Colonial to Contemporary Architecture PDF

Sorsogon State University History of Architecture 2 College of Engineering and Architecture B.S. Architecture 2 THE ROOTS OF AMERICAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE Source: Ameri...

Sorsogon State University History of Architecture 2 College of Engineering and Architecture B.S. Architecture 2 THE ROOTS OF AMERICAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE Source: American Colonial Architecture: Ultimate Guide Dusan Cvetkovic, February 12, 2022 https://howtorhino.com/blog/architecture-styles/american-colonial-architecture/ Not long after Christopher Columbus discovered America in 1492, people from all over Europe started to occupy territories all across the New World. The period of American colonization spans the entire 17th century, back when the United States consisted of only 13 colonies, all of them situated on the east coast of the mainland. Even though it was Christopher Columbus who technically discovered America, the continent was named after Amerigo Vespucci, an Italian explorer, who arrived there in 1501. He was the first person to proclaim that America was a new continent, that is “the New World.” Back then, the population was extremely diverse, since the majority of the colonists came from England, Spain, France, Portugal, the Netherlands and other European countries. Many of the settlers came to expand power in Europe, looking for religious freedom, while others pursued gold, spices and other goods. The first American colony was called Virginia, and it was founded in 1607. jIt was named after the Queen of England, Elizabeth the First, otherwise known as the Virgin Queen. Eventually, new colonies were formed, such as New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Massachusetts, and so on. New York was formerly known as New Amsterdam and Massachusetts as New England. Pilgrims arrived in Massachusetts on the Mayflower in 1620, and founded a colony named Plymouth. During the first year of colonization, half of the colonists died due to the harsh climate and lack of food. In fact, only 20% of the settlers survived. The reason most of them didn’t make it was because of the aid of the local Indians, who taught them how to grow corn and where to hunt for food. The Pilgrims were so grateful to the Indians that a year later, in 1621, they held a feast - the first Thanksgivings. Marked by periods of slavery, rebellions and civil wars, battles for freedom and finally independence, one can certainly say that America has a rich diverse history. Different kingdoms and civilizations left their footprints and produced different architectural styles, depending on the prevalence of the ruling nation. The very first emergence of American colonial architecture can be traced back to these times. To be more precise, to the foundation of Jamestown, Virginia. In order to increase the number of settlers, the Virginian company began offering 50 acres of land to each new settler who was paid to come. Thus, numerous large estates mushroomed all over the colonies. Different Architectural Styles From the period of early colonization to the 19th century, American or Western architecture signified a reflection of styles and techniques of that time. Depending on the location and the ruling European power, each colony was impacted in a different manner. Settlers brought along materials and building customs representative of their homeland, leaving their mark on the new land. First Period Architecture The First Period is an American architectural style that evolved in New England - firstly Massachusetts bay and Plymouth, and Virginia, Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine later. History of Architecture 2_1stSemester_24-25_BSAr2A&B_JGDGrulla_uap 1 Sorsogon State University History of Architecture 2 College of Engineering and Architecture B.S. Architecture 2 It comprised the period between 1626 and 1725, when non-separatist Puritans migrated to New England in order to reconstruct the Church of England. Since the migrants weren’t real architects, but farmers and salesmen, the First Period did not resemble the traditional English medieval style. Since the climate on the east coast tended to be harsh and unwelcoming, the settlers had the idea that their houses should always face south, in order to utilize as much sunlight as possible. Some other exterior features included a central chimney, an asymmetrical roof and small windows. For First Period architecture, Massachusetts offers the biggest number of preserved houses today, especially Essex County. Saltbox House - One of the first examples of American colonial architecture, this type of house is representative of New England style. It got its name after its compact size and similar features of a saltbox. Namely, one side of the house consists of only one story, and the other of two. The reason these houses were constructed in such a way is due to Queen Anne’s taxation, which applied to houses with more than one story. Some other distinctive features are a sloping roof, timber framing and an additional lean-to. Today, you can spot saltbox houses in regions of Newfoundland and Labrador. Cape Cod House - This traditional type of house can be traced back to the 17th century, when Puritan carpenters first carried over this architectural trend to New England. The cold weather was a major factor that impacted the construction of Cape Cod homes; that’s why central chimneys and rooms with low ceilings were often used. There was usually only one floor. Interestingly enough, this architectural style became popular once again in the 1930s, during the period of American Colonial Revival. Nowadays, you can find lots of Cape Cod houses, although adapted to modern needs, all across the States. French colonial architecture Considering that France had developed colonies all over the globe, examples of French colonial architecture can not only be found in America, but Canada, Southeast Asia and the Caribbean as well. Namely, French colonial style started with the onset of French colonization in America in 1604. The birthplace of French colonial architecture in the States were the Illinois Country and French Louisiana. This style is especially representative of the American Southeast, and some of the most identifying features are spacious front and back porches, high basements to prevent flooding, as well as high ceilings, adapted to extreme heat that Americans usually come across in the South. Hipped steeped rooftops were built to extend over the porches and double- louvred doors were a common feature of this architectural style. Spanish colonial architecture The Spaniards were one of the first nations to invade America, previously conquering the Mexican Gulf and the Caribbean Islands. The Spanish footprint expanded to such an extent, that remnants of their architecture can be found all over the States. The hot-spot of Spanish colonial architecture is Mexico City, which is home to 29 UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Some of the most common characteristics of Spanish colonial architecture are city planning in grid patterns, churches, mission architecture and a central plaza or main square. Elements that would usually find in these types of houses are white stucco walls, small windows and red clay tiles. Instances of Spanish colonial architecture can be found in California, Florida, Arizona and Mexico. Dutch colonial architecture This architectural style boomed in New York, formerly known as New Amsterdam, in the 17th century. Even though remaining instances of Dutch colonial can rarely be found today, the architectural style came back under the spotlight History of Architecture 2_1stSemester_24-25_BSAr2A&B_JGDGrulla_uap 2 Sorsogon State University History of Architecture 2 College of Engineering and Architecture B.S. Architecture 2 in the 20th century, when it became known as Dutch Colonial Revival. Apart from New York, Dutch colonial was popular in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware and Connecticut. The main element of this American colonial architecture that differentiates it from other styles is definitely the so-called gambrel roof - the centerpiece of Dutch colonial. One more feature that makes Dutch colonial special is the