AMSTUD Ch 8-12 Review: American History PDF

AMSTUD Ch 8-12 Review Mute your mics and get ready to learn! Chapte r8 Securing the Republic Age of Passion America had just created the Constitution laying the foundation for the stable society they hoped to achieve. George Washington took office as President of the United Sta...

AMSTUD Ch 8-12 Review Mute your mics and get ready to learn! Chapte r8 Securing the Republic Age of Passion America had just created the Constitution laying the foundation for the stable society they hoped to achieve. George Washington took office as President of the United States. His personal ideology and precedent he hoped to establish in the new country was to have NO political parties/factions. However different perspectives as to how the US should grow led to the creations of these factions, which culminated in a period of intense discourse between the two ideologies resulting in the age of passion. Washington’s Administration Washington was EXTREMELY HUMBLE with his power. Many times throughout his presidency, he downplayed his authority. He had 4 main Secretaries: State - Thomas Jefferson Treasury - Alexander Hamilton War - Henry Knox Justice - Edmund Randolph This cabinet was part of the executive branch. Hamilton’s Financial Plan Following the Revolutionary War, America was left in heavy debt. So Alexander Hamilton devised a his financial plan to take America out of its debt. Federal Assumption of State Debts - This would consolidate the country's debt, strengthen the ties between the states and the federal government, and solidify the nation’s creditworthiness. Creation of a national bank - Aimed to create a reliable national currency, serve as a repository for government funds, and encourage economic growth by facilitating loans. The National Bank would also assist in overseeing and fortifying the banking system. Issuance of Government Bonds - These generate funds and payoff existing debt. This motivated rich people and overseas investors to provide loans to the U.S. government, connecting their economic interests with the prosperity of the Hamilton’s Financial Plan Whiskey Tax - This tax was aimed at farmers, particularly in the western areas, who utilized whiskey as a medium of exchange which eventually result in the Whiskey Rebellion. Tariffs on Foreign Goods - These tariffs increased the cost of foreign products, encouraging local manufacturing and decreasing dependence on imports. For the Plan Against the Plan. Merchants Rural Farmers Financiers Southern States Manufactures Republican- Northern States Federalists Democrats Federalist Vs Republican- Democrats Republican-Democrats States Rights over Federal Government Consists of mainly rural farmers, southern plantation owners, and western settlers. Envisioned the U.S to have an agrarian economy. Strict interpretation of the constitution, and close ties with france. Federalists Federal Government over States rights Consists of mainly merchants, bankers, and wealthy landowners. Envisioned the U.S to have an diversified economy focusing on commerce, industry and manufacturing. Allows interpretation of the constitution, and close ties with Britain.  European Affairs Jay's Treaty Quasi War A treaty between the U.S. and Britain to France saw the treaty as a U.S. alliance with resolve lingering conflicts from the Britain and began seizing American ships Revolutionary War. Aimed to prevent war and trading with Britain. ensure peaceful trade relations with Britain, after British practiced impressment on XYZ Affair was when french diplomats American sailors. demanded bribes and loans for negotiation, outraging Americans and Britain agreed to vacate forts in the escalating hostilities. Northwest Territory. The U.S. expanded its navy and created The U.S. agreed to settle pre- the Department of the Navy to counter Revolutionary War debts owed to British French aggression. merchants. Federalists used the conflict to justify Democratic-Republicans opposed it, building a stronger military and central viewing it as a betrayal of France. government.. Alien and Sedition Acts Three laws passed by the Federalist-controlled Congress, aimed at bolstering national security during the Quasi-War with France. 1. Naturalization Act - Extended the residency requirement for citizenship from 5 to 14 years, targeting immigrants who tended to support Democratic- Republicans. 2. Alien Act - Allowed the president to deport non-citizens deemed “dangerous” during peacetime, and Permitted the president to detain or deport citizens of hostile nations during wartime. 