AN AGE OF REVOLUTION Notes PDF

AN AGE OF REVOLUTION 13/10/2024  2 INTRODUCTION: Medieval Scholars had relied on religion and ancient writing to discover the world. Renaissance thinkers relied on logic, reason, and o...

AN AGE OF REVOLUTION 13/10/2024  2 INTRODUCTION: Medieval Scholars had relied on religion and ancient writing to discover the world. Renaissance thinkers relied on logic, reason, and observation. A SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION: A series of major advances during the 1500's and 1600's. SCIENCE CHANGES: Francis Bacon Taught that Scientists should observe and interpret facts. René Descartes stressed the use of logic or reason to form scientific theories. Isaac Newton believed in testing theories using the scientific method. SCIENTIFIC MAKE DISCOVERIES: Medieval scientists believed that the sun, planets, and stars orbited or circled Earth. this theory was part of Catholic teaching: Nicolaus Copernicus Galileo Galilei Isaac Newton 1543: Polish astronomer Italian astronomer The English Scientist Isaac Nicolaus Copernicus Galileo Galilei Newton described gravity argued that the planets agreed with and explained how objects orbit the sun. Copernicus. moved in space. Galileo published evidence that Earth circles the sun. 1633:The Catholic Church put Galileo on trial.  3 RESULTS OF DISCOVERY: Scientific and technological advances improved life. Agricultural advances led to larger harvests. Inventors built instruments to measure longitude, latitude and speed. The work of astronomers resulted in a more accurate calendar. KEY FIGURES: THOMAS NEWCOMEN AND JAMES WATT: invented steam engines. ALESSANDRO VOLTA AND MICHAEL FARADAY: conducted electrical experiments. THE ENLIGHTENMENT: The Enlightenment was a movement during the 1600s and 1700s to apply observation and reasons to human affairs. The movement drew on the success of the Scientific Revolution Philosophers study Societies: Enlightenment thinkers believed that nothing was beyond the human mind. Some study the nature of reality Many wrote about society and government. Thomas Hobbes believed that people were selfish and greedy and needed a strong ruler. John Locke wrote that people are born with the right to life, liberty and property. Montesquieu believed that the power of government should be separated into branches. Jean Jacques said that the government depends on the Rousseau people’s consent. These ideas later shaped America's views of government.  4 Enlightened Rulers: Frederick II of Prussia| improved education and outlawed torture. Joseph II of Austria ended serfdom, a system in which peasants were forced to work for a noble. DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTIONS: CHANGES IN ENGLAND: 1600's: The English Parliament gradually took power away from the Monarchy: 1628: Parliament forced king Charles I to sign the petition of Right.This document ended illegal taxation and imprisonment. 1642: A civil war began between Parliament and Monarchy 1649: Parliamentary forces executed the king. England became a Commonwealth or a republic. 1689:William and Mary signed The English Bill of Rights: an act that limited the power of the monarch and listed the rights of Parliament and The English people. England’s absolute Monarchy had come to an end. REVOLUTION IN FRENCH: Society in French was divided into three groups: Clergy, nobles and Common people. Common people were the majority of the society, they paid heavy taxes and had few rights. Enlightenment ideas inspired some French people to rebel. 1789: The French Revolution started at LA BASTILLE prison, King Louis XVI was removed from power. A republic was formed. 1799: Napoleon Bonaparte took power in France as a dictator 1815: After Brutal wars all over Europe hoping to establish a French Empire , The French army weakened and Napoleon was defeated. 1871:Germany and Italy had become unified nations THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: The Industrial Revolution was a shift from hand tools driven by animal or human power to large scale machinery powered by fuels or natural forces. Led to a growth of cities and large organizations and to rapid change in Technology.  5 Began in Britain then spread to all over Europe. Technology Changes Industry: Before the Revolution: After The Revolution: Most people were farmers machines in Factories Worked from home the textile industry developed used hand tools Transportation process improved Industry Changes Landscapes: Built of Industrial towns where there is labor and resources for better transportation. The rapid growth caused a housing shortage. Factories caused Pollution Diseases spread No Dispose of waste systems Trade Grows: Increase in workers in factories. Opening of new markets Providing raw materials from colonies Positive Effects: Doctors and scientists made advances in research and medicine. Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch discovered that Germs caused disease. Cities built sewer systems The cost of Goods went down. More labor equals to more products The standard of living rose Greater access to primary school education