The Scientific Revolution & Enlightenment PDF

# The Scientific Revolution ## Medieval Times ### Age of Faith - "Ase of Faith" ## Renaissance - "Classical civilization" - "New Zartem khowledge" ## Reformation - Decreased church's influence - Protestant Promote religious freedom - Social quality ## Age of Reason - Scientists, natural laws -...

# The Scientific Revolution ## Medieval Times ### Age of Faith - "Ase of Faith" ## Renaissance - "Classical civilization" - "New Zartem khowledge" ## Reformation - Decreased church's influence - Protestant Promote religious freedom - Social quality ## Age of Reason - Scientists, natural laws - Experiments - Laws of nature to Political and social issues. # The Scientific Revolution - 16th-century, Scientific study A (Greco-Roman scientific knowledge) - **Cause of the Scientific Revolution:** - **Encouragement of the Renaissance and the printing press:** - Renaissance scientific theories contradicted to church - Printing Press → increased book circulation academic exchange, favourable conditions for Scientific Revolution. - **Encouragement of the Voyages of Discovery:** - 15th, 16th centuries, European nevigators naval explorations - "Voyages of Discovery" new sea routes - Unkiwwn lands - Global circumnavigation. - Widened the horizons of Europeans - Proved earth was round - **Major development:** - Establishment of scientific organitations - Independent scientific Dodles, ex. "Royal Society of London for improving natural knowledge" - **Scientific methods and main achievements:** - **Scientific methods:** - Skeptical attitude - Observations - Experiments - **Kepler (1571-1630):** - Laws of planetary motion / Kepler's laws. - **Harvey (1578-1657):** - Anilinals experiments - Blood circulations - works of heart and blood - **Boyle (1627-1691):** - Scientific methods to prove Principles behind natural phenomena - Defined chemical elements - **Newton (1642-1727):** - Theory of light - Laws of motion. - Law of universal gravitation # The Enlightenment - 17th-18th centuries, intellectual and cultural movement. - **Enlightenment Hiviilkers:** - Enjoyed 'natural rights such as equality and liberty, opposed Political and social inequalities. - **Background:** - **Change of European values:** - Humanism challenging authority - Rational thinking in Europe - Applied to Political and social aspects. - **European discontent with absolutism:** - Absolute mers Dad power - Complete Power over Europeans - Maintained their Pover by force. - Divine rights of Kings.. - Started to criticize absolutism for violating People's 'natural rights' - **Major Enlightenment ideas:** - **Laws of nature and naturall rights:** - Human society was also controlled by laws of nature - Man enjoyed inDom rights of equality and liberty - No one could deprive them of these rights. - States and governments were set up to protect people natural rights - **Social contract:** - People and So remment ~ "social contract", which specifies their mutural rights and duties - Locke and Rousseau - Power of government came from people. - People have to overthrow government if it "breaks the contract," and cannot protect people natural riglits # The separation of powers and lesal Protection - **Montesquien suggested "separation of Powers":** - Three branches of government, namely the legistature, executive, judiciaru - Prevent" absolute nue" - **Voltaire Proposed the implementation of constitution and reforms:** - To limit the power of the king and Protect people's rights. # Spread of Galishtenment ideas - Mid-17th century. first academic journal was published. - Then became popular, eager to translate and print the workers of Enlightenment thinkers. # Impact of the Enlightenment - **Further liberating the nind of the Europeans:** - Church control . still absolutism in Renaissance and the Reformation - Enkeliteniment thrikers criticized the divine rights of Kings' - Awakened Europeans to theer Political systems and pursuit of liberty. - **Fostering political transformation in the west:** - Idea of "suclat contract" redefined the relations between people and governant - Some absolute niles carried out reforms "enlightened despots" - Contributed to the outbreak of the Americcan Revolution and the French Revolution. In 18th-century. # The Industrial Revolution - **Era of technological advancement:** - Mid-18th to late 19th - **Mechanization:** "Age of machines" : invent/ use new machines - Replace human Power and animal Power in Production. - **Industrialization:** - Nation's economy, gradually replaced traditional agriculture. - **Urbanization:** - Urban population increased. - People move fiom countryside to industrial towns. - **Causes of Industrial Revolution:** - **Rise in Population:** - Labour for industry and trade, also led to rising demands for goods. - **Development of world trade:** - From 15th century, world trade Centred on Europe, global demand for manufactured Goods. - **Accumlation of capital:** - European merchants, foreisn trade largely invested to increase production - **Development and application of science:** - Renaissance and Scientific Revolution Zuropean advance on science. - Support of merchants, industrial technologies - Scientific Revolution Started in Britain - **Why did Industrial Revolution Started in Britain:** - **Rich in natural resources and large overseas markets:** - Natural resources such as coal and iron - 18th century Britain has many oversea colonies cheap raw Materials and oversea markets. - **The Enclosure Movement:** - British farmers lost theer farmland, ⇒move to cities become major labour force - **Government support for technological innovations:** - 1623, patent law, goremment also sponsored the Royal Society. - **Major developments during the industrial Revdution:** - **Mid-18th century, textile industry spread to hears industries such as inon and steel making, mining and shipbuilding with the invention of steam enerhe.