fact that it was only incorporated into house- building, meanwhile other colonial styles weren’t only used for residential architecture. Dutch colonial houses were generally made from bricks, and not wood, due to the brick masonry skills of the Dutch settlers. Another common characteristic you would find on these houses is the flared eaves, which usually extended over the porch. Georgian colonial architecture Georgian colonial architecture made its mark on all English colonies in the Georgian Era, a period of English history spanning from the early 18th century to the beginning of the 19th century. The name is associated with the Hanoverian Kings - George I, George II, George III and George IV. The best instances of Georgian colonial architecture are Dartmouth College, Harvard University and the College of William and Mary. Typical Georgian colonial architecture could be found on churches and palaces. It was utilized until the end of the 18th century, when American Federal architecture took over, following the Revolutionary War. Most common features of Dutch colonial style are wood and timber, terraced houses, cornice, brick, a portico and white wooden columns. A typical Georgian colonial house consisted of a living room, a dining room and a family room. German colonial architecture This period of American colonial architecture wasn’t just a reflection of German settlers in America, but colonists from Sweden, Finland, Scotland, Ireland and many other northern European countries. All these architectural influences fall under the same category - German colonial architecture. Its roots go back to 1675, the year immigrants from these nations settled the Delaware River Valley area, which comprised Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Delaware. Some of the most identifying traits of this architectural style are brick and thick walls, built to endure cold winters and isolate heat in the summer months. Other features included stone, exposed timbering or “half-timber,” and hand- hewn beams. Mid-Atlantic colonial architecture The last architectural style of American colonial - the Mid-Atlantic colonial. Even though it wasn’t as widespread as the other colonial styles, traces of Mid-Atlantic colonial architecture can still be found on the east coast, especially Maryland. This colonial trend can be traced back to the Chesapeake Bay that was occupied by immigrants from the British Isles, during the period between 1607 and 1776, the year marked by the American Revolutionary War and the end of British authority on the continent. History of Architecture 2_1stSemester_24-25_BSAr2A&B_JGDGrulla_uap 3 Sorsogon State University History of Architecture 2 College of Engineering and Architecture B.S. Architecture 2 These types of houses usually had only one floor, gable chimneys and prevalent materials were wood and brick. One instance of this era of architecture that can still be seen is the 1774 Hammond–Harwood House, which is in Annapolis, Maryland. Modern Times Most of the American colonial architecture styles got a second chance, during the period of Colonial Revival. This trend started to appeal to the masses once again in 1876, after the Centennial International Exhibition. In fact, at the beginning of the 20th century, approximately 40% of homes in America were designed during the Revival period. Even today, you can find modernized versions of colonial style all over the United States. The colonial style that got the most attention was the decorative Georgian style, however, other architectural trends were also brought back under the spotlight. The majority of these new homes were built using a combination of different periods and elements of American colonial architecture. Most common features that have been revived are: the trend of two or three floors using bricks or wood for the walls in a simple and clean manner large doors white decorative pillars and columns the gable rooftop symmetrical facade Post-Colonial Phases (1790 to 1820 C.E.) It is characterized by grandeur of scale, simplicity of geometric forms, Greek - especially Doric or Roman detail, dramatic use of columns, and a preference for blank walls. First Eclectic Phase – 1820 to 1860 C.E. - Greek Revival Style, Gothic and Egyptian Style, Balloon Frame System Second Eclectic Phase – 1860 to 1930 C.E. - with 2 main streams: 1. Romanesque and Gothic inspiration - influence by Arts and Crafts movement in England - HH Richardson, Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright 2. Italian and French Renaissance, ancient Greek and Roman, late Gothic inspiration - influence by Ecole des Beaux-Artes structural experiment and achievement: metal frame construction, non-load-bearing curtain wall, elevators produced the skyscraper, as America's single greatest contribution to architecture Examples of Domestic Buildings: The White House, Washington DC - begun 1803 by James Hoban, Irish architect - President’s official residence - English Palladian style Stoughton House, Cambridge, Massachusetts - by McKim, Mead and White - shingle-style Monticello, near Charlottesville, Virginia - 1770s - by Thomas Jefferson, 3rd American president – Palladian style Biltmore, Ashville, North Carolina - by RM Hunt, first American architect trained at Ecole des Beaux-Artes - early French Renaissance chateau Winslow House, River Forest, Illinois (aka Prairie House) - first important work of Frank Lloyd Wright Taliesin East, Spring Green, Wisconsin - by Frank Lloyd Wright Robie House, Chicago - by Frank Lloyd Wright Examples of Religious Buildings: The First Church of Christ Scientist, Berkeley, California - by Bernard Maybeck Trinity Church, Boston - by HH Richardson - one monument of American architecture – neo-Romanesque Unity Temple, Oak Park, Illinois - by Frank Lloyd Wright History of Architecture 2_1stSemester_24-25_BSAr2A&B_JGDGrulla_uap 4 Sorsogon State University History of Architecture 2 College of Engineering and Architecture B.S. Architecture 2 Examples of Educational, Civic, and Public Buildings: The National Academy of Design, New York - by PB Wight - Venetian Gothic in style - polychrome masonry The United States Capitol, Washington DC - One of the world's best known buildings - crowning dome - first designed by Dr. William Thorton, Palladian lines - numerous modifications after the war The State Capitol, Richmond, Virginia - by Thomas Jefferson - first neo-classical monument in America - based on Maison Caree, Nimes - ionic order The Public Library, Boston - by McKim, Mead and White - similar in elevation to St. Genevieve, Paris Lincoln Memorial, Washington DC - by Henry Bacon - Greek Doric style The Chapel and Post Headquarters, West Point, NY - by Cram, Goodhue and Ferguson The Temple of Scottish Rite, Washington DC - masonic temple - by John Russel Pope - similar to Mausoleum, Halicarnassos Examples of Commercial and Industrial Buildings Merchants Exchange, Philadelphia - by William Strickland - Greek-revival - based on Choragic Monument of Lysicrates, Athens The Marshall Field Wholesale Warehouse, Chicago, Illinois - by HH Richardson - 7 storeys - load-bearing wall construction The Auditorium Building, Chicago, Illinois - by Dankmar Adler and Louis Sullivan - 10 storeys - neo-Byzantine interior The Reliance Building, Chicago - 1890 AD - by Burnham and Root - from 4 to 16 storeys The Monadnock Building, Chicago - by Daniel Burnham - 16 storeys The Second Leiter Building, Chicago - 8 storeys - metal-framed building The Gace Building, Chicago - by Louis Sullivan and Holabird and Roche - 8 storey The Schlesinger-Mayer Store - by Louis Sullivan - suggestion of Art Noveau style The Larkin Soap Co. Building, Buffalo, NY - by Frank Lloyd Wright The Woolwoth Building, NY - by Cass Gilbert - 241 m high with 52 storeys - Gothic style The Wainwright Building, St. Louis - 1890 to 1891 AD - by Adler and Sullivan -10 storey Empire State Building - 1930 to 1932 AD - by Shreve, Lamb and Harmon - 85 storeys American Structures and their Architectural Year Constructed Architect Styles Neo-Classical Architecture (1720s–1860s) United States Capitol, Washington, D.C. begun 1803 begun 1803 Monticello, Charlottesville, Virginia 1770s Jefferson, Thomas Old State House, Hartford, Connecticut 1796 Bulfinch, Charles Bank of Pennsylvania 1801 