3. Sedition Act - Made it illegal to publish “false, scandalous, or malicious” statements against the government or its officials. The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, written by Jefferson and Madison, argued that states could nullify federal laws deemed unconstitutional, challenging the Alien and Sedition Acts and asserting the principle of states' rights. Jefferson’s Administration After John Adams term was up, the people wanted a strong leader. Jefferson referred to his victory over John Adams and Aaron Burr in the Presidential election as the Revolution of 1800 Slavery in Jeffersonian Era Haitian Revolution Gabriel’s Rebellion Haiti's successful revolt terrified Gabriel's Rebellion was a significant Southern slaveholders, leading to planned slave revolt in Virginia. stricter slave codes. Led by enslaved blacksmith Gabriel The revolt influenced France to Prosser, who was literate and highly sell the Louisiana Territory to skilled Jefferson in 1803 Planned to capture Richmond, free Haitian refugees fled to American slaves, and negotiate with ports, bringing slaves and stories government officials that spread fear Heavy rain delayed the uprising, Haiti's exit from sugar/coffee giving time for informants to alert markets let American slavery authorities expand into these trades ~25 conspirators were hanged; Gabriel captured and executed on October 10, 1800 The Louisiana Purchase The Louisiana Purchase of 1803 from Napoleon essentially doubled the amount of land the United States had. Lewis and Clark Aimed to explore, establish trade, and assert U.S. presence. The Corps of Discovery, consisted of around 50 men, including interpreters, hunters, and soldiers The team established relationships with various Native American tribes. Also interacted with a shoshone woman Sacagawea The expedition mapped vast areas and expanded knowledge on plants, animals, and resources. The expedition returned in 1806 with valuable data and maps, bolstering westward expansion and setting the stage for future American exploration and settlement. Native Americans established their desire to interact with the United States for The Barbary Wars A series of maritime conflicts between the United States under Jefferson and Pirates from the islamic world. Five big 1. things U.S. Foreign Dependence: Despite isolationist ideals, the United States was influenced by European wars, impacting American trade and commerce. 2. Jefferson’s Naval Action: President Jefferson, despite his criticisms, used the navy to protect American interests from Barbary pirates in the Mediterranean 3. Numbers: From 1785-1796 over 100 American sailors and 13 ships were captured. This incited the rise of an official conflict from Jefferson 4. Pirate Threat: Barbary pirates captured American ships and enslaved sailors, prompting the U.S. to initially pay tribute for protection. 5. War and Victory: Jefferson's refusal to pay increased tribute led to the First Barbary War (1801-1805), with a decisive U.S. naval victory in Tripoli Harbor. 6. Legacy of Conflict: The Barbary Wars marked America’s first encounter with the Islamic world and shaped American perceptions of Muslims as culturally distinct. Embargo Act Cause: Effect: Thomas Jefferson wanted to get The Embargo Acts closed off back at the British and French all American ports, forcing after they started impressing America into a industrial American sailors. revolution. Impressment: The kidnapping Jefferson never intended to and capture of troops in order to push out industry through the indirectly damage another nation Embargo Acts, however the unintended effect was that Thomas Jefferson also did not America would now become want to enter an actual war with Industrial. the British and French, so he decided to enter a trade war through the Embargo Act. War of 1812 A war fought with Britain for two years over a territory dispute in the Northwest Territory under James Madison’s presidency. Other Causes of the war are Previous impressment from the British on American sailors A trade war after the Embargo Act Important events during the war IMPORTANT: Andrew Jackson kicks British butt in The federalists were New Orleans, becoming a American against War of 1812 hero (assisting him in becoming leading to their downfall at president) the Hartford Convention Francis Scott Key writes the Star Spangled Banner The White House is burned down leading to the first important job of the First Lady, where she prominent role in Chapte r9 The Market Revolution The Market Revolution A transition from a traditional economy to a modern capitalist market economy in U.S. Causes: development of new infrastructure like the steam engine/railroad/canals/roads Results: Greater consumption of goods and connection between West and East Major developments: - National Road links farmers to world markets - Steamboat allows goods to travel upstream - Erie Canal transports commerce between Old NW and NYC which makes NYC an incredible commercial power - Railroad facilitates a lot of westward