** - **Mnd-19th century, spread to European countries, United States. Japan.** - **Technological Revolution:** - Invention of the spining Jerry and the power loom. - (Started around the 17505) - **Power Revolution** - Watt improved steam engine inl 769. - Drive machine and transport vehiches. - (Started around the 17705) - **Transportation Revoluction:** - New steamships, steam locomotives started around the 18005 and rail ways - **Starting of the industrial revolution: Textiles industry (mid+8th)** - Finn "domestic system" to "factory System" - **Use of new sources of Fenergy:** - Before industrial Revolutions = humans, animals, wind, water. - Early stase: steam Power and coal gas - Watt-steam engine / textile production, mining, transportation - Europeans nined coal for generating steam and coal gas. - Later stase: 1870-1880s. American Scientist Edison invented light bulbs, established world's first electric de Power system. - Factories to operate longer time, and increase Production - Mid-19th oil hish-Performance fuel, 1865, United State laid the world's first oil pipeline, established oil industry.s - End 19th, oil became Primary energy for industrialioutist. - **Development of coal mining and inon making:** - Cast inn, wrought inn. and steel - Manpower mining to use steam - New inm-making technology reduce the costs of wrought Irm Keel - **Improvement in transportation:** - **Land transport:** - "Macadam Road" was flatter and better drainage, al Invented loco pustives" and started to Duold railway networks - **Sea transport:** - "Canals": transpat cargoes, efficiently & economically. Also invented and implored steamships - **Advancement in communication:** - Before = mainly by Post, took a long time - During: American invented "telegraph", "Morse Code"","telephone", build teleptione networks - **Advancement in medicine:** - Hygiene was rely Dad at "sluuns", doctors started to study Social medicine - Prevention of diseases: "Vaccines" against "smallpox", "cholera, and "rabies" - Treatment of diseases: "X-lays" & radium", Xray to observe Patients Doctres, radium to treat cancer. - Nursing of diseases: "Antiseptic surgery" to prevent "Septicaemia" caused by bacteria. # Impacts of the industrial Revolution - **Rise of modem capitalism:** - "Capitalists" "investment" "Joint-stock companies". - **Rise of the factory system:** - Domestic system factory system. - (Mass production) - Capitalists built factories, installef machines, employed workers - "davision of labour" - production process separated into specialized Parts, each workers assigned a single Part. Helped to Save fime and improve quality of work. - **Development of Joint-stock companies:** - Set up "joint-stock com fantes" - Issued "Stocks" or" bond's to raise capital. - **Growth of industrial towns:** - Farmers move to live near factories, Continued to expand, "Urbanization" occured in Britain, then spread to other European and North American countries. - **Rise of new sucial classes:** - Before/major classes: nobles & Peasants - The Capitalist class - industrialists, businessmen, owners of factories and mines. - The middle class-lawyers, doctors, engineers - Professional knowledge and expertise. - The working class-bottom of society, work for capitalists and earned very little. "Roletavlat" - **Labour Problems and government responses:** - **Labour Problems:** - Wealth gap between capitalist class and Working class - Low income - Long working hours and frequent accidents. (14-15 hours every day) - Lack of safety measures - Poor living conditions - **Labour murements:** - Workers formed "trade unions" to luprove theer conditions and wages. - 1824 - British governinent recognized the legal status of trade union - 1838 1848, Hade unions organized "Chartist Movement" - Shorter wurking hours and higher wages. - Crepresentatives to take part in government affairs - Stourted form 1830. British govemment - series of acts to improve workers conditions (Standard working hours) - (Prohibition of child labover in mines). - **Rise of socialism:** - Thinkers criticated the ills of capitalisin. - Control the means of Production, exploit the working dass for profit) - Socialism advocated-means of production stwould be owned Publicly. - Wealth should be redistributed equally. - British Owen's and the French man Saint-Simon's - Utopian socialism - Germans Engel's and Marx's - Communism (also called Marxism) - **Further expansion of world trade:** - Westem countries (British, Trance, Germany, United States) - imported raw materia's fiom ofterent place. - For domestic production, exported Manufacturing Goods. - Impurements on transportation and communication, also led the developments of intermatinal trade.. - **Economic and colonial expansion of westem countries:** - Westem countries ~ economic and technological power. - Acquire mare Paw materials and open more oversea market. - Economic and colonial expansion in Asia and Africa. - "New Imperialism"