Latrobe, Benjamin Henry 1840s Upjohn, Richard Old State House, Hartford, Connecticut 1796 Bulfinch, Charles Massachusetts State House, Boston begun1798 Bulfinch, Charles Gothic Revival Architecture (1760s–1840s) Trinity Church, New York Federal Style (1783– 1830) Greek Revival Style (1820–1870) /Romantic Architecture (1830s–1870s) Vanderbilt 1890s Hunt, Richard Morris Mansion, Newport, Rhode Island Victorian Architecture (1860–1900) Stoughton House, Cambridge, Massachusetts 1870s Richardsonian Romanesque (1870s–1900) Trinity Church, Boston Richardson, Henry Marshall Field Warehouse, Chicago 1885–1887 Hobson Beaux-Arts Architecture (1890s–1920s) 1890s Biltmore Estate, Asheville, North Carolina Vanderbilt Mansion, “The Breakers,” Newport, 1890s Rhode Island World’s Columbian Exposition, Chicago 1893 Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 1895 Boston Public Library 1887–1895 Rhode Island State Capitol, Providence 1895–1903 Morgan Library, New York 1906 Pennsylvania Station, New York 1910 History of Architecture 2_1stSemester_24-25_BSAr2A&B_JGDGrulla_uap 5 Sorsogon State University History of Architecture 2 College of Engineering and Architecture B.S. Architecture 2 McKim, Charles Follen, William Hunt, Richard Morris Rutherford Mead, and Stanford White Carrère, John and New York Public Library, New York 1897–1911 Thomas Hastings Wetmore, Charles and Grand Central Station, New York 1903 Whitney Warren Greene, Charles Sumner Arts and Crafts (Bungalow, Craftsman) (1890s– and Henry Mather 1908 1930s) Gamble House, Pasadena, California Greene Wright, Frank Lloyd and 1906–1909 Marion Mahony Griffin Baker House, MIT, Boston 1947–1949 Aalto, Alvar Ledbetter House, Norman, Oklahoma 1947 Bavinger House, Norman, Oklahoma 1950s Solomon Guggenheim Museum, New York 1940s–1950s Wright, Frank Lloyd Trans World Airport Terminal, New York 1956–1962 Saarinen, Eero Prairie Style (1900–1920s) Frederick C. Robie House, Chicago Expressionism (and Goff, Bruce Blobitecture) (1910s–1950s) Hood, Raymond and Chicago Tribune Tower, Chicago 1924 John Mead Howells New York Daily News Building, New York 1929 Radio City Music Hall, Rockefeller Center, New 1930s Hood, Raymond York Chrysler Building, New York 1930 Alen, William Van Shreve, Lamb and Empire State Building, New York 1931 Harmon Art Deco (1920s–1930s) http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/architecture/twentiethcentury.htmL; https://pdfcoffee.com/colonial-and-post-colonial-america-pdf-free.html ARCHITECTURE AND THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION https://learn.saylor.org/mod/page/view.php?id=61128 Beginning in the 18th century, the Industrial Revolution fundamentally changed agriculture, manufacturing, transportation, and housing. Architecture changed in response to the new industrial landscape. Before the late 19th century, the weight of a multistory building had to be supported principally by the strength of its walls. The taller the building, the more strain is placed on the lower sections. Since there were clear engineering limits to the weight such load-bearing walls could sustain, large designs meant massively thick walls on the ground floors and definite limits on the building's height. Forged iron and milled steel began to replace wood, brick, and stone as primary materials for large buildings. This change is encapsulated in the Eiffel Tower, built in 1889. Standing on four huge arched legs, the iron lattice tower rises narrowly to just over 1,000 feet. When I visited the tower, I was surprised to find a wooden railing at the top (supported by iron bars) carved with innumerable names! The Eiffel Tower not only became an icon for France but for industry itself – heralding a new age in materials, design, and construction methods. In America, the development of cheap, versatile steel during the second half of the 19th century helped change the urban landscape. The country was in the midst of rapid social and economic growth that made for great opportunities in architectural design. A much more urbanized society was forming, and the society called for new, larger buildings. By the middle of the 19th century, downtown areas in big cities began to transform themselves with new roads and buildings to accommodate the growth. The mass production of steel was the main driving force behind the ability to build skyscrapers during the mid-1880s. Steel framing was set into foundations of reinforced concrete which was poured around a grid of steel rods (re-bar) or other matrices to increase tensile strength in foundations, columns, and vertical slabs. The people in Midwestern America felt less social pressure to conform to the ways and styles of the architectural past. By assembling a framework of steel girders, architects and builders could suddenly create tall, slender buildings with strong steel skeletons. The rest of the building's elements – the walls, floors, ceilings, and windows were suspended from the load-bearing steel. This new way of constructing buildings, so-called "column-frame" construction, pushed History of Architecture 2_1stSemester_24-25_BSAr2A&B_JGDGrulla_uap 6 Sorsogon State University History of Architecture 2 College of Engineering and Architecture B.S. Architecture 2 them up rather than out. Building design in major urban centers now places a premium on vertical space. Like the flying buttress of the 14th century, the steel weight-bearing frame allowed not just taller buildings but much larger windows, which meant more daylight reaching interior spaces. Interior walls became thinner, creating more usable floor space. Because steel framing had no precedent, its use would rewrite the rules of design and engineering of large buildings and, along with them, a new formal aesthetic. Architect Louis Sullivan's 12-story Prudential Building in Buffalo, New York, is an early example of column framing. Built in 1894, its tall, sleek brick veneer walls, large windows, and gently curved top pediment ushers in a new century with the modern skyscraper style. For all of its new technology and design innovations, The Prudential Building still holds some forms from the past. A large arch hover over the main entrance, and the brick façade has extensive ornamentation. The industrial revolution which began around 1760 in England, led to enormous changes at each and every level of civilization throughout the world. The growth of heavy industrial material brought more new building materials which are cast iron, steel, and glass with which architects and engineers rearranged the concept of function, size, and form due to the impact of industrial revolution. Impact of Industrial Revolution on Architecture https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/designing-for-typologies/a3740-what-is-the-impact-of-industrial-revolution-on-architecture/ The disenchantment with Baroque, Rococo, and with neo-Palladianism turned late 18th century designers towards the original Roman and Greek prototypes. Some selectively borrowed from another place and time which became fashionable. It was the Greek aspect that was particularly strong in the United States from the beginning years of the 19th century till 1850. Some new settlements were done by Greek names as Ithaca, Syracuse, Doric, Troy, Ionic columns, pediments, and Entablatures which were mostly transformed into white-painted wood, they were also applied to public buildings and were also important townhouses in the style called Greek revival. In France, the imperial cult of Napoleon architecture in a more Roman direction, which was also witnessed in the Church of the Madeleine around 1807 to 1842 was a huge Roman temple in Paris. The French thoughts for architecture were a turning point of the era by the highly imaginative published projects of Etienne-Louis Boullée and Claude Nicholas Ledoux. These were the people who got inspired by the massive aspects of the Egyptian and roman work, and their work and monumental composition were very innovative. Even today they are admired as visionary architects. The most respected architect of that era was Sir John Soane, he built the museum as his own London house in 1812- 1813, it still excites the astonishments for its innovative romantic virtuosity. The late English neoclassical came to be seen as elitist or the