ANALYSIS OF PRIMARY SOURCES.pdf

SUMMARY OF THE FIRST VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD BY MAGELLAN: ANTONIO PIGAFETTA! UNDERSTANDING THE PRIMARY SOURCE! FIRST SEMESTER CLASS 2024-2025 Introduction! The first voyage around the world, led by Ferdinand Magellan from 1519 to 1522, marked a significant milestone in maritime exploration...

SUMMARY OF THE FIRST VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD BY MAGELLAN: ANTONIO PIGAFETTA! UNDERSTANDING THE PRIMARY SOURCE! FIRST SEMESTER CLASS 2024-2025 Introduction! The first voyage around the world, led by Ferdinand Magellan from 1519 to 1522, marked a significant milestone in maritime exploration. Antonio Pigafetta, an Italian scholar and explorer, accompanied Magellan and documented the journey in detail. His accounts provide invaluable insights into the expedition and the cultures encountered, Introduction! Five ships that embarked on the expedition in 1519: 1. Trinidad 2. San Antonio 3. Concepción 4. Victoria 5. Santiago Introduction! Trinidad - Flagship of the fleet - Captain: Ferdinand Magellan - Crew: Approximately 62 men - Tonnage: 110 tons Key details: - Largest ship in the fleet - Reached the Philippines but never completed the voyage Introduction! San Antonio - Captain: Juan de Cartagena (later replaced) - Crew: Approximately 55 men - Tonnage: 120 tons Key details: - Deserted the expedition in November 1520 - Returned to Spain with supplies meant for the entire fleet Introduction! Concepción - Captain: Gaspar de Quesada - Crew: Approximately 44 men - Tonnage: 90 tons Key details: - Participated in the mutiny against Magellan - Scuttled off the coast of the Philippines in 1521 Introduction! Santiago - Captain: João Serrão - Crew: Approximately 32 men - Tonnage: 75 tons Key details: - Smallest ship in the fleet - Wrecked off the coast of Patagonia in May 1520 Introduction! Victoria - Captain: Luis de Mendoza - Crew: Approximately 45 men - Tonnage: 85 tons Key details: - Only ship to complete the circumnavigation - Returned to Spain in 1522 with 18 survivors Introduction! Timeline of Arrival in the Philippines 1. March 16, 1521: Fleet sights Samar Island 2. March 17, 1521: First landing on Homonhon Island 3. March 28, 1521: Arrival at Limasawa Island 4. April 7, 1521: Reaching Cebu Island 5. April 27, 1521: Battle of Mactan, death of Magellan Introduction! Timeline of Arrival in the Philippines 1. March 16, 1521: Fleet sights Samar Island 2. March 17, 1521: First landing on Homonhon Island 3. March 28, 1521: Arrival at Limasawa Island 4. April 7, 1521: Reaching Cebu Island 5. April 27, 1521: Battle of Mactan, death of Magellan Introduction! Timeline of Arrival in the Philippines 1. March 16, 1521: Fleet sights Samar Island 2. March 17, 1521: First landing on Homonhon Island 3. March 28, 1521: Arrival at Limasawa Island 4. April 7, 1521: Reaching Cebu Island 5. April 27, 1521: Battle of Mactan, death of Magellan Introduction! Important Details 1. First European contact with the Philippines 2. First recorded Mass in the Philippines (March 31, 1521) 3. Establishment of blood compact between Magellan and Rajah Humabon of Cebu 4. Introduction of Christianity to the Philippines 5. Magellan's death in the Battle of Mactan against Lapu-Lapu 6. Sebastian Del Cano takes over the leadership of the voyage Analyzing the Primary Source! Background of the Voyage 1. Ferdinand Magellan: Born in Portugal in 1480, Magellan organized the expedition under the Spanish flag to find a westward route to the Spice Islands (Maluku Islands). He set sail on September 20, 1519, with five ships and approximately 240 men! 2. Antonio Pigafetta: Born in 1491 in Venice, Pigafetta was a navigator and chronicler. He joined the expedition as a member of the crew and kept a detailed journal of the voyage, which later became a crucial primary source for historians studying this period! Analyzing the Primary Source! Key Events During the Voyage 1. Departure from Spain: The fleet left Seville, facing numerous challenges, including starvation, disease, and mutiny among the crew. 2. Crossing the Atlantic: After navigating through the Atlantic Ocean, they reached Brazil, where they made contact with indigenous peoples. 3. Strait of Magellan: The expedition successfully navigated the strait that now bears Magellan's name, entering the Pacific Ocean. This was a significant achievement, as it connected the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans for the first time via this route. Analyzing the Primary Source! Key Events During the Voyage 4. Arrival in the Philippines: In March 1521, Magellan's fleet reached the Philippines, where they encountered various local leaders and cultures. Pigafetta's accounts detail their experiences, including the customs and practices of the indigenous people. 