expansion - Telegraph improves communication across the country Was very state supported through legislation that didn’t hold companies liable, state sponsored infrastructure, and rulings Westward Expansion - Migration starts booming after War of 1812 → land hungry settlers who are very nationalist - Inherently linked to the market revolution because transportation infrastructure leads to western settlement - Settlers ignored national boundaries, assuming land would become American - Eg. the settlement of Florida along with Southern planter cries leads to Adams Onis treaty (FLORIDA!) - Major politicians start to emerge from West (Henry Clay, Andrew Jackson) Old Northwest Midwest Lower South Migrants from New Farm families from the Migrants from Old England Upper South South Create small town Open to slavery Create plantation society Become a major society Opposed to slavery player in future Cotton Kingdom: Eli from Northwest slavery discussions Whitney’s cotton gin Ordinance of 1787 Chicago creates a cotton plantation economy across LA → AL focused on slave labor Developments Commercial of the Market Factory Revolution Farmers Urban Growth System Erie Canal better Cities grow on Embargo of 1807 connects Old NW Western frontier and American farmers to NYC Eg. Cincinnati and system encourage ports Chicago become domestic goods, Farmers buy huge urban esp textiles manufactured cenyers Lowell factories goods instead of Cities become replace artisans making them center of industrial and consolidate Get credit from output because of stages of Eastern bankers factories production Eastern markets American system buy farmers’ of manufactures → outputs interchangeable parts Powered by steam Immigration Causes: Irish potato famine, U.S. demand for labor, European instability, American freedom Mainly Irish and German immigrants Were low wage factory workers due to lack of skills, esp Irish Some Germans were skilled artisans and formed German Triangle Nativism: those who feared immigration’s and Catholicism’s impact on American society ○ Alien Act of 1798 shows fear of immigrants ○ Thought that immigrants were lowering wages and stealing jobs ○ Contrast between American Transcendentalism + 2nd Great Awakening Transcendentalism Second Great Awakening - Value on individualism and the - Religious revival in early 1800s in private man response to secularism from - Freedom is attained through market revolution intuition and self-realization - Charles Finney and other traveling - Emphasis on nature and preachers use transportation to humanitarian reform spread message - Response to the market revolution - Humanitarian reform - Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry - Private judgement, open to ALL Thoreau - Greater individualism and formation of new denominations like The Church of Latter Day Saints - Shows tension between limits of religious toleration and pluralism Women Early textile mills heavily rely on female labour ○ Mill Girls were unmarried female workers at Lowell factories who had left home to work ○ Shows value of independence Many other low class women, especially immigrants, take on low-paying factory and domestic work Economic stability and growth of middle class creates diff. Situation for middle class women ○ Cult of domesticity: the idea that a woman should be free of labor and should remain in the private sphere ○ Opposite of market rev. values: piety, modesty, shield men from outside world ○ Decreases women’s participation in public sphere on some level (Reform movements are happening parallel so some involvement) ○ Growth of the family wage Chapter 10 Democracy in America The Expansion + Limits of Democracy By 1860, nearly all states removed property requirements In 1841, Rhode Island still had property qualifications → Dorr War in Rhode Island from frustration over property-based voting restrictions; the People’s Convention (oct. 1841) sought to enfranchise white working men ○ Created new state constitution that enfranchised all white men and made Thomas Dorr governer → shut down by Federal Troops Alexis de Tocqueville, a French observer, highlighted American democracy’s unique character that democratic ideals became the core of national identity Despite “universal suffrage” language, voting was restricted to white men; women and Black Americans were excluded from political participation ○ Women and Black Americans were seen as inherently inferior Race became a dividing line in democracy, replacing class as the primary barrier ○ Black men faced voting bans in most states, and racial stereotypes shaped perceptions of their place in society The American System and The Economy After the War of 1812, leaders pushed for a self-sufficient economy, balancing agriculture and manufacturing to reduce dependence on foreign goods The