new Houses of Parliament, where the authorities insisted on Tudor revival or Gothic. The former architect was Sir Charles Barry, he was not a Gothic expert but he got involved as a consultation architect. Sir A. W. N. Pugin was the person who was responsible for the details of the vastness of monuments that began in 1836. Sir Pugin was having a short and contentious career, which also made a moral issue out of a return to the Gothic style. Some of the architects felt free to get selected whatever elements from the past cultures fixed their programs. The Gothic was for Protestant Churches and Baroque was for Roman Catholic churches, Palladian for institutions, Greek for banks, Egyptian for cemeteries, and early Renaissance style for libraries. In the other half of the 19th-century dislocations brought about by the impact of industrial revolutions became overwhelming. So many of them were shocked by the hideous urban districts of the factories and the worker’s housing, by the deterioration of the public taste among the freshly rich people. For the new modes of transportation, tunnels, canals, railroads, and bridges, architects were employed only for the provision of the cultural veneer. The huge Crystal Palace which was constructed from 1850-1851 and got reconstructed from 1852-1854 at London and a vast but ephemeral exhibition hall was the work of Sir Joseph Paxton. A man who learned how to put glass and iron together in the large greenhouses’ designs. It also demonstrates hitherto undreamed aspects of spatial beauty and which is carefully planned building procedure, it also includes prefabricated standard parts, the foreshadowed industrial building, and the widespread use of steel and cast iron. The important thing about its innovative way of using metal was the great tower from the year 1887-1889of Alexandre- Gustave Eiffel at Paris. It was the most gifted architecture sought of time to escape from their increasingly industrial environment by its development from traditional themes and eclectic styles. The two contrasting but the equality they maintained brilliantly which were the conceived examples of the sumptuous Paris Opera from 1861 to 1875 by Charles Garnier and Boston’s grandiose Trinity Church from 1872 to 1877 by Henry Hobson Richardson. The taxes against windows, glass, and bricks were repealed which seems new and interesting in using these building materials. Factories made up of glass were having developed and complex designs which were a popular decoration in the classical and Gothic building on iron grillwork. Some other materials like terracotta manufacturing improvements were also allowed for more construction due to the impact of the industrial revolution. The steel skeletons were used to be covered with masonry and a large glass skylight came in highlight. History of Architecture 2_1stSemester_24-25_BSAr2A&B_JGDGrulla_uap 7 Sorsogon State University History of Architecture 2 College of Engineering and Architecture B.S. Architecture 2 Other improvements such as the iron-making procedures encouraged the building of bridges and other structures. Some large indoor open spaces made possible with the use of strong iron framed construction were also called ideal for factories, train stations, and museums. The Eiffel tower was built for the exhibition in Paris in 1889 as a dramatic demonstration by the French of their mastery of upcoming construction technology. The architects and engineers belonged to new and decorative art, which were iron corners, ornamental bolts extending beyond the mainline, also a sort of Gothic lacework of iron. 20TH-CENTURY ARCHITECTURE History - Characteristics - Movements - Architects http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/architecture/twentieth-century.htm Chicago School of Architecture (1880-1910) The groundbreaking Chicago school of architecture was founded by William Le Baron Jenney (1832-1907), along with a number of other innovative American architects. A centre of high-rise development rather than a school per se, it had no unified set of principles, and buildings created by the members of the school employed many different designs, construction techniques and materials. Some key characteristics of Chicago architecture during this period included: new foundation techniques pioneered by Dankmar Adler; metal skeleton frames - first used in Jenney's Home Insurance Building (1884); the use of steel and iron, first highlighted by the French architect Viollet-le-Duc, and used by Louis Sullivan and others. Famous Chicago School Firms of Architects William Holabird (1854-1923) and Martin Roche (1853-1927) Buildings designed by Holabird & Roche included: - Marquette Building, Chicago (1895) - Gage Group Buildings at S. Michigan Avenue, Chicago (1899) - Chicago Building (Chicago Savings Bank Building) (1904-5) - Brooks Building, Chicago (1909-10) Daniel Hudson Burnham (1846-1912) and John Wellborn Root (1850-91) Buildings designed by Burnham & Root, or Burnham and Co, included: - Fisher Building, Chicago (1895-6) - Flatiron Building, New York (1901-3) - Heyworth Building, Chicago (1904) Dankmar Adler (1844-1900) and Louis Sullivan (1856-1924) Buildings designed by firm Adler and Sullivan, included: - Chicago Stock Exchange Building (1893-94) - Prudential Building (Guaranty Building) Buffalo (1894) Art Nouveau Architecture (1890-1920) A decorative style of architecture characterized by flowing lines, and abstract floral motifs, which was closely associated with the Arts and Crafts movement championed by William Morris (1834-96). Known in Germany as Jugendstil - it was applied to both the exterior and interior design of buildings. Interiors were often lavishly decorated with various types of applied art - including stained glass and ceramics. Famous Art Nouveau Architects Antoni Gaudi (1852-1926) Peuple (1896-9) in Brussels. Designer of the Casa Mila (La Pedrera) (1906-10) in Hector Guimard (1867-1942) Barcelona. Famous for his entrances to the Paris Metro. Victor Horta (1861-1947) Joseph Maria Olbrich (1867-1908) Designed Hotel Tassel (1892-3), and Maison du Founder of the Vienna Seccession, designer of its History of Architecture 2_1stSemester_24-25_BSAr2A&B_JGDGrulla_uap 8 Sorsogon State University History of Architecture 2 College of Engineering and Architecture B.S. Architecture 2 headquarters. Giuseppe Brega (1877-1960) Charles Rennie Mackintosh (1868-1928) Stile Liberty architect of Villa Ruggeri, Pesaro (1902). Designer of the Glasgow School of Art (1907). Revivalist Architecture (1900-2000) Ever since Italian Renaissance architects revived the proportions and orders of Roman architecture, designers have turned to the past for inspiration. Such revivalism reached its apogee in 19th century architecture, in numerous Romanesque (1000-1150), Gothic (1150-1300) and Beaux-Arts structures in Britain - see for instance Victorian architecture - Europe and the United States, but the process continued into the 20th century. Famous 20th Century Revivalist Buildings "Gothic" Sagrada Familia (1883-1926) by Antoni Holden. Guardi. "Classical"/"Mughal" Viceroy's Palace, India (1930) "Classical" AEG Turbine Factory, Berlin (1909) by by Edwin Lutyens. Peter Behrens. "Roman" Milan Train Station (1931) by Ulisse "Classical" Pennsylvania Railway Station (1910) by Stacchini. McKim, Meade & White. "Classical" City University, Rome (1935) by Marcello "Classical" Lincoln Memorial, Washington DC (1922) Piacentini. by Henry Bacon. "Classical" German Pavilion, World Exhibition, Paris "Medieval" Stockholm City Hall (1923) by Ragnar (1937) by Albert Speer. Ostberg. "Greek"/"Moorish" San Simeon Hearst Castle (1939) "Romanesque" Stuttgart Train Station (1928) by Paul by Julia Morgan. Bonatz. "Egyptian" Louvre Pyramid (1998) by I.M.Pei. "Ziggurat" 55 Broadway, London (1929) by Charles Revivalist architecture: James Renwick (1818-95) - Neo-Gothic architect. Henry Hobson Richardson (1838-86) - Neo-Romanesque designer. New York School of Skyscraper Architecture (1900-30) Steel-frame high-rise architecture was pioneered in the 19th century by American architects in New York and Chicago: two cities which were experiencing rapid development but whose available space was limited. With the fall in the price of steel - a major construction material for high-rise