AMT-114-Prelim (1).pdf

FDSA AVIATION COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY INC. Theory of Flight with Weight and Balance AMT - 114 Prepared By: Karl Matthew Tan 138649 – PPL/AMS Prelim Topic  History of Flight  The Aircraft  Parts and Structures of an Aircraft  Four Forces of Flight  Effect...

FDSA AVIATION COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY INC. Theory of Flight with Weight and Balance AMT - 114 Prepared By: Karl Matthew Tan 138649 – PPL/AMS Prelim Topic  History of Flight  The Aircraft  Parts and Structures of an Aircraft  Four Forces of Flight  Effects of Control HISTORY OF FLIGHT HISTORY OF FLIGHT HISTORY OF FLIGHT The Kite - 5th Century BC The discovery of the kite that could fly in the air by the Chinese started humans’ thinking about flying. Ki t e s w e r e u s e d b y t h e C h i n e s e i n r e l i g i o u s ceremonies. They built many colorful kites for fun, also. More sophisticated kites were used to test weather conditions. Kites have been important to the invention of flight as they were the forerunner to balloons and gliders. HISTORY OF FLIGHT Tower Jumping - 852 CE For many centuries, humans have tried to fly just like the birds. Wings made of feathers or light weight wood have been attached to arms to test their ability to fly. The results were often disastrous as the muscles of the human arms are not like a birds and can not move with the strength of a bird. HISTORY OF FLIGHT Ornithopter - 15th Century CE HISTORY OF FLIGHT Ornithopter - 15th Century CE Leonardo da Vinci made the first real studies of flight in the 1480's. He had over 100 drawings that illustrated his theories on flight. The Ornithopter flying machine was never actually created. It was a design that Leonardo da Vinci created to show how man could fly. The modern day helicopter is based on this concept. HISTORY OF FLIGHT Montgolfier Balloon - 1783 HISTORY OF FLIGHT Montgolfier Balloon - 1783 The brothers, Joseph Michel and Jacques Etienne Montgolfier, were inventors of the first hot air balloon. They used the smoke from a fire to blow hot air into a silk bag. The silk bag was attached to a basket. The hot air then rose and allowed the balloon to be lighter-than-air. HISTORY OF FLIGHT Montgolfier Balloon - 1783 In 1783, the first passengers in the colorful balloon were a sheep, rooster and duck. It climbed to a height of about 6,000 feet and traveled more than 1 mile. After this first success, the brothers began to send men up in balloons. The first manned flight was on November 21, 1783, the passengers were Jean- Francois Pilatre de Rozier and Francois Laurent. HISTORY OF FLIGHT Sir George Cayley - 1792 HISTORY OF FLIGHT Sir George Cayley - 1792 George Cayley worked to discover a way that man could fly. He designed many different versions of gliders that used the movements of the body to control. A young boy, whose name is not known, was the first to fly one of his gliders. HISTORY OF FLIGHT Sir George Cayley - 1792 Over 50 years he made improvements to the gliders. He changed the shape of the wings so that the air would flow over the wings correctly. He designed a tail for the gliders to help with the stability. He tried a biplane design to add strength to the glider. He also recognized that there would be a need for power if the flight was to be in the air for a long time. HISTORY OF FLIGHT Otto Lilienthal -1881-1896 HISTORY OF FLIGHT Otto Lilienthal -1881-1896 G e r m a n e n g i n e e r, O t t o L i l i e n t h a l , s t u d i e d aerodynamics and worked to design a glider that would fly. He was the first person to design a glider that could fly a person and was able to fly long distances. HISTORY OF FLIGHT Otto Lilienthal -1881-1896 He was fascinated by the idea of flight. Based on his studies of birds and how they fly, he wrote a book on aerodynamics that was published in 1889 and this text was used by the Wright Brothers as the basis for their designs. After more than 2500 flights, he was killed when he lost control because of a sudden strong wind and crashed into the ground. HISTORY OF FLIGHT Wright Brothers - 1903 HISTORY OF FLIGHT Wright Brothers - 1903 Orville and Wilbur Wright were very deliberate in their quest for flight. First, they read about all the early developments of flight. They decided to make "a small contribution" to the study of flight control by twisting their wings in flight. Then they began to test their ideas with a kite. They learned about how the wind would help with the flight and how it could affect the surfaces once up in the air. HISTORY OF FLIGHT Wright Brothers - 1903 They designed and used a wind tunnel to test the shapes of the wings and the tails of the gliders. In 1902, with a perfected glider shape, they turned their attention to how to create a propulsion system that would create the thrust needed to fly. The early engine that they designed generated almost 12 horsepower. That's the same power as two hand-propelled lawn mower engines! HISTORY OF FLIGHT Wright Brothers - 1903 The "Flyer" lifted from level ground to the north of Big Kill Devil Hill, North