American System, developed by Henry Clay and implemented by James Madison in 1815 proposed: ○ A protective tariff ○ Federal funding for internal improvements ○ A national bank Madison later grew cautious, fearing that unchecked federal power (especially in the South) could threaten states’ rights and individual freedoms, leading to mixed support for the American System The post-1812 speculative bubble, fueled by high land prices and high demand for American crops, burst when demand fell, leading to the Panic of 1819 Economic hardship created a backlash against the bank’s influence → resentment in the South and West → Supreme Court’s decision in McCulloch v. Maryland affirming the bank’s constitutionality → fears of centralized financial power The Missouri Compromise and Sectional Tensions The “Era of Good Feelings” (absence of two-party competition in Madison’s presidency) obscured rising sectional tensions as westward expansion forced debates over slavery’s role in new territories The Missouri Compromise admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state and established the 36°30′ line to limit slavery’s expansion in the Louisiana Territory This compromise marked the first major clash over the sectional divide, setting a precedent for future conflicts and foreshadowing the national crisis over Foreign Policy and The Monroe Doctrine The Monroe Doctrine, crafted by Secretary of State John Quincy Adams, reflected U.S. interests in preventing European influence in newly independent Latin American nations, fearing European reconquest This doctrine had three key points: ○ no new European colonization in the Americas ○ U.S. neutrality in European wars ○ Opposition to European interference in Latin America, asserting the Western Hemisphere as U.S. influence U.S. recognition of Latin American republics reflected an ideological link to their democratic ideals, some of which were more progressive than U.S. practices (e.g., universal The Corrupt Bargain and John Quincy Adams's Presidency In the Election of 1824, four candidates ran, Andrew Jackson won the popular vote, but none won a majority in the Electoral College, so the decision fell to the House of Representatives ○ Speaker Henry Clay’s support for John Quincy Adams secured Adams's victory ○ After Adams appointed Clay as Secretary of State, Jackson’s supporters saw it as elite manipulation, fueling distrust and popular anger → “Corrupt Bargain” As president, Adams pursued an ambitious agenda for “national greatness,” advocating for federal support of infrastructure projects like roads and canals, investments in education, science, and the arts, and expansion of U.S. influence in the Western Hemisphere Adams’s vision of a strong federal government and support for the American System clashed with opponents who favored states’ rights and limited government, which weakened his popularity and deepened political divisions This election and Adams’s presidency highlighted the emerging divisions that would shape the Jacksonian era and the rise of the Democratic Party under Andrew Jackson Age of Jackson and Political Shifts Andrew Jackson’s election in 1828 marked Jackson’s Kitchen the rise of the “common man” in politics, with Cabinet a surge in voter turnout driven by Martin Van Buren’s Democratic Party organizing and a new focus on populism ○ Martin Van Buren viewed political party competition as a necessary and positive influence to achieve national unity Two-party system solidified: ○ Democrats, led by Jackson, promoted limited government, states’ rights, and skepticism of central banking ○ Whigs, led by Clay, supported the American System’s economic development model Jackson’s presidency highlighted tensions between regional interests and federal power, Jackson’s Policies Jackson had a focus on expanding democracy and empowering the “common man,” with efforts to broaden participation beyond the elite Spoils System, the practice of rewarding political supporters with government jobs, promoted loyalty but faced criticism for favoritism The Indian Removal Act (1830) forced the relocation of Native American tribes to lands west of the Mississippi, resulting in the “Trail of Tears” and significant suffering for Native populations ○ Many tribes resisted the policy, most notably the Cherokees, who fought in court. In Worcester v. Georgia (1832), the Supreme Court ruled in favor of the Cherokee, (Marshall demanded the U.S. to honor treaties with the natives) but Jackson refused to enforce the decision. The Tariff of 1828 ( “Tariff of Abominations") raised tariffs on imported goods, hurting Southern economies, which relied on trade. South Carolina, led by VP John C. Calhoun, argued the tariff was unconstitutional and damaging to their economy ○ Believed states had the right to nullify (reject) federal