Human Anatomy Introduction PDF

Human Anatomy Introduction Mohamed Osman Mohamed Idres MBBS, Msc, MRCS  What is Anatomy? Study of the STRUCTURE of the Human Body Closely related to PHYSIOLOGY! Physiology is the study of the FUNCTION of the human body Branches of anatomy: Gross Anatomy Microscop...

Human Anatomy Introduction Mohamed Osman Mohamed Idres MBBS, Msc, MRCS  What is Anatomy? Study of the STRUCTURE of the Human Body Closely related to PHYSIOLOGY! Physiology is the study of the FUNCTION of the human body Branches of anatomy: Gross Anatomy Microscopic Anatomy (histology) Developmental Anatomy (embryology) Comparative Anatomy Neuro anatomy Forensic anatomy Radiological anatomy Living anatomy  Ways to Study Anatomy? Regional Anatomy – study one region of the body at a time and learn everything about the region Systemic Anatomy – study one body system at a time. This is the approach we will use in this course  Anatomical Organization Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems Organism  Organ Systems 1. Integument 2. Skeletal 3. Muscular 4. Nervous 5. Endocrine 6. Cardiovascular 7. Lymphatic 8. Respiratory 9. Digestive 10. Urinary 11. Reproductive  Planes and Sections Sagittal section – divides the body into right and left sides -Mid-sagittal section = straight down the center of the body Frontal section – divides the body into front and back sides Transverse (cross) section – cut straight across the body MOVEMENT TERMS  Body Planes and Sections Coronal (frontal) plane - Lies vertically and divides body into anterior and posterior parts Median (midsagittal) plane – Specific sagittal plane that lies vertically in the midline  Body Cavities and Membranes Ventral body cavity – subdivided into: --Thoracic cavity – divided into three Parts Two lateral parts each containing a lung surrounded by a pleural cavity Mediastinum – contains the heart surrounded by the pericardial sac  Body Cavities and Membranes Ventral body cavity - Abdominopelvic cavity – divided into two parts Abdominal cavity – costomach, kidneys, ntains the liver, and other organs Pelvic cavity – contains the bladder, some reproductive organs, and rectum  Body Cavities and Membranes Dorsal body cavity Cavity subdivided into the cranial cavity and the vertebral cavity. -Cranial cavity houses the brain. -Vertebral cavity runs through the vertebral column and encloses the spinal cord  Body Cavities and Membranes Serous cavities – a slit-like space lined by a serous membrane Pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum Parietal serosa – outer wall of the cavity Visceral serosa covers the visceral organs  Other Body Cavities Oral cavity Nasal cavity Orbital cavities Middle ear cavities Synovial cavities  Body Quadrants Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)  Fibrous joints Bones connected by fibrous tissue: dense regular connective tissue No joint cavity Slightly immovable or not at all Types Sutures Syndesmoses Gomphoses  Sutures Only between bones of skull Fibrous tissue continuous with periosteum Ossify and fuse in middle age: now technically called “synostoses” =bony junctions  Syndesmoses In Greek: “ligament” Bones connected by ligaments only Amount of movement depends on length of the fibers: longer than in sutures  Gomphoses Is a “peg-in-socket” Only example is tooth with its Socket Ligament is a short periodontal ligament  Cartilaginous joints Articulating bones united by cartilage Lack a joint cavity Not highly movable Two types Primary cartilaginous Secondary cartilaginous  Primary cartilaginous Hyaline cartilage unites the bones Immovable Examples: Epiphyseal plates Joint between first rib’s costal cartilage and manubrium of the sternum  Secondary cartilaginous Fibrocartilage unites the bones Slightly movable Resilient shock absorber Provide strength and flexibility Hyaline cartilage on articular surfaces of bones to reduce friction Examples Intervertebral discs Pubic symphysis of the pelvis  Synovial joints Include most of the body’s joints All arediarthroses (freely movable) All contain fluid-filledjoint cavity  General Structure of Synovial Joints 1- Articular cartilage Hyaline Spongy cushions absorb compression Protects ends of bones from being crushed 2- Joint (synovial) cavity Potential space Small amount of synovial fluid  General structure of synovial joints (cont.) 3. Articular (or joint) capsule Two layered - Outer*: fibrous capsule of dense irregular connective tissue continuous with periosteum - Inner*: synovial membrane of loose connective tissue (makes synovial fluid) - Lines all internal joint Surfaces not covered by cartilage*  General structure of synovial joints (cont.) 4. Synovial fluid Filtrate of blood Contains special glycoproteins Nourishes cartilage and functions as slippery lubricant “Weeping” lubricatioin 5. Reinforcing ligaments (some joints) Capsular (most) – thickened parts of capsule Extracapsular Intracapsular  General structure of synovial joints (cont.) 6. Nerves Detect pain Monitor stretch (one of the ways of sensing posture and body movements) 7. Blood vessels Rich blood supply Extensive capillary beds in synovial membrane (produce the blood filtrate) General structure of synovial joints  Synovial joints classified by shape (of their articular surfaces) Plane (see right) Hinge (see right) Pivot Condyloid Saddle Ball-and-socket  Disorders of joints Injuries Sprains Dislocation Torn cartilage Inflammatory and degenerative conditions Bursitis Tendinitis Arthritis