Carolina, at 10:35 a.m., on December 17, 1903. Orville piloted the plane which weighed about six hundred pounds. The first heavier-than-air flight traveled one hundred twenty feet in twelve seconds. The two brothers took turns flying that day with the fourth and last flight covering 850 feet in 59 seconds. But the Flyer was unstable and very hard to control. HISTORY OF FLIGHT Wright Brothers - 1903 The brothers returned to Dayton, Ohio, where they worked for two more years perfecting their design. Finally, on October 5, 1905, Wilbur piloted the Flyer III for 39 minutes and about 24 miles of circles around Huffman Prairie. He flew the first practical airplane until it ran out of gas. BREAK The Aircraft - any vehicle that is able to fly by gaining support from the air. The Aircraft Categories of Aircraft  Airplane  Rotorcraft  Glider  Lighter than Air Categories of Airplane  Normal - max of +3.8Gs and -1.52Gs  Utility - max of +4.4Gs and -1.75Gs  Acrobatic - max of 6Gs and -3Gs Classes of Airplane  Single Engine - Land  Single Engine - Sea  Multi Engine - Land  Multi Engine - Sea Types of Airplane - It is the maker or manufacturer and the model of the airplane Ex: Cessna 152 Boeing 787 Airbus A350 Parts of An Aircraft Fuselage - is the central body of an airplane and is designed to accommodate the crew, passengers, and cargo. Fuselage Construction Truss type - Heavy - Very Sturdy Fuselage Construction Monocoque - Light - Not Very Durable Fuselage Semi-Monocoque - Lighter than Truss Type - Sturdier than Monocoque Wings - Are airfoils attached to each side of the fuselage and are the main lifting surfaces that support the airplane in flight. Wings Wings Wings Empennage Landing Gear Position Landing Gear Landing Gear Powerplant RECITATION/ QUIZ The 4 Forces of Flight Lift Drag Thrust Weight The Four Forces of Flight Lift - is the upward force created by wings as the air flows around them and it keeps the airplane in the air Weight - is the downward force toward the center of the earth and is opposite of lift. It exists due to gravity The Four Forces of Flight Thrust - is the forward force and created by the aircraft’s propellers or turbine engine. Drag - is the force acting in the direction opposite of the thrust which limits the performance of the airplane. Straight-and-Level, Unacclerated Flight When an aircraft is maintaining its heading, altitude, and airspeed. Straight-and-Level, Unaccelerated Flight This happens when the following conditions are met: 1. Lift force = Weight force 2. Thrust force = Drag force Lift The key to an aircraft’s ability to fly is “Lift” Lift is Perpendicular to the Relative Wind L I F T Relative Wind Definition of Terms Lift is produced due to the airfoil shape Airfoil - is a surface that generates an aerodynamic force as a fluid moves around it. Fluids - are any substance that deform under an applied stress - fluids can be liquid, gas, or plasma Definition of Terms Parts of an Airfoil Upper Camber - Top part of an airfoil Lower Camber - Bottom part of an airfoil Leading Edge - Forward most point of an airfoil Trailing Edge - Aft most point of an airfoil Chord line - Line from Leading Edge to Trailing Edge Parts of an Airfoil Definiton of Terms Flight Path - as the airplane flies through the air the path that the airplane travels along is know as its flight path Relative Wind - airflow that flows around the airplane as it travel through the air, and is in the opposite direction of the flight path  Pa th ht F li g Definition of Terms Angle of Attack - angle between the chord line and the relative wind BREAK Lift How does a wing actually create lift? Two Major Theories on Lift 1. Newton’s Third Law of Motion 2. Bernoulli’s Principle Newton’s Third Law of Motion “For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction” As air flows around a wing, the air gets deflected downward which results it in lifting (opposite reaction) the wing Bernoulli’s Principle (The Venturi Effect) This states that, “as the velocity of fluid (air) increases, its internal pressure decreases” This change in pressure happens due to expansion and compression of fluids. Bernoulli’s Principle Bernoulli’s Principle (The Venturi Effect) Due to the shape of the airfoil, the air travelling at the top of the airfoil will increase in speed which results in a lower pressure as compared to the pressure below the airfoil. This imbalance is called pressure gradient force. Pressure gradient force states that areas with high pressure moves to areas with low pressure. Since the wing is in between the low and high pressures, it is therefore lifted up. The Lift Formula Engineer’s Formula L= CL(1/2)(ρ)(V2)(S) L= Lift CL=Coefficient of Lift ρ = air density V = velocity of the aircraft S = Surface area of the Wing The Lift Formula Stall Is an event where the wing stops generating enough lift to keep the aircraft flying. Happens when the critical angle of attack is reached. Play Video Signs of Stall High angle of attack Decreasing airspeed Sluggish controls Stall Horn Buffeting or Vibration Nose down Negative VSI Stall Horn Stall Warning (Airbus)