American Colonial Architecture PDF

26/10/2024 American Colonial Architecture 1 Filipino American War in 1899 2  26/10/2024 Beginning of Colonization The Philippines has established it’s First Rep...

26/10/2024 American Colonial Architecture 1 Filipino American War in 1899 2  26/10/2024 Beginning of Colonization The Philippines has established it’s First Republic under the leadership of Emilio Aguinaldo. But was short- lived. The Philippines was illegally ceded to the United States at the Treaty of Paris for US$20 million, together with Cuba and Puerto Rico. Filipino-American War: lasted for more than 10 years with more than 600,000 Filipino casualties 3 Beginning of Colonization Annexed the Philippines among its colonial possessions. They sought to reshape the city of Manila after an imperial image of a well ordered and healthful tropical city. Treaty of Paris, 1898 4  26/10/2024 The Philippines was then ruled by three military governors appointed by the president: Gen. Wesley Merit; Gen Elwell Otis; and Gen. Arthur McArchur. 5 Problems Met During the First Few Years of Colonization When the Americans first came to the Philippines, they are met with several problems most particularly on housing and sanitation. 6  26/10/2024 An excrement collection wagon in Sanitary Barrios the early days of american occupation of Manila. 7 SANITARY BARRIO 8  26/10/2024 Sanitary Barrios Neighborhood concept Nipa houses built on highly regulated blocks of subdivided lots. Built-in system of surface drainage, public latrines, public bath houses and laundry, and public water hydrants, which are free of charge. 9 Some of the plans of sanitary barrios and its facilities during the reorganization of the city of Manila by the Americans. 10  26/10/2024 It is through the pail conservacy system or the kubeta as a solution to the absence of the sewer system in the city. The Cubeta Each household was provided with a wooden bucket that is collected daily by the municipal waste collection wagons. 11 OFFICIAL ARCHITECTURAL STYLES Colonial Revival Mission Use of clay roof tiles, adobe, concrete, stucco, gabled roof, round arch entrances, arcades, corridors, and mirador towers. Neoclassicism Revival of using Greek and Roman orders as decorative motifs. 12  26/10/2024 TROPICAL HYBRID DESIGN Familiar local architecture icons from Hispanized colonial structures overlaid with a neoclassical massing. 13 Bureau of Public Works The nerve center of colonial architectural production Function was confined to the construction of roads and public buildings Consultations, repair, design and supervision of construction Consulting architects: William Parsons, George Fenhagen, and Ralph Harrington Doane. WIILIAM PARSONS 14  26/10/2024 FORT WILLIAM MCKINLEY Located in Manila Home of the Philippine Division The main American ground unit in the Philippines. 15 BONIFACIO GLOBAL CITY 16  26/10/2024 17 CAMP JOHN HAY Protected Baguio and the nearby gold mines and projected the American military presence in northern Luzon Also served as a rest and recreation camp for officers and men. 18  26/10/2024 MANILA HOTEL, William Parsons One of the Most Prestigious Hotels in the world during its time 19 PHILIPPINE GENERAL HOSPITAL, William Parsons Largest Training Hospital in the Philippines 20  26/10/2024 PANGASINAN CAPITOL BUIDING Supervised by Ralph Harrington Doanne, Consulting Architect 21 IMPROVEMENTS IN SANITATION 22  26/10/2024 Neighborhood concept Sanitary Nipa houses built on highly regulated blocks of subdivided lots. Barrios Built-in system of surface drainage, public latrines, public bath houses and laundry, and public water hydrants, which are free of charge. 23 A fishing village in north Tondo before the great fire of 1903 showing some of the early models of the sanitary house. 24  26/10/2024 A view of the improved typical Sanitary house imploring its new materials. 25 IDEAL SANITARY HOUSE The experiment of materials and resulted to a new concept of the Ideal Sanitary House of 1917. A refinement of the “tsalet,” the modular prototype house introduced a fire resistive roofing materials composed of diamond shaped roof shingles. Concrete mixed with rice husk and reinforced by wood and bamboo 26  26/10/2024 Escolta street in the 1920’s showing some houses with the model of the new Sanitary house which is now more resistive to fire and earthquake. 27 TSALET “The healthy housing alternative.” Tropical features of vernacular buildings combined with hygienic structural principles and modern materials that gave premium to light, ventilation, and drainage Constructed of wood or ferroconcrete. Steps leading to a veranda, floor to ceiling partitions, bedrooms, living and dining room, kitchen, and toilet and bath. 28  26/10/2024 TSALET Originally rooted from the Swiss word “Chalet” which is a housing for the natives near the Alpine Regions. Stairs: L-shaped or T-shaped In 1912, the Bureau Health drew up the scheme of a Sanitary Urban House, single detached, semi-detached, row house apartments, and one storey concrete tsalets. 29 The exterior view of the famous Laperal House (white House) along Leonard Wood road of Baguio City, is just one of the many American influenced houses of the city still existing today. 30  26/10/2024 URBAN PLANNING Proposed ideas of organized comprehensive urban planning based on the principles of the City Beautiful Movement. 31 PROPOSED PLAN FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF MANILA AND BAGUIO Daniel Burnham, City Beautiful Movement 32  26/10/2024 The City Beautiful Movement was a reform philosophy of North American architecture and urban planning that flourished during the 1890s and 1900s with the intent of introducing beautification and monumental grandeur in cities. 