions, and Body Cavities Overview of Anatomy and Physiology : Anatomy: the study of the structure of body parts and their rela onships to one another. Gross or macroscopic Microscopic Developmental Phys...

The Human Body PRACTICAL HUMAN ANATOMY LAB. 1 Human body The Human Body: Anatomical Regions, Directions, and Body Cavities Overview of Anatomy and Physiology : Anatomy: the study of the structure of body parts and their rela onships to one another. Gross or macroscopic Microscopic Developmental Physiology - the study of the func on of the body's structural machinery. ti ti Dr. Ali Mohammed Human body Gross Anatomy: Regional - all structures in one part of the body (such as the abdomen or leg) Systemic - gross anatomy of the body studied by system Surface - study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin Microscopic Anatomy: Cytology - study of the cell Histology - study of ssues Developmental Anatomy: Traces structural changes throughout life Embryology - study of developmental changes of the body before birth ti Dr. Ali Mohammed Human body Dr. Ali Mohammed Human body Specialized Branches of Anatomy: Pathological anatomy - study of structural changes caused by disease Radiographic anatomy - study of internal structures visualized by X ray Molecular biology - study of anatomical structures at a sub-cellular level Dr. Ali Mohammed Human body Levels of Structural Organization : Dr. Ali Mohammed Human body Levels of Structural Organization : Chemical - atoms combined to form molecules Cellular - cells are made of molecules Tissue - consists of similar types of cells Organ - made up of di erent types of ssues Organ system - consists of di erent organs that work closely together Organismal - made up of the organ systems ti ff ff Dr. Ali Mohammed Human body Dr. Ali Mohammed Human body Homeostasis : Homeostasis is the ability to maintain a rela vely stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world The internal environment of the body is in a dynamic state of equilibrium Chemical, thermal, and neural factors interact to maintain homeostasis Homeosta c Imbalance: Disturbance of homeostasis or the body's normal equilibrium Overwhelming of nega ve feedback mechanisms allowing destruc ve posi ve feedback mechanisms to take over ti ti ti ti ti Dr. Ali Mohammed Directional terms Human body Direc onal Terms: Superior and inferior - toward and away from the head, respectively Anterior and posterior - toward the front and back of the body Medial, lateral, and intermediate - toward the midline, away from the midline, and between a more medial and lateral structure Proximal and distal - closer to and farther from the origin of the body Super cial and deep - toward and away from the body surface ti fi Dr. Ali Mohammed Human body Dr. Ali Mohammed Human body Direc onal Terms: ti Dr. Ali Mohammed Human body Direc onal Terms: ti Dr. Ali Mohammed Human body Regional terms: anterior view Axial - head, neck, and trunk Appendicular - appendages or limbs Speci c regional terminology fi Dr. Ali Mohammed Human body Regional terms : posterior view Dr. Ali Mohammed Body planes Human body Body planes : Sagi al - divides the body into right and le parts Midsagi al or medial - sagi al plane that lies on the midline Frontal or coronal - divides the body into anterior and posterior parts Transverse or horizontal (cross sec on) -divides the body into superior and inferior parts Oblique sec on - cuts made diagonally ft ti tt ti tt tt Dr. Ali Mohammed Human body Body planes : Dr. Ali Mohammed Human body Dr. Ali Mohammed Human body Dr. Ali Mohammed Human body Anatomical variability : Humans vary slightly in both external and internal anatomy Over 90% of all anatomical structures match textbook descrip ons, but: -Nerves or blood vessels may be somewhat out of place -Small muscles may be missing Extreme anatomical varia ons are seldom seen ti ti Dr. Ali Mohammed Human body Dr. Ali Mohammed Body cavities Human body Body cavi es : ti Dr. Ali Mohammed Human body Body cavi es : Dorsal cavity protects the nervous system, and is divided into two subdivisions -Cranial cavity is within the skull and encases the brain -Vertebral cavity runs within the vertebral column and encases the spinal cord Ventral cavity houses the internal organs (viscera), and is divided into two subdivisions: - Thoracic and Abdominopelvic cavi es ti ti Dr. Ali Mohammed Human body Body cavi es : ti Dr. Ali Mohammed Human body Body cavi es : Thoracic cavity is subdivided into pleural cavi es, the medias num, and the pericardial cavity -Pleural cavi es - each houses a lung -Medias num - contains the pericardial cavity, and surrounds the remaining thoracic organs -Pericardial cavity - encloses the heart ti ti ti ti ti Dr. Ali Mohammed Human body Dr. Ali Mohammed Human body Body cavi es : The abdominopelvic cavity is separated from the superior thoracic cavity by the domeshaped diaphragm It is composed of two subdivisions Abdominal cavity - contains the stomach, intes nes, spleen, liver, and other organs Pelvic cavity - lies within the pelvis and contains the bladder, reproduc ve organs, and rectum ti ti ti Dr. Ali Mohammed Human body Ventral body cavity Membranes : Parietal serosa lines internal body walls Visceral serosa covers the internal organs Serous uid separates the serosae fl Dr. Ali Mohammed Human body Other body cavi es : Oral and diges ve - mouth and cavi es of the diges ve organs Nasal -located within and posterior to the nose Orbital - house the eyes Middle ear - contain bones (ossicles) that transmit sound vibra ons Synovial - joint cavi es ti ti ti ti ti ti Dr. Ali Mohammed Human body Abdominopelvic regions : Umbilical Epigastric Hypogastric Right and le iliac or inguinal Right and le lumbar Right and le hypochondriac ft ft ft Dr. Ali Mohammed Human body Organs of the abdominopelvic regions : Dr. Ali Mohammed Human body Abdominopelvic quadrants : Right upper (RUQ) Le upper (LUQ) Right lower (RLQ) Le lower (LLQ) ft ft Dr. Ali Mohammed