INTRO TO AVIATION.pdf

B1 AVN: INTRODUCTION TO AVIATION Lesson 1: History of Aviation & Classification of Aircraft Prepared by: Angela Marie S. Alfonso A.Y. 2024 - 2025 1 ❖ The activity of flying, designing, producing, and keeping aircraft in good condition. (Cambridge Dict...

B1 AVN: INTRODUCTION TO AVIATION Lesson 1: History of Aviation & Classification of Aircraft Prepared by: Angela Marie S. Alfonso A.Y. 2024 - 2025 1 ❖ The activity of flying, designing, producing, and keeping aircraft in good condition. (Cambridge Dictionary) ❖ Aviation includes the activities surrounding mechanical flight and the aircraft industry. (wikipedia) Etymology: "art or act of flying," 1866, from French aviation, noun of action of Latin avis meaning "bird" and the suffix -ation. 2  From prehistoric times, humans have watched the flight of birds, and longed to imitate them, but lacked the power to do so. Logic dictated that if the small muscles of birds can lift them into the air and sustain them, then the larger muscles of humans should be able to duplicate the feat. No one knew about the intricate mesh of muscles, sinew, heart, breathing system, and devices not unlike wing flaps, variable-camber and spoilers of the modern airplane that enabled a bird to fly. Still, thousands of years and countless lives were lost in attempts to fly like birds. 3 5th to 15th CENTURY The history of aviation dates to the 5th Century with the invention of kites in China. Then famous Italian artist and scientist, Leonardo da Vinci, created the first drafts of rational aircraft in his paintings in the 15th Century. 4 HISTORY OF AVIATION THE YEAR 1655 Mathematician, physicist, and inventor Robert Hooke concluded that the human body does not possess the strength to power artificial wings. He believed human flight would require some form of artificial propulsion. 5 HISTORY OF AVIATION THE YEAR 1783 In 1783, the first manned hot air balloon, crafted by Joseph and Etienne Montgolfier, flew for 23 minutes. Ten days later, Professor Jacques Charles flew the first gas balloon. A madness for balloon flight captivated the public’s imagination and for a time flying enthusiasts turned their expertise to the promise of lighter-than-air flight. 6 HISTORY OF AVIATION THE YEAR 1852 The “Father of Aerial Navigation,” Sir George Cayley, discovered the basic principles on which the modern science of aeronautics is founded; built what is recognized as the first successful flying model; and tested the first full-size man- carrying airplane. 7 HISTORY OF AVIATION 1857 - 1903 For the half-century after Cayley’s death, countless scientists, flying enthusiasts, and inventors worked toward building a powered flying machine. Men, such as William Samuel Henson, who designed a huge monoplane that was propelled by a steam engine housed inside the fuselage, and Otto Lilienthal, who proved human flight in aircraft heavier than air was practical, worked toward the dream of powered flight. 8 HISTORY OF AVIATION DECEMBER 17, 1903 On December 17, 1903, the Wright Brothers successfully built and launched the first crewed heavier-than-air flight. This is also the universally recognized date that launched modern aviation. 9 HISTORY OF AVIATION 1906 - 1944 Many aviators advanced the design of aircraft, and in 1908 Clement-Bayard company has started to build the first mass- produced aircraft. Within this period, aviation evolved from military applications to civilian use. To standardize the safety, consistency, and efficiency of civil flights, the Convention on International Civil Aviation was established in 1944. Standardization of civil flights led to safer, more affordable airliners run by major carriers. 10 HISTORY OF AVIATION 1950s - present Digital adoption and technology techniques in the modern era have seen a massive advancement in the aviation industry. The release of computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing software in the 1970s facilitated the development of enhanced aircraft designs. 11 HISTORY OF AVIATION  Any machine supported for flight in the air by buoyancy or by the dynamic action of air on its surfaces, especially powered airplanes, gliders, and helicopters. A vehicle (such as an airplane or balloon) for traveling through the air. 12  Category and class are two of the key descriptors used to define the types of craft within the aircraft designation hierarchy. These designations differentiate aircraft by their physical properties and characteristics. In most general terms, there are two types of classifications for aircraft. One is lighter than the air, known as aerostats, and the other is heavier than the air, known as aerodynes. 