laws they deemed unconstitutional. He believed the tariff violated states' rights and could set a precedent for federal interference in slavery. The Bank War + After Jackson viewed the Second Bank of the United States as a symbol of the market revolution's excesses and an institution that concentrated too much economic power in the hands of wealthy elites. In 1832, Jackson vetoed a bill to renew the Bank’s charter, arguing that the Bank was unconstitutional and harmful to the American people. The Bank, under president Nicholas Biddle, wielded significant influence over the economy, controlling credit and regulating currency. After vetoing the Bank’s recharter, Jackson ordered the removal of federal funds from the Bank and deposited them into state-chartered banks, known as “pet banks.” ○ These pet banks were less regulated, leading to reckless lending and credit expansion Prices soared while real wages declined → The Panic of 1837 was marked by widespread bank failures, business bankruptcies, and unemployment. Martin Van Buren, Jackson’s successor, inherited the crisis and created the Independent Treasury System to stabilize the economy. This system held government funds in treasury vaults instead of relying on state banks. The economic troubles led to the rise of the Whigs, who nominated William Henry Harrison as their candidate, promoting him as the “log cabin” candidate to appeal to the common man. Chapter 11 The Peculiar Institution Key Terms The “Peculiar Institution” “Cotton Is King” Second Middle Passage Paternalism Proslavery argument The Amistad The Denmark Vesey’s conspiracy Nat Turner’s Rebellion Fugitive slaves Harriet Tubman The Old South The Old South was held by a “Peculiar Institution” which upheld the southern economies, which was slavery. This created a automatic boundary line between Maryland and Pennsylvania dividing slavery and freedom. The term “Cotton Is King” was used to describe the cotton boom in the 19th century, where cotton replaced sugar as the most prominent slave labor crop. The Second Middle Passage was a the boom of buying/auctioning slaves in the U.S. This replaced the middle passage between the U.S and Africa, making the America’s the center of slavery. This Second Middle Passage involved trade routes that were directed to slave markets. Auction houses, and New Orleans. North Economy V.S South Economy The North blew up in terms of New Orleans became the capital manufacturing and industry for trading and buying slaves. This which attracted migrants from process was only assisted by the across the globe. But the North numerous trade routes going in was able to work with the South and out of the city. in terms of trade. The south was hindered by the Cotton was prominent and such planters and plantation, leading to goods were transported across the economies being heavily the Erie Canal, helping establish dependent on cotton and farming. New York as a prominent urban This also stopped them from commercial landmark. developing industry and attracting migrants The North worked with the South by turning cotton into cloth, financing plantations, and insuring slaves Justification Paternalism was a moral idea that slavery was for the benefit of the slaves. This helped planters and overseers morally justify their abuse. Later this ideology helped found new ideas and arguments that supported slavery as positive good instead of a necessary evil. This set of arguments became known as the proslavery arguments. The proslavery argument was garnering attention due to southerners saying how modern slavery was as a practice, how it was a “beautiful” practice and justifying it through biblical and economic means Slave Liberty Free Black Southerners were usually descendants of freed slaves after the revolution or from the North. Their liberties included The Right to own property The right to marry The right to themselves (They can’t be bought or sold) Their restrictions were The need to carry a certificate of freedom No right to elect officials Must provide community service when the state requests it Most of them were banned from entering certain provinces making the idea of a free black southerner extremely nuanced and rare. Keeping Order Slaves in cities were given jobs unlike those in the plantations. Most were given jobs like cooks, servants, and domestic labor. This created a new slave that could accomplish skilled labor making slaves in cities nuanced. Skilled slaves were also viewed in a negative light due to white men thinking they were a threat to the hierarchy of slavery (master and slave). Maintaining Order was done in a variety of ways. On plantations whipping, torture, and sending slaves to “slave breakers” was common. The most common however was the threat of separation through sale. This came in the form