structures - building upwards suddenly became much more economically attractive. During the first three decades of the 20th century, New York took the lead with a number of cutting-edge skyscrapers. Famous New York Skyscrapers - Park Row Building NYC, (1899–1901) by Robert - Daily News Building NYC, (1929) by Howells & Hood. Henderson Robertson. - Chanin Building NYC, (1929) by Sloan & Robertson. - Flat-iron Building NYC, (1902) by Daniel H. Burnham - Lincoln Building NYC, (1930) by J.E. Carpenter & & Company. Associates. - Philadelphia City Hall (1908) by John McArthur, - Bank of Manhattan Trust Building NYC, (1930) by Thomas U.Walter. Craig Severance. - Singer Building NYC, (1908) by Ernest Flagg. - Chrysler Building NYC, (1931) by William Van Alen. - Metropolitan Tower NYC, (1909) by Napoleon Le - Rockefeller Center NYC, (1940) by Hofmeister, Hood, Brun & Sons. Godley, Fouilhoux. - Woolworth Building NYC, (1913) by Cass Gilbert. - Empire State Building NYC, (1929) by Shreve, Lamb & Harmon. Early Modernist Architecture (1900-30) "Modernist architecture", the first real example of 20th century architecture, was designed for "modern man". It was relatively, if not wholly, devoid of historical associations, and made full use of the latest building techniques and materials, including iron, steel, glass and concrete. Functionality was a key aspect of the modernist style. The format was later fully realized in the United States: see, for instance, Henry Ford's assembly plant at Rouge River, south of Detroit - then the largest manufacturing plant in the world. History of Architecture 2_1stSemester_24-25_BSAr2A&B_JGDGrulla_uap 9 Sorsogon State University History of Architecture 2 College of Engineering and Architecture B.S. Architecture 2 Famous Early Modernist Architects Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959) Eliel Saarinen (1873-1950) Designed Robie House, Chicago (1910); Fallingwater, Designed Helsinki Train Station (1904-14). Bear Run, PA (1937). Walter Gropius (1883-1969) Peter Behrens (1868-1940) Designed Fagus Factory, Alfeld-an-der-Leine (1911). Built the AEG Turbine Factory, Berlin (1909). Le Corbusier (1887-1965) (Charles-Edouard Adolf Loos (1870-1933) Jeanneret) Designed Steiner House, Vienna (1910); Moller House, Designed Villa Savoye (1931); Unite d'Habitation, Vienna (1928). Marseille (1952). Expressionist Architecture (1910-25) This architectural style emerged in Germany and the Low Countries. Expressionist architects rebelled against the functionalist industrial-style structures of modernist architecture, preferring more sinuous or highly articulated forms. These included curves, spirals and non-symmetrical elements, as well as structures in which the expressive values of certain materials are emphasized. A contemporary example of expressionist architecture is the Sydney Opera House (1973), designed by Jorn Utzon (1918-2008). Famous Expressionist Architects Rudolf Steiner (1861-1925) Michel de Klerk (1884-1923) Famous for his Goetheanum, Dornach (1914). Co-designed the Scheepvaarthuis, Amsterdam (1918). Hans Poelzig (1869-1936) Johannes Friedrich (Fritz) Hoger (1887-1949) Designed Grosses Schauspielhaus, Berlin (1919). Designed Chilehaus, Hamburg (1921-4). Max Berg (1870-1947) Erich Mendelsohn (1887-1953) Designer of the Centenary Hall, Beslau-Scheitnig Designer of Einstein Tower, Potsdam (1924). (1913). Bruno Taut (1880-1938) Designed the Glass Pavilion (1914) at the Cologne Deutsche Werkbund Exposition. De Stijl Avant-Garde Architecture (1917-1930) One of the European avant-garde art groups that had a significant influence on the development of modernist architecture, was the Dutch-based group known as De Stijl, founded in Leiden in 1917 by Theo van Doesburg (1883- 1931), its active members included the abstract painter Piet Mondrian (1872-1944), as well as a number of architects, designers, painters and sculptors. Influenced by Concrete art and Cubism, as well as radical left-wing politics, its main objective was to establish a compositional methodology applicable to both fine and decorative art. De Stijl designs are characterized by austere geometrical shapes, right-angles, and primary colours. Famous De Stijl Architects Robert van 't Hoff (1887-1979) Preoccupied during his De Stijl period with Communist politics and designs for prefabricated mass housing, worked out in collaboration with the Utrecht architect P.J.C.Klaarhamer (1874-1954). Gerrit Rietveld (1888-1964) His most famous designs included his Rietveld Schroder House, Utrecht (1924), now a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and his Red and Blue Chair (1917). J.J.P. Oud (1890–1963) Highly influential, the Municipal Housing Architect for Rotterdam, JJP Oud was a key participant in the influential modernist Weissenhof Estate Exhibition (1927). Social Housing Architecture (1918-30) One response to the European post-war housing crisis in the 1920s was a series of minimal cost social housing projects developed in several major urban centres. On the Continent, these took the form of large-scale apartment blocks. History of Architecture 2_1stSemester_24-25_BSAr2A&B_JGDGrulla_uap 10 Sorsogon State University History of Architecture 2 College of Engineering and Architecture B.S. Architecture 2 Famous Examples of Social Housing Eigen Haard Estate, Amsterdam (1920) designed by Michel de Klerk (1884-1923). Works Housing Estate, Hoek van Holland (1924) designed by JPP Oud (1890–1963). Britz Horseshoe Estate, Berlin (1925-33) designed by Bruno Taut (1880-1938). Pessac Housing Estate, Bordeaux (1926) designed by Le Corbusier (1887-1965). Bruchfeldstrasse Estate, Frankfurt am Main (1927) designed by Ernst May (1886-1970). Weissenhofsiedlung, Stuttgart (1927) designed by Mies van der Rohe. Siemensstadt, Berlin (1929) designed by Hans Scharoun (1893-1972) and others. Karl Marx Hof, Vienna (1930) designed by Karl Ehn (1884–1957). Bauhaus Design School (1919-1933) The Bauhaus design school was a hugely influential centre of inter-war modernist architecture. Its design ethos was propagated by several key members of its teaching staff who emigrated to the United States during the 1930s. Combining ideas from Russian Constructivism movement, the Dutch De Stijl group, and the American architect Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959), as well as an attitude to crafts modelled on the Arts & Crafts movement and the Deutscher Werkbund, Bauhaus design - with its clean lines and deliberate absence of ornamentation - eventually developed into the International Style of modern architecture, and later spread to the United States, where it was developed by Walter Gropius, Mies van der Rohe, and other European emigrants like Richard Neutra. Bauhaus Style Architects Walter Gropius (1883-1969) Hannes Meyer (1889-1954) Designed Bauhaus Complex, Desau (1925); MetLife Swiss Marxist Professor of architecture, later director, Building, NYC (1963). at the Bauhaus. Laszlo Moholy-Nagy Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (1886-1969) Taught the Bauhaus's vorkurs; director of New Succeeded Meyer as director of the Bauhaus in 1930. Bauhaus (1937-8), Chicago. Art Deco Architecture (1925-1940) Art Deco was influenced by a combination of sources, including the geometrics of Cubism, the "movement" of Futurism, as well as elements of ancient art, such as Pre-Columbian and Egyptian art. Its architecture was also inspired by the ziggurat designs of Mesopotamian art. Art Deco, like Art Nouveau, embraced all types of art, but unlike its predecessor, it was purely decorative, with no theoretical or political agenda. Art Deco Buildings - Chanin Building, NYC (1927-9) by Sloan and - Entrance Foyer, Strand Palace Hotel (1930) by Oliver Robertson. Bernhard. - McGraw-Hill Building, NYC (1929-30) by Raymond - El Dorado Apartment Building, NYC (1931) by Emery Hood. Roth (1871-1948). - Empire State Building, NYC (1929-31) by Shreve, - Entrance Plaza to Rockefeller Center, NYC (1932-9) Lamb and Harmon. by various - Chrysler Building, NYC (1930) by William van Alen (1883-1954). Totalitarian Architecture (1933-60) Architectural design under dictators like Adolf Hitler, Joseph Stalin and Chairman Mao was designed to awe their political subjects and impress foreign vistors. Buildings therefore had to be