5. Battle of Mactan: Magellan's involvement in local politics led to his participation in the Battle of Mactan on April 27, 1521. He was killed by the forces of Kalipulaku (Lapu-Lapu), a local chieftain, which significantly impacted the expedition's morale and future plans. Analyzing the Primary Source! Pigafetta's Contributions 1. Detailed Observations: Pigafetta's journal includes descriptions of the lands, peoples, and cultures encountered during the voyage, providing a European perspective on the pre-colonial Philippines. His writings reflect both admiration and bias towards the indigenous populations. 2. Cultural Insights: He documented significant cultural practices, such as rituals, trade, and social structures, which remain valuable for understanding early Philippine history. 3. Survival and Return: Of the original crew, only 18 men returned to Spain aboard the ship Victoria, led by Juan Sebastián Elcano after Magellan's death. Pigafetta was among the survivors, and his accounts were instrumental in recounting the journey upon their return. Conclusion! Antonio Pigafetta's chronicle of Magellan's expedition is not only a historical document but also a literary work that has influenced Western thought about exploration and the New World. His detailed observations provide a unique glimpse into the early interactions between Europeans and the indigenous peoples of the Philippines, making his account an essential resource for historians and scholars alike.  KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN: EMILIO JACINTO! UNDERSTANDING THE PRIMARY SOURCE! FIRST SEMESTER CLASS 2024-2025 Introduction! The Kartilya ng Katipunan is a seminal document that outlines the principles and teachings of the Katipunan, a secret revolutionary society founded in 1892 to fight for Philippine independence from Spanish colonial rule. The Kartilya was written by Emilio Jacinto, a key figure in the Katipunan and the Philippine Revolution, who was known as the "Brains of the Katipunan". Analyzing the Primary Source! Background of the Writer! -Emilio Jacinto was born on December 15, 1875, in Trozo, Manila. He was a young intellectual who played a crucial role in the Katipunan and the Philippine Revolution. - Jacinto's authorship of the Kartilya is well-established, dating back to the accounts of Isabelo de los Reyes and other senior Katipunan members. He is credited with writing the Kartilya, which was used to educate and guide new members of the society. Analyzing the Primary Source! Key Contents of the Kartilya! Structure and Content of the Kartilya. The Kartilya is divided into two main sections: 1. Mga Layon (Principles): This section outlines twelve guiding principles for Katipunan members, such as the importance of dedicating one's life to a great and noble cause, the value of selflessness, and the inherent equality of all people regardless of race or social status. 2. Mga Aral (Teachings): This section presents fourteen teachings that emphasize the importance of defending the oppressed, the value of time, the sanctity of marriage and family, and the true measure of a person's worth being their character and actions rather than their social status or appearance. Analyzing the Primary Source! Mga Layon (Principles) 1. Ang buhay ay may layunin, at ang layuning ito'y dapat mabatid at maisagawa. 2. Ang tao'y may pananagutan sa Diyos, sa kapwa at sa sarili. 3. Ang paglilingkod sa kapwa ay nagpapakita ng pagmamahal. 4. Ang pagkakaisa at pagtutulungan ay susi sa tagumpay. Analyzing the Primary Source! Mga Layon (Principles) 6. Ang pagsunod sa Katungkulan ay higit sa lahat. 7. Ang katapangan at katapatan ay kailangang taglay ng bawat Anak ng Bayan. 8. Ang pag-ibig sa Inang Bayan ay dapat maging inspirasyon ng bawat kilos. 9. Ang paggalang sa kapwa ay nagpapakita ng karangalan ng sarili. 10. Ang katotohanan at katarungan ay kailangang ipaglaban. Analyzing the Primary Source! Mga Layon (Principles) 11. Ang kabayanihan ay hindi lamang sa labanan kundi sa buhay. 12. Ang pag-aasawa ay banal na kasunduan. Analyzing the Primary Source! Mga Aral (Teachings) 1. Ang layunin ng buhay ay makamit ang karangalan at kabutihan. 2. Ang pananagutan sa Diyos ay pagsunod sa Kanyang mga utos. 3. Ang pananagutan sa kapwa ay pagtulong at pagmamahal. 4. Ang pananagutan sa sarili ay pagsisikap at pagsunod sa Katungkulan. 5. Ang paglilingkod sa kapwa ay nagpapakita ng pagmamahal at pagkakaisa. Analyzing the Primary Source! Mga Aral (Teachings) 6. Ang pagkakaisa at pagtutulungan ay susi sa tagumpay ng lahat. 7. Ang pagkakaisa ng lahat ng Anak ng Bayan ay kailangang makamit sa pamamagitan ng pagkakaisa at pagtutulungan. 