Study Guide PDF

Study Guide Chemical level: Level that includes atoms and molecules Cellular level: Level that contains the smallest “living parts” of the body Tissue level: Level that is made up of a group of cells working together to perform a task Organ level: Level that is made up of a group of cells workin...

Study Guide Chemical level: Level that includes atoms and molecules Cellular level: Level that contains the smallest “living parts” of the body Tissue level: Level that is made up of a group of cells working together to perform a task Organ level: Level that is made up of a group of cells working together to perform a task Organ system level: Level that is the most complex unit within the organism Organism: A word used to denote a living thing / highest level in level of organization Physiology: defined as the study of the function of living organisms and their parts Anatomy: is derived from the Greek words meaning “cutting apart” / deals with the study of structure Pathology: study of diseases Prone position: lying face down Supine: lying face up Anatomical: using directional terms to describe the body, it is assumed that the body is in. / using directional terms to describe the body, it is assumed that the body is in what position Superficial: Nearer to the surface of the body Deep: Farther away from the surface of the body Medial: Toward the midline of the body Lateral: Toward the side Superior: Toward the head or above Inferior: Toward the feet or below Anterior: Towards the front Posterior: Towards the back Proximal: Nearest to the trunk or point of origin Distal: Away from the trunk or point of origin Sagittal plane: Divides the body into right and left sides Frontal plane/ Coronal plane: Divides the body into front and rear parts Transverse plane: Divides the body into upper and lower parts Two major cavities: Dorsal and Ventral cavities Thoracic cavity: Cavity that is subdivided into pleural cavities Abdominopelvic cavity: The lower part of the ventral body cavity Mediastinum: A subdivision of the thoracic cavity Diaphragm: divides the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity. / A muscular sheet dividing the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities Control center: The part of the feedback loop that compares the present condition within a body part or region to its homeostatic condition Effector: the part of the system that effects a change in the controlled condition. / The part of a feedback loop that has the direct effect on the regulated condition Homeostasis: the relative consistency of the internal environment of the body. / The human body tries to maintain a constant body temperature. Negative feedback loop: negates or opposes the change in the internal environment. Positive feedback loop: stimulates and amplifies a change in the internal environment. Diffusion: the process by which substances scatter themselves evenly throughout an available space Filtration: the movement of water and solutes through a membrane because of hydrostatic pressure Osmosis: the movement of water from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration through a selectively permeable membrane Cilia: extremely fine hairlike structures on the surface of the cell Microvilli: are small fingerlike projections on the plasma membrane that increase the cell’s ability to absorb substances Flagella: half the population has which of the following organelles (sperm cells) Tissue typing: is found in the plasma membrane Atrophy: defined as a decrease in the size of individual cells. Anaplasia: cells fail to mature normally and do not differentiate as they should. Hypertrophy: means that there has been an increase in size of individual cells. Epithelial tissue: Mitochondria: cell respiration occurs / The “power plants” of the cell / contains its own DNA molecule Centrioles: are rod-shaped structures that are important in cell division Lysosomes: “digestive bags” of the cell Golgi Apparatus: organelle that consists of tiny flattened sacs that help process and package chemicals in the cell Rough endoplasmic reticulum: structure has ribosomes attached to it and helps transport proteins throughout the cell Smooth endoplasmic reticulum: Organelle that produces new membrane for the cell / structure assembles new membrane for the cell Ribosomes: Organelles that are called the “protein factories” of the cell Plasma membrane: Structure made up of phospholipids and cholesterol molecules Nucleus: Cell structure that controls every organelle in the cytoplasm and contains chromatin Nucleolus: A small structure in the nucleus that programs the formation of ribosomes Prophase: The spindle fibers form / Chromatin becomes “organized” Metaphase: The chromosomes are aligned