conceived and built on a gargantuan scale, and often incorporated elements of Greek architecture. Above all, Totalitarian architecture embodied the fantasies and megalomania of the political leader. Examples of Totalitarian Architectural Design City University, Rome (1935) by Marcello Piacentini. Moscow State University (1953) designed by Lev Olympic Stadium, Berlin (1934-6) by Werner March. Vladimirovich Rudnev. New Reich Chancellery, Berlin (1938-9) by Albert Great Speer - see Nazi art (1933-45). Hall of the People, Beijing (1959) by Zhang Bo. History of Architecture 2_1stSemester_24-25_BSAr2A&B_JGDGrulla_uap 11 Sorsogon State University History of Architecture 2 College of Engineering and Architecture B.S. Architecture 2 INTERNATIONAL STYLE (1940-70) The International Style first appeared in Germany, Holland and France, during the 1920s, before being introduced into American architecture in the 1930s, where it became the dominant fashion during the major post-war urban development phase (1955-1970). Predominantly used for "corporate office blocks" - despite the efforts of Richard Neutra, William Lescaze, Edward Durrell Stone and others, to apply it to residential buildings - it was ideal for skyscraper architecture, because of its sleek "modern" look, and use of steel and glass. The International style was championed by American designers like Philip Johnson (1906-2005) and, in particular, by the Second Chicago School of Architecture, led by the dynamic emigrant ex-Bauhaus architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (1886-1969). Famous International Style Buildings - Lake Shore Drive Apartments, Chicago (1948-51) by Mies van der Rohe. - The Graduate Center, Harvard University (1950) by Walter Gropius. - Seagram Building, New York (1954-58) by Mies van der Rohe and Philip Johnson. - Inland Steel Building, Chicago (1957) by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill. High-Tech Architecture (1970 onwards) Rooted in the avant-garde structures of the 19th century, like the Eiffel Tower and Cystal Palace, hi-tech architecture is based on the expressive qualities of cutting-edge technologies and materials. As demonstrated by James Stirling (1926- 92) - see his glass structure of the Engineering Faculty, Leceister University (1959-63) - traditional construction methods (like brickwork) are abandoned in favour of new materials and techniques, such as steel, light metal panels, glass, and plastic derivatives. New building shapes are determined by the shape of the components used. An important exhibition which affirmed this new approach was Expo 67, held in Montreal. Hi-tech architecture is symbolized by the Pompidou Centre in Paris, designed by Renzo Piano and Richard Rogers in collaboration with engineers Ove Arup & Partners. Famous High-Tech Buildings USA Pavilion (Expo 67, Montreal) by Buckminster Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank, Hong Kong (1979-86) Fuller. by Foster & Partners. Olympiapark, Munich (1968-72) by Gunter Behnisch Channel Tunnel Waterloo Terminal, London (1993) and Frei Otto. by Nicholas Grimshaw Pompidou Centre, Paris (1971-78) by Renzo Piano Kansai Airport Terminal, Osaka (1994) by Renzo and Richard Rogers. Piano. Lloyds of London (1978-86) by Richard Rogers. Allianz Arena, Munich (2005) by Herzog & de Meuron. Deconstructivism (1980-200) An iconic style of three-dimensional postmodernist art, opposed to the ordered rationality of modern design, Deconstructivism emerged in the 1980s, notably in Los Angeles California, but also in Europe. Characterized by non- rectilinear shapes which distort the geometry of the structure, the finished appearance of deconstructivist buildings is typically unpredictable and even shocking. These unusual shapes have been facilitated by the use of design software developed from the aerospace industry. The exhibition which first introduced this new approach to the public was the Deconstructivist Architecture exhibition, curated by Philip Johnson and Mark Wigley, and held at the Museum of Modern Art, New York, in 1988. the most famous deconstructivist designer in America is probably Frank O. Gehry (b.1929); in Europe the top architects are probably Daniel Libeskind (b.1946), and the firm Coop Himmelblau, founded by Wolf Prix, Helmut Swiczinsky and Michael Holzer. Famous Examples of Deconstructivism - Walt Disney Concert Hall, Los Angeles (1988-2003) by - UFA-Kristall Filmpalast, Dresden (1998) by Coop Frank O Gehry. Himmelblau. - Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao (1991-97) by Frank O - Seattle Central Library, Seattle (2004) by "Rem" Gehry. Koolhaas. - Multiplex Cinema, Dresden (1993-8) by Coop - Imperial War Museum North, Manchester (2002) by Himmelblau. Daniel Libeskind. - Nationale Nederlanden Building, Prague (1992-97) by - Royal Ontario Museum (extension), Toronto (2007) Frank O Gehry. by Daniel Libeskind. History of Architecture 2_1stSemester_24-25_BSAr2A&B_JGDGrulla_uap 12  Sorsogon State University History of Architecture 2 College of Engineering and Architecture B.S. Architecture 2 Blobitecture (1990s) A style of postmodernist architecture characterized by organic, rounded, bulging shapes, Blobitecture (aka blobism or blobismus) was first christened by William Safire in the New York Times in 2002 (although architect Greg Lynn used the term "blob architecture" in 1995) the style first appeared in the early 1990s. Developed by postmodernist artists on both sides of the Atlantic, the construction of blobitecture's non-geometric structures is heavily dependent on the use of CATID software (Computer Aided Three-dimensional Interactive Application). Famous Examples of Blobitecture Water Pavilion (1993–1997) by Lars Spuybroek and Kas Oosterhuis. Experience Music Project, Seattle (1999-2000) by Frank O Gehry. Kunsthaus, Graz (2003) by Peter Cook and Colin Fournier. Bus Station at Spaarne Hospital (2003) by NIO Architecten. The Sage Gateshead (2004) by Norman Foster. Philological Library, Free University, Berlin (2005) by Norman Foster. Late 20th-Century Supertall Towers Structural techniques developed by US architects like Fazlur Khan (1929-82) of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, have led to the construction of a new generation of supertall buildings or 'towers'. These new tubular designs, which have also significantly reduced the amount of steel required in skyscrapers, have enabled architects to break free from the regular "box-like" design. With modern towers now regularly exceeding 100 storeys, the biggest limitation on upward growth remains safety and the lack of emergency evacuation procedures. Tallest Towers Built in the 20th-Century (1) Petronas Towers, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (1998) (7) Empire State Building, NYC (1931) (381m/ 1,250 (452m/ 1,483 feet) feet) (2) Willis Tower, Chicago (1973) (442m/ 1,450 feet) (8) Tuntex Sky Tower, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (1997) (3) Jin Mao Tower, Shanghai (1999) (421m/ 1,380 feet) (378m/ 1,240 feet) (4) One World Trade Center, NYC (1974) (destroyed) (9) Central Plaza Hong Kong (1992) (374m/ 1,227 feet) (417m/ 1,368 feet) (10) Bank of China Tower, Hong Kong (1990) (367m/ (5) CITIC Plaza, Guangzhou (1997) (391m/ 1,283 feet) 1,205 feet) (6) Shun Hing Square, Shenzhen (1996) 384m/ 1,260 feet) INTERNATIONAL STYLE - Kaley Overstreet, March 07, 2023 Villa Tugendhat When people describe the modernist movement as a whole, they broadly reference the steel and glass skyscrapers which dot many of our cities’ skylines, or more specifically, the International Style that once emerged from Europe after World War I. The International Style represented technological and industrial progress and a renaissance of social constructs that would forever influence the way that we think about the use of space across all scales. Often designed as politically charged buildings seeking to make a statement towards totalitarian governments, many architects who influenced the style moved to the United States after World War II, paving the way for some of the most iconic buildings and skyscrapers to be built in the 20th century. The International Style first emerged from an interest in building advancements and warehouse typologies in the early 1900s. These spaces demanded large, airy