of threatening to seperate families. The Slave family The slave family was created after Americans begun the forced breeding of slaves due to the lack of importation. The idea of the slave family was promoted by masters to create more free labor, and marriage could only be accomplished through a masters consent. Threat of separation was constant throughout slave families, whether it be through sale or abuse, family ties complicated how slaves thought of the world they were forced to live in. Gender roles were not very prevalent among slaves, due to men and women suffering equally. However, sexual abuse was common against women and they were given plots of farming land to oversee and take care of. The cult of domesticity never spread to the enslaved people making the complicated system only place upon white people. The Resistance Fugitive slaves became common, where they were treated like bounties to a degree. They were many in number and among them was the likes of Frederick Douglass. Most fugitives were young men due to women having family ties to their children. Harriet Tubman led the charge of freeing slaves through her incredible routes to freedom, known as The Underground Railroad. Her trips were legendary due to the number of slaves she freed, which was upwards of 300. The Amistad was a ship taken over by a group of slaves collectively. The slaves led the ship to Africa, they eventually gained the favor in the courts of John Quincy Adams who helped announce them as free men. This being on of the few instances America favored the slaves. Slave Revolts The Denmark Vesey’s conspiracy A revolt started by Denmark Vessey, a slave who won the “freedom lottery” and was freed. Vessey tried using his freedom to combat slavery by proving it to be biblically and patriotically wrong. He often quoted The Bible and the Declaration of Independence. He almost was able to lead a group of rebels to support a plot to uprise however was discovered before anything could happen Nat Turner’s Rebellion Nat Turner was a slave rebel and preacher who believe god had chosen him to lead the black uprising. On August 22, Turner gathered his men and went farm to farm killing white men. He was able to increase his number by 80 and killed 60 white folks. When he was about to die, his last words were “Was not Christ crucified?” The Effect: The rebellions, especially Nat Turner's, created a new question on the necessity of slavery, yet it had the opposite effect in the slave states. The south strengthened its hold on slaves making them more restricted and punished then ever before. Chapter 12 The Age of Reform  Antebellum Reform Movements Influenced by… Market Revolution GROWING ○ increased working in factories=widened gap INDIVIDUALI between wealthy industrilaists and the poor working class. Socialists and SM Communitarianists sought to narrow gap. ○ Growing middle class+ more commercialized economy= value for education ○ separation of home and workspace and women began working in factories Second Great Awakening ○ perfectionism ALL THE ○ moral suasion REFORMS ○ alcohol is a moral problem Transcendentalists SHAPED THE ○ critiqued rapid industrialization EXPANSION OF ○ slavery was a moral sin DEMOCRATIC ○ individual transformation RIGHTS  Abolitionism American colonization Uncle Tom’s Cabin- Harriet Beecher society=gradual emancipation to Stowe Liberia ○ popularized abolitionism American Anti-Slavery ○ portrayed slaves as Society=immediate end to slavery sympathetic ○ used steam printing press to Frederick Douglass- Independence print newspapers Day Speech. ○ goal was to end slavery and William Lloyd Garrison- The Liberator, Thoughts on African establish equality for blacks ○ Abby Kellys election to the Colonization, Fear Used moral suasion- pacifistic way committee sparked rival to convert people to christianity and groups like the Foreign and then convince them slavery is American Anti-slavery society, against christian values because they didn't support Gentlemen of property and standing women's role in the society ○ incited violence against ○ Determination to make abolitionists abolitionism a political ○ northern merchants/elites with movement formed the Liberty commercial ties to the south  Temperance Led by militant Christians Sought to Redeem the habitual and occasional drinker Many saw it as an attack on freedom Hundred of thousands were convinced to renounce liqour Role of taverns ○ meetings ○ recreation ○ celebration Goal: reducing the consumption of alcohol Enhanced by perfectionism  Womens Rights Inspired by all the reforms Common school gave women first real career opportunity (teachers) Grimke Sisters ○ lectures ○ denounced by massachusetts clergymen ○ Letters on the Equality of Sexes Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucrieta Mott→Seneca