8. Ang pagsunod sa Katungkulan ay higit sa lahat, sapagkat ito ang susi sa tagumpay. 9. Ang katapangan at katapatan ay kailangang taglay ng bawat Anak ng Bayan upang makamit ang layunin. 10. Ang pag-ibig sa Inang Bayan ay dapat maging inspirasyon ng bawat kilos upang makamit ang kalayaan. Analyzing the Primary Source! Mga Aral (Teachings) 11. Ang paggalang sa kapwa ay nagpapakita ng karangalan ng sarili at nagbibigay-dangal sa lahat. 12. Ang katotohanan at katarungan ay kailangang ipaglaban upang makamit ang kapayapaan at kaunlaran. 13. Ang kabayanihan ay hindi lamang sa labanan kundi sa buhay, sa pamamagitan ng pagsunod sa Katungkulan at paglilingkod sa kapwa. 14. Ang pag-aasawa ay banal na kasunduan na kailangang igalang at pangalagaan. Analyzing the Primary Source! Significance and Legacy - The Kartilya reflected the liberal and radical ideas of the time, promoting values of equality, tolerance, freedom, and honor. It invoked the inherent equality of all people and the importance of defending the oppressed against oppression. - The document served as a guide for new Katipunan members, ensuring they understood the society's objectives and were committed to the cause of Philippine independence. It was still in use during the early stages of the Philippine Revolution and was planned to be reprinted by Andres Bonifacio shortly before his death.  PROCLAMATION OF PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE: AMBROSIO RIANZARES BAUTISTA UNDERSTANDING THE PRIMARY SOURCE! FIRST SEMESTER CLASS 2024-2025 Analyzing the Primary Source! The Proclamation of Philippine Independence, also known as the Act of Proclamation of Independence of the Filipino People, was a significant historical document authored by Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista. Below are detailed insights into the proclamation and its context.Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista Background: Born on December 7, 1830, in Biñan, Laguna, Bautista was a lawyer and a prominent figure in the Philippine Revolution. He studied at the University of Santo Tomas, graduating with a law degree in 1865. Bautista was known for providing legal assistance to the poor and was involved in various reform movements against Spanish colonial rule. Role in the Revolution: Bautista became a close adviser to General Emilio Aguinaldo and played a crucial role in drafting important state documents, including the Proclamation of Independence. He was instrumental in the establishment of the Philippine Republic. SOURCE:Philippines. National Historical Institute. (1997). Documents on the 1898 Declaration of Philippine Independence, the Malolos Constitution and the First Philippine Republic. Manila: National Historical Institute. Analyzing the Primary Source! The Proclamation of Independence Date and Place: The proclamation was made on June 12, 1898, at Aguinaldo's residence in Kawit, Cavite. This event marked the formal declaration of the Philippines' independence from Spanish colonial rule. Content: The proclamation was modeled after the American Declaration of Independence and included a list of grievances against the Spanish government, highlighting the abuses and injustices suffered by Filipinos under colonial rule. It asserted the sovereignty of the Filipino people and called for recognition of their independence. Signatories: The document was signed by 98 delegates, including military leaders and representatives from various towns. Notably, an American officer, L.M. Johnson, was present as a witness to the event. Analyzing the Primary Source! Key Excerpts from the Proclamation The proclamation begins with a formal introduction, stating: "In the town of Cavite-Viejo, Province of Cavite, this 12th day of June 1898: BEFORE ME, Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, War Counsellor and Special Delegate designated to proclaim and solemnize this Declaration of Independence by the Dictatorial Government of the Philippines..." Analyzing the Primary Source! It continues to outline the reasons for independence, including: "The people of this country are already tired of bearing the ominous yoke of Spanish domination... arbitrary arrests and abuses of the Civil Guards... unjust deportations of illustrious Filipinos..." Analyzing the Primary Source! The proclamation concludes with a declaration of independence: "...this Nation, already free and independent as of this day, must use the same flag which up to now is being used..." Analyzing the Primary Source! Significance National Holiday: June 12 is now celebrated annually as Philippine Independence Day, a national holiday marking the country's assertion of sovereignty. Historical Impact: The proclamation was a pivotal moment in the Philippine Revolution, galvanizing support for independence and establishing a foundation for the future Philippine Republic. Legacy of Bautista: Ambrosio Bautista's contributions to the independence movement and his role in drafting the proclamation solidified his place in Philippine history as a key figure in the fight for freedom.  