rooms that could allow for a variety of programs and required minimal interior and exterior ornamentation to signify their use. One of the famous architects who pioneered this style was Peter Behrens, who designed large turbine factories in Germany. Le Corbusier, who was one of his students and proteges in Behren’s practice, was inspired by these industrial structures and basic geometric forms. Corbusier became known for his geometric art and initially, his set of Domino Houses which illustrated how structural columns could make way for large, open floor plans. He History of Architecture 2_1stSemester_24-25_BSAr2A&B_JGDGrulla_uap 13 Sorsogon State University History of Architecture 2 College of Engineering and Architecture B.S. Architecture 2 would later further develop these ideas into his “Five Points of Architecture” manifesto, which were Piloti, Green Roof, Free Facade, Free Plan, and the Horizontal Window. Corbusier was also interested in the development of automobiles and industrialization, arguing during the design of Villa Savoye that “the house is a machine for living in.” Corbusier, and other architects of this time, saw the opportunities and efficiencies that industrial materials provided and sought to be a part of Europe’s much-needed reconstruction. The Glass House The pinnacle of the International Style in Europe came with the development of the Weissenhofseidlung, an exposition in Stuttgart, Germany. Organized by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, the event featured 21 different examples of working-class apartment buildings designed by 17 renowned architects. A majority of the projects were significantly over budget, and unaffordable for the people they intended to serve, but the event widely promoted the International Style, and heavily influenced its movement to the United States. After the war, many of the founders of the International Style designed buildings at prominent American Universities, including Harvard, MIT, and IIT. They also began to teach and disseminate ideals of the style, at a time when economic growth was at its peak. Many architects, including Mies, were able to quickly leave their iconic marks on major cities, with projects like the Seagram Building in New York, and the Farnsworth House in Illinois. The International Style became preferred in the United States as large, sleek, glass and steel structures were able to be constructed efficiently and cheaply using mass-production and fabrication methods. But as with all architectural styles over time, different ideas began to emerge, and designers began to create ways to provoke different emotional reactions and seek out new variations. Much of the International Style began to feel like much of the same and easily repeated, especially in taller buildings. In the 60s, architects started to turn away from glass towers, opting to flip Mies’ famous line of “less is more” into “less is a bore.” Widely, large buildings constructed in the International Style failed to accomplish what they sought to do- making the lives of people better and enhancing social and economic opportunities. Willis Tower. Image Courtesy of SOM In the present day, the International Style’s influences and gestures can still be found, especially with the revitalization of new skyscraper construction in extremely dense cities across the world. Many designs today are returning to a more formal and industrialized aesthetic, often becoming synonymous with modern architecture, and still attempting a “one-size-fits-all” approach to the world’s most pressing problems. MODERNISM Chandan Gupta https://www.slideshare.net/ChandanGu pta209/ Modernism in architecture is characterized by its emphasis on form over ornament; appreciation of materials and structure instead of idyllic revival constructions; and the adroit, methodical use of space. Modern architecture, or modernist architecture, was based upon new and innovative technologies of construction, particularly the use of glass, steel and reinforced concrete; the idea that form should follow function (functionalism); an embrace of minimalism; and a rejection of ornament. It emerged in the first half of the 20th century and became dominant after world war II until the 1980s, when it was gradually replaced as the principal style for institutional and corporate buildings by postmodern architecture. Several different styles of modern architecture in the United States developed between 1930 and 1970 such as the International, Expressionist, Brutalist, New Formalist, and Googie movements. The roots of modern architecture can be traced to the 1893 Chicago World’s Fair, which was composed entirely of cutting-edge buildings and cemented the United States’ role as a world leader in art, architecture, and technology. One of the many young architects inspired by the 1893 Chicago World’s Fair was Frank Lloyd Wright, the leading force in shaping modern American architecture in the 20th century. The Bauhaus was a German school of architecture, sculpture, painting, design, and craft, led by Walter Gropius, in operation from 1919 to 1933 that brought the modern movement to international prominence. Fallingwater: American Modernism: Frank Lloyd Wright. The Kaufmann House Known As , Mill Run, Pa, 1939. Bauhaus: European Modernism: Walter Gropius. Exterior Of The Bauhaus, Dessau, Saxony- Anhalt, Germany, 1925-1926. History of Architecture 2_1stSemester_24-25_BSAr2A&B_JGDGrulla_uap 14 Sorsogon State University History of Architecture 2 College of Engineering and Architecture B.S. Architecture 2 Lever House: International Style: Gordon Bunshaft, Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, Lever House, Manhattan, New York, 1952. Opera House: Expressionist: Jørn Utzon, Sydney Opera House, Sydney, Australia, Designed 1957, Completed 1973 Whitney Museum Of American Art: Brutalist: Marcel Breuer, Whitney Museum Of American Art, Manhattan, New York, 1966. United States Embassy, New Delhi: New Formalist: Edward Durrell Stone, United States Embassy, New Delhi, India, 1959- 1960. TWA Flight Center: Googie: Eero Saarinen, Twa Flight Center, Queens, New York, 1962. 3 Modern Characteristics: 1. Clean Lines Lacking Ornament 2. Emphasis On Low, Horizontal Massing With Horizontal Planes And Broad Roof Overhangs 3. Generous Use Of Glass To Allow Natural Light Into Open, Flowing Floorplans Few more common features of modern architecture Emphasis on well-defined, rectangular forms Use of modern materials and systems like steel columns, exposed concrete block, stained concrete floors, column-free spaces, and radiant heating systems Innovative use of traditional materials like wood, brick, and stone in simplified ways that showcase their natural features and are installed in large smooth planes A thoughtful relationship between the site and the building where interior space is planned to best compliment the surrounding natural environment EARLY MODERNISM IN EUROPE (1900–1914) The Glasgow School of Art (1896–99) designed by Charles Rennie MacIntosh, had a facade dominated by large vertical bays of windows. The Art Nouveau style was launched in the 1890s by Victor Horta in Belgium and Hector Guimard in France; it introduced new styles of decoration, based on vegetal and floral forms. In Barcelona, Antonio Gaudi conceived architecture as a form of sculpture; the facade of the Casa Battlo in Barcelona (1904– 1907) had no straight lines; it was encrusted with colorful mosaics of stone and ceramic tiles At the end of the 19th century, a few architects began to challenge the traditional Beaux Arts and Revolution of Materials Used: Architects also began to experiment with new materials and techniques, which gave them greater freedom to create new forms. In 1903–1904 in Paris Auguste Perret and Henri Sauvage began to use reinforced concrete, previously only used for industrial structures, to build apartment buildings. Reinforced concrete, which could be molded into any shape, and which could create enormous spaces without the need of supporting pillars, replaced stone and brick as the primary material for modernist architects. The first concrete apartment buildings by Perret and Sauvage were covered with ceramic tiles, but in 1905 Perret built the first concrete parking garage on 51 rue de Ponthieu in Paris; here