Falls Convention/Declaration of Sentinents ○ rejects of the World Anti-Slavery Convention Benefitted in Utopian communities ○ no longer slaves to husbands Frederick Douglass ○ said women will play a big part in Anti-Slavery Enhanced by perfectionism and transcendentalism Suffrage→Feminism Sojourner Truth ○ Abolitionist ○ repudiate idea that women are too delicate Utopian Communities New Lanark Robert Owen In response to degradation of Made by Communitarianists who workers wanted to reorganize society Model factory because it had too much village individualism Stric rules Comfortable Oneida housing John Free public Shakers Founded by Mother Humphrey education Ann Lee Noyes Largest cotton complex New Harmony manufacturer Religious sect Robert Owen Most successful marriage New moral world religious dictatorial Trained and communitiy educated children to God was male and work Woman were not female enslaved to their First to market husbands vegetables Influences?  Education and Social Institutions Common School Movement: Largest effort at institution building before civil war Horace Mann (Father of American Education, Whig) ○ fractured society + universal public education = equality Uniting classes under a common learing Northern tax supported school systems First real career opportunity for women (teaching) Mental Health and Prison Reform (Dorothea Dix): Increasing public awareness of the mentally ill Investigated Massachusetts treatment and won support Wanted humane treatment for the insane 28 states constructed mental hospitals before the civil war English/Art  ENGLISH DOC https://docs.google.com/document/d/1cTZbuO TsMgg7SMC08gEREkStJj2OFe4aG_4eQhYRpO0/ edit?tab=t.0  Hudson River Art School The Hudson River School was a 19th-century American art movement/fraternity, beginning with Thomas Cole, known for its landscape paintings, which depicted the natural beauty of the American wilderness, particularly the Hudson River Valley and other northeastern regions. The movement is connected to transcendentalism in its celebration of nature as a source of spiritual and philosophical insight, as well as its emphasis on individualism and the sublime beauty of the natural Thomas world. Cole’s The Course of Empire is a series of paintings that reflect on the rise and fall of civilizations, conveying a message of the temporary aspect of human achievement and the enduring power of nature. The series aligns with transcendentalism, especially through its portrayal of nature as a force that transcends The savage state The consummation of empire human progress and ambition. In the paintings, the untamed wilderness (as seen in The Savage State) gives way to the flourishing of an empire (The Consummation of Empire) and then declines into destruction and desolation, symbolizing the inevitable fall of societies due to their disregard destruction desolation for nature. This kind of speaks on the materialistic values that emerged with industrialization.  Hudson River Art School Fur Trappers DescendingThe Oxbow - Thomas Kindred Spirits - Asher B. The Missouri - George Cole Durand Caleb Bingham This captures the connection between The Oxbow speaks to western painter Thomas Cole and poet William This showcases the American expansion and industrialization. Cullen Bryant as they stand on a cliff in lifestyle. Wearing ordinary The Left side showcases land the Catskill Mountains. This piece clothing, the peopleare working untouched by humans. It is free symbolizes their shared love for nature hard in their hunting and and it is wild, emphasized by the and the Romantic ideals of the trading. The beauty and storm. The right side, however, is American wilderness. Through the isolation of the frontier is land overtaken by humans. The vast, andscape, Durand emphasizes emphasized through luminism. land has been grazed by animals, the beauty of nature as a source of Speaks on westward expansion showcasing the pastoral aspects inspiration and spiritual connection. and dependence on natural of society.  Andrew Jackson The King Andrew the First cartoon The painting of Andrew Jackson vetoing the recharter of the critiques Andrew Jackson for acting like a Second Bank conveys a sense of destruction, both monarch, particularly in his veto of the symbolically and literally. By vetoing the Bank's recharter in Bank of the United States. Depicting him 1832, Jackson idisrupted the financial system, leading to the in royal attire with the Constitution in eventual collapse of the Bank. The painting likely portrays tatters beneath his feet, the image this as aggressive resistance, with Jackson's actions accuses Jackson of undermining representing a dismantling of what he saw as a corrupt, elite constitutional authority, presenting him as institution. The painting also shows the broader implications