POLITICAL CARICATURE OF THE AMERICAN ERA (1900-1941): ALFRED MCCOY UNDERSTANDING THE PRIMARY SOURCE! FIRST SEMESTER CLASS 2024-2025 Analyzing the Primary Source! Overview of McCoy's Work Title: McCoy's book, Philippine Cartoons: Political Caricature of the American Era 1900-1941, co-edited with Alfredo Roces, was published in 1985. It compiles various cartoons that illustrate the political landscape of the Philippines under American colonial rule. Historical Context: The period from 1900 to 1941 was marked by the transition from Spanish to American rule, which brought significant changes in governance, culture, and national identity. Political caricatures during this time served as a means for Filipinos to express their views on colonial policies, social issues, and national aspirations. Analyzing the Primary Source! Key Themes in Political Caricatures 1.Critique of Colonial Policies: The cartoons often criticized American colonial policies and the perceived paternalism of American governance. They highlighted issues such as land ownership, labor rights, and the struggle for independence. 2.National Identity: The caricatures reflected the evolving sense of Filipino identity, emphasizing the desire for self-determination and resistance against colonial rule. They depicted the tension between American authority and Filipino aspirations for freedom. Analyzing the Primary Source! Key Themes in Political Caricatures 3. Cultural Commentary: Many cartoons addressed cultural changes brought about by American influence, including the introduction of American education, consumerism, and social norms. They often juxtaposed traditional Filipino values against new American practices. 4. Humor and Satire: The use of humor and satire in these cartoons was a powerful tool for social commentary. They engaged the public in political discourse and provided a platform for dissent in a time when direct criticism of the government could be dangerous. "White man's burden": This concept, popularized by Rudyard Kipling, was used to justify colonialism as a noble endeavor to "civilize" non-white peoples. It was applied to the American presence in the Philippines. White is might: This period of history reflects the broader context of global imperialism and racism of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Understanding this history is crucial for addressing ongoing issues of racism and colorism in the Philippines and globally. Pseudoscientific racism: Theories of scientific racism, which falsely claimed biological differences between races, were used to support discriminatory policies and attitudes.  SPEECH BEFORE THE US CONGRESS: CORAZON AQUINO! UNDERSTANDING THE PRIMARY SOURCE! FIRST SEMESTER CLASS 2024-2025 Analyzing the Primary Source! Context of the Speech People Power Revolution: Aquino's presidency followed the 1986 revolution, which was characterized by mass mobilizations against the Marcos dictatorship. The revolution was sparked by widespread discontent over electoral fraud, human rights abuses, and economic mismanagement. Return to the U.S.: Aquino had previously visited the U.S. to bury her husband, Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino Jr., who was assassinated in 1983. Her return as president symbolized the triumph of democracy in the Philippines. Analyzing the Primary Source! Key Themes in the Speech 1.Tribute to Ninoy Aquino: Aquino honored her late husband, describing his sacrifices for democracy and freedom. She stated, "In burying Ninoy, a whole nation honored him by that brave and selfless act of giving honor to a nation in shame." 2.Restoration of Democracy: Aquino emphasized her commitment to restoring democratic governance in the Philippines. She spoke about the establishment of a constitutional government and the importance of elections. 3.Grievances Against the Marcos Regime: The speech detailed the abuses and injustices faced under Marcos, including the suspension of the constitution, the closure of Congress, and the imprisonment of political opponents. Analyzing the Primary Source! Notable Quotes "Today, I have returned as the President of a free people." "We are restoring full constitutional government... a jealously independent constitutional commission is completing its draft which will be submitted later this year to a popular referendum."