the concrete was left bare, and the space between the concrete was filled with glass windows. Austrian Postal Savings Bank In Vienna By Otto Wagner (1904–1906) Stepped Concrete Apartment Building In Paris By Henri Sauvage (1912–1914) History of Architecture 2_1stSemester_24-25_BSAr2A&B_JGDGrulla_uap 15 Sorsogon State University History of Architecture 2 College of Engineering and Architecture B.S. Architecture 2 The Fagus Factory In Alfeld By Walter Gropius And Adolf Meyer (1911–13) The Glass Pavilion In Cologne By German Architect Bruno Taut (1914) Early American Modernism (1890–1914) Frank Lloyd Wright was a highly original and independent American architect who refused to be categorized in any one architectural movement; like Le Corbusier and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, he had no formal architectural training. In 1887–93 he worked in the Chicago office of Louis Sullivan, who pioneered the first tall steel-frame office buildings in Chicago, and who famously stated "form follows function".Wright set out to break all the traditional rules. He was particularly famous for his Prairie Houses, including the Winslow House in River Forest, Illinois (1893–94); Arthur Heurtley House (1902) and Robie House (1909); sprawling, geometric residences without decoration, with strong horizontal lines which seemed to grow out of the earth, and which echoed the wide flat spaces of the American prairie. His Larkin Building (1904–1906) in Buffalo, New York, Unity Temple (1905) in Oak Park, Illinois and Unity Temple had highly original forms and no connection with historical precedents. William H. Winslow House, Illinois (1893–94) And The Robie House, Chicago (1909) By Frank Lloyd Wright. Larkin Administration Building, Buffalo, New York (1904–1906) And Interior Of Unity Temple, Oak Park, Illinois (1905–1908) By Frank Lloyd Wright Early Skyscrapers At the end of the 19th century, the first skyscrapers began to appear in the United States. They were a response to the shortage of land and high cost of real estate in the center of the fast- growing American cities, and the availability of new technologies, including fireproof steel frames and improvements in the safety elevator invented by Elisha Otis in 1852. The first steel-framed "skyscraper", The Home Insurance Building in Chicago, was ten stories high. It was designed by William Le Baron Jenney in 1883, and was briefly the tallest building in the world. Louis Sullivan built another monumental new structure, the Carson, Pirie, Scott and Company Building, in the heart of Chicago in 1904–06. While these buildings were revolutionary in their steel frames and height, their decoration was borrowed from Neo- Renaissance, Neo-Gothic and Beaux-Arts architecture. The Woolworth Building, designed by Cass Gilbert, was completed in 1912, and was the tallest building in the world until the completion of the Chrysler Building in 1929. The structure was purely modern, but its exterior was decorated with Neo- Gothic ornament, complete with decorative buttresses, arches and spires, which caused it be nicknamed the "Cathedral of Commerce." The Flatiron Building in New York City (1903) Prudential (Guaranty) Building by Louis Sullivan in Buffalo, New York (1896) The Carson, Pirie, Scott and Company Building in Chicago by Louis Sullivan (1904– 1906) Home Insurance Building in Chicago by William Le Baron Jenney (1883) The Woolworth Building and the New York skyline in 1913. It was modern on the inside but neo-Gothic on the outside. The neo-Gothic crown of the Woolworth Building by Cass Gilbert (1912) IV. CONTEMPORARY STYLE Often, types of architecture are classified into movements, which are linked to specific historical periods. In contrast, contemporary architecture is not a movement or school of thought – it does not adhere to a particular style or set of standards. Rather, it includes many stylistic choices and features that reflect the values and opinions of the 21st century. Furthermore, it actively aims to break away from the past, and incorporates changes and improvements to older architecture. History of Architecture 2_1stSemester_24-25_BSAr2A&B_JGDGrulla_uap 16 Sorsogon State University History of Architecture 2 College of Engineering and Architecture B.S. Architecture 2 Whether modern residential architecture or hospitality design, contemporary architecture is not defined by any single style. Rather, it is unified in its goal to be innovative and unconventional. Contemporary building design changes the way we interact with the environments in which we work, play and live in. Examples of contemporary design include the New Museum of Contemporary Art in New York City, the Heydar Aliyev Center in Baku, the Shard in London, the Sydney Opera House in Sydney, and the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto. History of Contemporary Architecture Style While there is debate as to the dates, contemporary architectural style is generally considered to have originated in the 20th century’s second half. It is distinguished from the modernist architecture of the early 20th century. After World War II, international cooperation grew rapidly. This had a notable impact on all forms of art around the world. Hence, contemporary architecture style is marked by transcontinentalism, an endeavour to create structures that are integral to their environments, and a sense of “placelessness”. Features of Contemporary Architecture 1. Open Floor Plans Open floor plans create a sense of unity between spaces in a structure. They allow more natural light and give the appearance of a larger space. Furthermore, their flexibility means that your space can transform into anything you want. 2. Geometric Simplicity Contemporary architecture, including contemporary homes, often have a clean, non-fussy aesthetic. Exterior details, molding and decorative trim tend to be sparse, but unique materials can be used. The simplicity helps to cultivate a luxurious, tranquil atmosphere. Visual monotony can be broken with curved facades 3. Unconventional Materials By its nature, contemporary architecture is inventive and unexpected. Hence, it often features unconventional building materials. For example, it may use concrete, metal, or exposed brick in a residential or domestic space. This minimalism can add warmth or coolness depending on how it is done and how the space is furnished. 4. Harmony with Nature Large glass walls, overhanging roofs, clerestory windows, large windows and skylights all help to create a sense of harmony and unity between structures and their environment. The light and openness also gives the impression of being more connected with nature. 5. Bright, Airy Interiors Multiple openings, panoramic views, larger windows, and uncommon positioning make full use of natural light. This is not just for lighting purposes, but also passive solar heating. The direction of the sunset and sunrise might influence placement of solar panels and how external spaces are used for recreational purposes. 6. Flat Roofs Flat, overhanging roofs are not just a visual choice, but also serve a function. They provide shade while protecting a building from the elements. Furthermore, overhanging roofs extend the architecture into the surrounding environment, creating a more cohesive look. 7. Environmental Considerations Sustainable design architecture has become increasingly popular, and is here to stay. It aims to use materials and processes that minimize damage to our natural environment. For example, one may use reclaimed wood, metal or concrete. There is also a focus on HVAC systems, which take up a lot of energy. Energy-efficient design may include passive solar design, cool roofs (that is, reflective or light-colored material on the surface), solar panels, double glazed windows, and sustainable landscaping. A fascinating material manufacturers use is green concrete. Concrete is in itself somewhat environment-friendly since it can be recycled. Green concrete is made from various different materials, often waste materials such as plastic or glass. One eco-friendly materials in concrete may include silica fume, wood ash, and fly ash. https://www.bluentcad.com/blog/contemporary-architecture-features History of Architecture 2_1stSemester_24-25_BSAr2A&B_JGDGrulla_uap 17