33 Improvements in Construction Importing American Architecture and building technology New Materials and Systems ▪ Use of steel-framed skeleton construction, reinforced concrete (ferroconcrete), and concrete hollow blocks. ▪ The Kahn Truss System, trussed bars were placed within concrete moulds for floor slabs and beams. ▪ Production of prefabricated components and precast concrete ornaments. ▪ Adoption of standardized plans and modularized systems for building types. 34  26/10/2024 Gabaldon Schoolhouses Set of mass-produced model schoolhouses. 35 GABALDON BUILDING 36  26/10/2024 ESCUELA DE INGENIERA Y ARQUITECTURA Offered five-year courses in Architecture and Civil Engineering. In 1911, the AIAAF was dissolved when the civil engineers withdrew to form their own professional organization, but not before it has struggled for the passage of an Engineers and Architects Law. In 1921, the Philippine National Assembly Act No. 2985 passed, the first enabling law for the practice of the professions of engineering and architecture, defined the unique and separate identities of the two professions. 37 First Generation Pensionado Program ▪ Carlos Baretto ▪ Antonio Toledo scholarship launched by the government that allowed ▪ Tomas Mapua Filipino students to pursue university education in the United States. ▪ Arcadio Arellano ▪ Tomas Arguelles ▪ Juan Arellano 38  26/10/2024 CARLOS BARETTO First Filipino architect with an academic degree from abroad. First pensionado. Became one of the pioneering staff of the Division of Architecture. 39 Antonio Toledo Regarded as the master of the Neoclassic style. Among the first architect- educators. 40  26/10/2024 Manila City Hall 41 AREAL VIEW OF THE MANILA CITY HALL 42  26/10/2024 National Museum of Natural History 43 Cebu Provincial Capitol 44  26/10/2024 45 Leyte Provincial Capitol 46  26/10/2024 TOMAS MAPUA First registered architect in the Philippines Established the Mapua Institute of Technology in 1925, the first architectural school in the Philippines. Was awarded with Philippine Institute of Architects Gold of Medal Merit and Patnubay ng Sining at Kalinangan. 47 PHILIPPINE GENERAL HOSPITAL NURSING HOME Restored during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Hybrid-Mission Style 48  26/10/2024 MAPUA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Now, MAPUA UNIVERSITY 49 DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY, MAIN BUILDING Neoclassical Style 50  26/10/2024 ARCADIO ARELLANO First Filipino to be employed by the Americans as one of their architectural advisors. Pioneered in the establishment of an architectural and surveying office in the country. 51 GOTA DE LECHE, Manila Designed with Juan Arellano 52  26/10/2024 TOMAS ARGUELLES Advocated the enforcement of the Building Code of Manila Holder of License no. 9 and was granted when he was already a senior citizen. 53 BOTICA BOIE First and largest drugstore in the Philippines Housed the Phillipine American Drug Company 54  26/10/2024 HEACOCK’S BUILDING, Escolta, Binondo, Manila One of the major department stores of the period. 55 JUAN ARELLANO Younger brother of Arcadio Arellano Known for using Neo-classical and Art Deco architectural styles Proponent of Manila Zoning Plan 56  26/10/2024 METROPOLITAN MUSEUM, MANILA Art-Deco Style; Metropolitan Theater 57 NATIONAL MUSEUM OF FINE ARTS, Manila Formerly, Legislative Building 58  26/10/2024 MANILA CENTRAL POST OFFICE, Manila Tomas Mapua and Juan Arellano designed the original building in Classical Style 59 Second Generation Pensionado Program ▪ Andres Luna de San Pedro ▪ Pablo Antonio scholarship launched by the government that allowed ▪ Fernando Ocampo Filipino students to pursue university education in the United States. ▪ Juan Nakpil 60  26/10/2024 Andres Luna de San Pedro Introduced new architectural forms in the Philippines by incorporating modern and exotic design motifs through the grammar of art deco. Built the first air-conditioned building in the Philippines Many of his modernist buildings are lost in the Second World War. 61 CRYSTAL ARCADE, Manila Manila’s Modern Building before World War 2; Art Deco Style 62  26/10/2024 REGINA BUILDING, Cor. Escolta-Burke Street, Manila Neoclassical Beau-Arts 63 LIZARES MANSION, Jaro, Iloilo Now chapel of Angelicum School in Iloilo; a mix of Spanish and American influence 64  26/10/2024 Pablo Antonio National Artist for Architecture His buildings were characterized by clean lines, plain surfaces, and bold rectangular masses. A pioneer of modern Philippine architecture. He also became president of the Philippine Institute of Architects. 65 NICANOR REYES HALL, Sampaloc, Manila FEU Main Building; Art Deco 66  26/10/2024 IDEAL THEATER and GALAXY THEATER, Manila One of the best theaters in it’s time; Art Deco 67 FERNANDO H. OCAMPO A registered architect and a civil engineer Designed with straightforward simplicity, synthesizing traditional designs with art-deco ornaments. Co-founded the UST School of Fine Arts and Architecture in 1930. 68  26/10/2024 MANILA CATHEDRAL, Intramuros, Manila Reconstruction design by Fernando Ocampo; Neo-Romanesque 69 UST CENTRAL SEMINARY BUILDING, Manila Art Deco 70  26/10/2024 JUAN NAKPIL National Artist for Architecture. Worked largely in the Art Deco style, combining stylized flora and angular forms. Pioneer of Modern Architecture 71 QUIAPO CHURCH, Manila Reconstruction and addition of Dome and Belfry 72  26/10/2024 QUEZON HALL, UP Diliman Administration Building; Neoclassical Style 73 NATIONAL ARTIST FOR ARCHITECTURE JUAN NAKPIL (1973) PABLO ANTONIO (1976) LEANDRO LOCSIN (1990) ILDEFONSO SANTOS JR (2006) landscape architect JOSE MARIA ZARAGOZA (2014) FANCISCO MAÑOSA (2018) 74