13 PRIMARY AIRCRAFT CLASSIFICATIONS AEROSTAT (lighter than air): use buoyancy, like ships, to help them float through the air. AERODYNE (heavier than air): all aircraft that derives lift in flight principally from aerodynamic forces. 14 AIRCRAFT CLASSIFICATION  15 AIRCRAFT CLASSIFICATION  An aircraft category refers to the broadest classification of aircraft based on their intended use and operating environment. It is a general grouping of aircraft with similar characteristics and intended uses. It is divided into 2 categories which are: 1. Airmen Certification Category 2. Aircraft Certification Category 16 AIRMEN CERTIFICATION CATERGORY 1. Airplane 2. Glider 3. Lighter-Than-Air 4. Powered Lift 5. Rotorcraft 6. Weight-Shift Control (Hang Glider) 17 AIRPLANE An airplane is an engine-driven, fixed-wing, heavier-than- air aircraft that achieves flight through the reaction between the air and its wings. 18 AIRMEN CERTIFICATION CATEGORY GLIDER A glider is a craft that generates lift by the reaction between its lifting surfaces and the air. It does not primarily rely on an engine for free flight. 19 AIRMEN CERTIFICATION CATEGORY LIGHTER-THAN-AIR A lighter-than-air aircraft has no engine. It is filled with a lighter-than-air gas like helium that allows the craft to ascend. Releasing the gas facilitates a descent. 20 AIRMEN CERTIFICATION CATEGORY POWERED LIFT A powered lift aircraft is capable of vertical takeoffs and landings as well as low speed flights supported by engine thrust or lift devices. 21 AIRMEN CERTIFICATION CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Rotorcraft generate lift with a spinning rotor or multiple rotors, such as helicopters or gyroplanes. 22 AIRMEN CERTIFICATION CATEGORY WEIGHT-SHIFT CONTROL (HANG GLIDER) Weight-shift control is a category of powered aircraft, such as an ultralight trike, with a pivoting wing and fuselage that is only controllable in pitch and roll through the change of the center of gravity (i.e., no control surfaces). 23 AIRMEN CERTIFICATION CATEGORY AIRCRAFT CERTIFICATION CATERGORY Standard Airworthiness Special Airworthiness Certification Categories Certification Categories 1. Normal 1. Experimental 2. Transport 2. Limited 3. Commuter 3. Light Sport (LSA) 4. Utility 4. Primary 5. Aerobatic 5. Provisional 6. Restricted 24 Standard Airworthiness Certification Categories 1. Normal: An aircraft not approved for aerobatic flight, with a capacity of 9 or fewer passengers and a maximum takeoff weight of 12,500 pounds. 2. Transport: An aircraft with varying seating and weight criteria based on engine type, with jet engine transports rated for more than 10 seats and over 12,500 pounds and piston engine transports capable of carrying up to 19 people and weighing more than 19,000 pounds. 3. Commuter: A multi-engine propeller aircraft for transporting up to 19 passengers, with a weight limit under 19,000 pounds. 25 AIRCRAFT CERTIFICATION CATEGORY Standard Airworthiness Certification Categories 4. Utility: An aircraft with a maximum of 9 passenger seats plus pilot seats, weighing up to 12,500 pounds, and authorized for limited aerobatic maneuvers. 5. Aerobatic: An aircraft capable of performing aerobatic flight with limited restrictions, with a maximum of 9 seats plus the pilot and a weight limit of 12,500 pounds. 26 AIRCRAFT CERTIFICATION CATEGORY Special Airworthiness Certification Categories 1. Experimental: A category covering a wide range of aircraft, including kit-built, amateur-built, unmanned, light sport, research and development, and air racing projects. 2. Limited: A category for military aircraft modified or converted for civilian use. 3. Light Sport (LSA): A category for sport aircraft that do not fall under gyroplane, kit-built, or ultralight categories. 27 AIRCRAFT CERTIFICATION CATEGORY Special Airworthiness Certification Categories 4. Primary: A category for aircraft manufactured with a production certificate and intended for personal use. The carrying of persons or property for hire is generally prohibited for this category. 5. Provisional: A category for aircraft certified for a limited duration, with Class I certifications valid for 24 months and Class II for 12 months. 6. Restricted: A category for aircraft built for specific purposes, such as agriculture, conservation, surveying, weather control, or advertising, and can only be used for their designated purpose. 28 AIRCRAFT CERTIFICATION CATEGORY  An aircraft class refers to a more specific division within a category based on design and performance characteristics. It is a sub-grouping of aircraft within a category with similar design, operational characteristics, propulsion, and in-flight handling. Airplane – Single-Engine Land or Sea / Multi-Engine Land or Sea Rotorcraft – Helicopter or Gyroplane Lighter-Than- Air – Balloons or Airships Weight-Shift-Control – Land or Sea 29 IN SUMMARY 30