in the middle of the cells. Anaphase: Chromosomes are pulled to opposite sides of the cell / chromosomes move to opposite sides of the cell / cleavage furrow begin to appear Telophase: The cleavage furrow completely divides the cell into two parts / phase of mitosis do two nuclei appear and the chromosomes become less distinct Interphase: DNA replication occurs Transcription: Occurs in the nucleus Translation: The end product of the process of translation is an amino acid chain or protein / Connective tissue: How does cartilage differ from other connective tissues: Its matrix is the consistency of a firm plastic. Hematopoietic tissue: Red marrow cavities of bones Areolar: Mostly distributed / Consists of delicate webs of fibers and a variety of cells Fibrous connective tissue: Tendons / Consists mainly of bundles of strong, white collagen fibers arranged in parallel rows Blood: Matrix is liquid Bone: Contains numerous structural building blocks called osteons Adipose: Specialized to store lipids Cartilage: Matrix is the consistency of a firm plastic or a gristle like gel Epithelial tissue: Transitional: Wall of the urinary tract / Layers of cells that appear cubelike when an organ is relaxed and flattened when the organ is distended by fluid Simple cuboidal: Kidney Tubules / Single layer of cube-shaped cells Pseudostratified: Trachea Stratified squamous: Surface of the skin / Multiple layers of cells with flat cells at the outer surface Simple squamous: Air sacs of the lungs / Single layer of flat, scalelike cells Simple columnar: Inner surface of the large intestine / Single layer of tall, thin cells; modification may appear goblet-shaped Pseudostratified columnar: Single layer of cells; some are tall and thin and reach the free surface, and others do not Dense fibrous mass: Scar Clusters of tubes of secretory cells: Glands Structural building blocks of bone tissue: Osteons Strong fibers found in dense fibrous connective tissue: Collagen Specialized cells that produce mucus: Goblet cells Intracellular material found between cells: Matrix Cartilage cell: Chondrocyte Chondrocyte: These cartilage cells are located within many tiny spaces throughout the matrix. Growth of new tissue: Regeneration Thick scar that develops in lower layer of the skin: Keloid Supporting nervous tissue cell: Glia The structure to which dendrites and axons attach: Cell body Supportive cells of nervous tissue: Neuroglia Cell process that transmits nerve impulses away from the cell body: Axon The conducting cells of the nervous system: Neuron Cell process that carries nerve impulses toward the cell body: Dendrite Muscle Tissue: Skeletal Muscle: Cylindrical, striated, voluntary cells Smooth muscle: Nonstriated, involuntary, narrow fibers with only one nucleus per cell Cardiac muscle: Striated, branching, involuntary cells with intercalated disks Which of the following occurs when skeletal muscle tissue is overstretched, causing injury to muscle fibers? Answer: Microtubules form at the site, attracting nuclei that release mRNA to direct protein production. THE SKIN Two layers of the skin: Epidermis and dermis A blister forms at the junction of: epidermis and dermis The arrangement of the dermal papillae can be used as a method of identification: TRUE Eccrine glands contribute to the temperature-regulating function of the skin: TRUE Cyanosis of the skin is caused by a loss of melanocytes: FALSE Albinism and vitiligo are both indicated by the absence of pigment in the skin: TRUE The hereditary condition that is characterized by a total lack of melanin is called vitiligo: FALSE Wheals are a characteristic sign of scleroderma: FALSE The nail root is hidden because it is covered by a fold of skin called the lunula: FALSE Mucous membranes are found only in the closed cavities of the body: FALSE (opening cavities) Serous membranes line the digestive and respiratory tracts: FALSE The protein keratin gives the dermis the strength and toughness to protect the tissues underneath the skin: FALSE Connective tissue membranes contain both epithelial and connective tissues: FALSE The topical application of tretinoin is a treatment of acne: TRUE Synovial membranes are connective tissue membranes: TRUE Vitamin A acid is used to treat acne: TRUE The Meissner corpuscle detects pressure deep in the dermis: FALSE The visible part of the nail is called the nail bed: FALSE The temperature-regulating function of the skin can only be accomplished by a high concentration of blood vessels in the skin: TRUE The upper layer of the stratum corneum is made up of dead cells: TRUE Male pattern baldness is a type of alopecia: TRUE The loss of melanocytes leads to a condition called vitiligo: TRUE Port-wine stain birthmarks usually disappear by age 7 with no treatment: FALSE Mucocutaneous junctions are the meeting place of two epithelial membranes: TRUE Apocrine glands greatly outnumber the eccrine glands: FALSE The fingernails can be used to evaluate whether the blood is carrying enough oxygen: TRUE Melanoma is a serious form of skin cancer that can develop from a mole: TRUE The skin more effectively cools the body on drier days than on days with high humidity: TRUE The cap-shaped cluster of cells where hair growth begins is called the hair follicle: False Both pleurisy and peritonitis are inflammations of parietal serous membranes: TRUE Sebaceous glands produce an oil-like substance called sebum: TRUE One of the causes of acne is the overproduction of oil from the apocrine glands: FALSE The stomach and intestines are covered by the visceral pleura: FALSE Hair follicles are necessary for hair to grow: TRUE Impetigo is caused by the papillomavirus: FALSE Both keratin and melanin assist the skin in its function of protection: TRUE A separation of the dermis from the subcutaneous tissue results in a blister: FALSE The basement membrane holds the visceral layer to the parietal layer in a serous membrane: FALSE One of the most damaging effects of a major burn is its effect on fluid and electrolyte balance of the body: TRUE The stratum germinativum allows injury to the skin to heal rapidly: TRUE Burns that are characterized by blisters, severe pain, and swelling are classified as: second-degree burn A membrane that lines a body surface that opens to the exterior of the body is most likely a: Mucous membrane The rule of nines is used to determine the: body surface area that has been burned. The pleura in the thoracic cavity is an example of a: Serous membrane The visceral peritoneum covers the organs of the abdominal cavity. The parietal pleura covers the wall of the chest cavity (thoracic cavity) The layer of epithelial tissue under the fingernail is called the: nail bed The arrector pili muscle causes: goose pimples/goose bumps Which of the following is a connective tissue membrane: Synovial Membrane Which type of membrane lines the space between bones in joints that move: Synovial membrane Which of the following is not an epithelial membrane: Synovial Which of the following is not found in the dermis of the skin: melanocytes, which give the skin color Which skin infection is caused by a papillomavirus: WARTS What is another term for a pressure sore: Decubitus ulcer Which skin disorder results from an autoimmune disease: Scleroderma The general name given to mycotic skin infections is: Tinea Which skin infection is also called furuncles: Boils The crescent-shaped white area near the root of the nail is called the: Lunula Hair growth begins from a small bump called the: Hair papilla The skin tans in response to sunlight because of the _____ produced in the stratum _____: melanin; germinativum Which of the following is not an example of an eccrine gland: Sebaceous gland The lining of the mouth is an example of a _____ membrane: MUCOUS The skin is an example of a _____ membrane: Cutaneous membrane The stratum corneum: is composed of dead cells at its surface. Which of the following is not true of apocrine glands: They are found distributed over most of the body surface MATCH Stratum Corneum: Outer layer of the epidermis with dead cells at its surface Arrector pili: Muscle attached to the side of the hair follicle Hairl papilla: Small bump from which hair growth begins Meissener corpuscle: Skin receptor that detects light touch Hypodermis: Layer of fat below the dermis; also called subcutaneous tissue Dermal papillae: Parallel rows of peg like projections in the dermis Apocrine gland: Sweat glands that are found only in the axillae and around the genitals Lunula: Crescent-shaped white area of the nail Melanin: Pigment that gives the skin its color Sebaceous gland: Skin gland that secretes an oil called sebum Stratum germinativum: Deepest layer of the epidermis that is in constant mitosis Eccrine gland: Sweat gland that is the most numerous Lanugo: Soft, fine hair that is found on newborn infants Pacini corpuscle: Skin receptor in the dermis that detects pressure MATCH: Synovial membrane: Membrane that lines the spaces between bones in joints Parietal pleura: Membrane that lines the walls of the chest cavity Mucous membrane: Membrane that lines the tubes of the respiratory and digestive systems Bursae: Small cushion like sacs that are lined with synovial membrane Parietal peritoneum: Membrane that lines the walls of the abdominal cavity Visceral pleura: Tissue that covers the organs in the chest cavity Cutaneous membrane: Membrane of which the skin is made Visceral peritoneum: Tissue that covers the organs in the abdominal cavity