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University of Santo Tomas

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UCSP Reviewer understanding culture society politics social interaction social institutions

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This document is a reviewer for Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics (UCSP), focusing on topics including Social Interaction and Social Institutions.

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UNDERSTANDING LESSON 1: HOW SOCIETY IS ORGANIZED CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS 01 SOCIAL INTERACTION FINAL EXAMINATION Refers to how people respond to one Term 1: 2nd Quarter...

UNDERSTANDING LESSON 1: HOW SOCIETY IS ORGANIZED CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS 01 SOCIAL INTERACTION FINAL EXAMINATION Refers to how people respond to one Term 1: 2nd Quarter another. ⓒ Academics, Secretariat, and It can take place anywhere and it Pool-of-Staff Committee involves formal patterns as well. A two-way process. TOPIC OVERVIEW ways in which people respond to one another (face-to-face, telephone, 1. HOW SOCIETY IS ORGANIZED computers, etc.) Social Interaction Types of Social Interaction Blumer (Schaefer, 2007) The Elements of Social Structures - “human beings interpret or define 2. SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS each other’s actions instead of Kinship merely reacting to each other” Types of Kinship response to someone’s behavior Forms of Marriage Courtship - attached meaning we put into Family the action Family Structures Based on Form - meaning comes from our Family Classifications experiences Sociological Perspectives on the Family 1.1 REALITY IS SHAPED BY… Variations in Family Life and Intimate Relationships perceptions Patterns and Trends: Marriage and evaluations Family 3. DEVIANCE Definitions Theories of Deviance Berger and Luckmann, 1996 from Agents of Socialization Schaefer, 2007 Social Control Explaining Deviance - reality is socially constructed - The way society is organized into which is a product of social predictable relationships and social practices. interaction. repeated social interactions form 02 ELEMENTS OF SOCIAL STRUCTURE relationships (social) established position 1.2 Types of Social Interaction ways in which society is organized into predictable relationships Cooperation - Collaborative efforts to achieve a Status (Social Status) common goal. - full range of socially defined - Ex. PETA Groupings positions within a large group of Conflict society - Direct struggle between individuals or groups over common goals. 2.1 Types of Social Status - Often due to disagreements or differences Competition 1. Ascribed Status - One or more individuals in opposing - assigned by society without interactions towards attaining a similar regard for the person’s unique goal. talents/characteristics - Ex. Olympics, Quiz bees 2. Achieved Status Coercion - attained largely through one’s - People are forced to behave in a own effort particular way. - Social control is exercised here. Social Roles - Ex. Compelling people to comply with - set of expectations for people laws by instilling penalties who occupy a given social Exchange position/status - A voluntary action performed in the expectation of getting a reward in return. 2.2 Consequences of Social Roles - Ex. “Utang na loob” Conformity - Behavior that matches group 1. Role Conflict expectations - incompatible expectations arise - Fitting in with what is around us. from two or more social positions Social Structure 2. Role Strain - - - difficulty that occurs when the same 01 KINSHIP social position imposes conflicting demands and expectations 3. Role Exit CONCEPT/DEFINITION - describes the process of disengagement from a role that relations formed between members of - is central to one’s self-identity in order to society developed through blood or establish a new role and identity consanguineal relationships, marriage Groups (Social Groups) or affinal relationships, adoption and - any number of people with other culturally accepted rituals. similar norms, values, and (Contreras). expectations who interact with one another on a regular basis Social Networks 02 TYPES OF KINSHIP - series of social relationships that links directly a person to others, Kinship by Blood (Consanguineal) and through them indirectly to - Blood affinity or by birth. still more people Social Institutions 2.1 PRINCIPLES OF DESCENT - organized patterns of beliefs and behaviors centered on basic social needs Patrilineal form of Descent Social Aggregates are - Males and females belong to the kin many people with no group of their father (agnatic norms, no interaction, no succession). Here, males pass on their beliefs last names to their children. Matrilineal form of Descent - Relation in terms of tracing their descent LESSON 2: SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS through the same woman ancestor. SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS Kinship by Rituals - Baptism, confirmation, and marriage. A group of social positions that are - “Compadrazgo” meaning connected by social relations. godparenthood or sponsorship. Suki Relationships - Two people who agree to be regular customers and suppliers. Patron-Client Bond - A part of - Only one partner for life. prescribed patterns of appropriate SERIAL MONOGAMY - Several spouses in behavior. different times of one’s life. (If their Friendship - A circle of social alliances. partner dies, they may find another.) Kinship by Marriage Polygamy - Socially sanctioned sexual and - Having two or more partners at the economic union between men and same time. women. (Howard and Hattis, 1992) POLYGANY - A man having 2 or more wives. 2.2 POLYANDRY - A woman having 2 or ASPECTS OF MATE SELECTION more husbands. Endogamy POLYAMORY - A married couple open to - Requires a person to marry someone dating other people. from their locality, race, class, and religion. 04 COURTSHIP Exogamy - Mate selection outside certain A period wherein a couple would get to groups, usually family or certain kins know each other before formally or other categories. (Incest is entering a relationship or eventually frowned upon by society). getting married. As time passes, courtship is approached 2.3 THEORIES ON MATE SELECTION differently. Context is important. Homogamy - Tendencies to select a mate with 05 FAMILY personal characteristics similar to one’s own. “Like marries like.” Is the basic unit of any society. Heterogamy - Tendencies to select a mate different from one’s own. “Opposites attract.” 5.1 FUNCTIONS OF FAMILY 03 FORMS OF MARRIAGE Reproduction of the race and rearing the young Monogamy Cultural transmission or Enculturation - their children from their previous Socialization of the child marriage/s. Providing affection and a sense of Security 07 FAMILY CLASSIFICATION Providing the environment for personality development and the On the basis of lineage (Kinship personal of self concept Pattern) “to whom are we related?” Providing social status Patrilineal Family - tracing kinship through the male line. 06 FAMILY STRUCTURES BASED ON FORM Matrilineal Family - tracing kinship through the female line. Nuclear Family Bilateral Descent - both sides of the - Consists of two generations of family family are considered to be equally (parents and their children) residing in important. the same household. Extended Family On the basis of authority “who rules?” - “Three generation family.” Patriarchal Family - The father is the - The household consists of grandparents, head. children, and grandchildren. Matriarchal Family - Authority is held by Transnational Family the mother. - Families who live apart but create and Egalitarian Family - Both parents are retain a sense of collective welfare and equal unity even across national borders. On the basis of residence “where do we “Familyhood.” (Bryceson and Vuorela, live?” 2002) Patrilocal - Married couple lives with or Separated Families near the husband’s family. - Husband and wife separated with each Matrilocal - Married couple lives with or other hence, residing in two different near the wife’s family. households. Neo-Local - A couple sets up a home Single Parent Family separate from either side of their - One parent and child/children residing in families. the same household. On the basis of affiliation (Sociology in Reconstituted Family (Blended Family) our times (Kendall, 2017)) - A family where one or both parents have been married previously and they bring Family of Orientation - A person is born - Interest in family as social institutions because “family is the focus of and early socialization takes place. women’s work” Family of Procreation - A family that a - Urge social scientists and agencies to person forms by having or adopting consider single parents, lesbians, and children. single women. 08 SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON THE FAMILY 09 VARIATIONS IN FAMILY LIFE AND INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS Functionalist View A family in society serves as.. Upper class Reproduction - Emphasis is on the lineage and Protection maintenance of family position. Socialization Lower Class Regulation of sexual behavior - Doesn’t worry too much about Affection and companionship “family name.” More on survival and Provision of social status oftentimes children assume adult Conflict View responsibilities - including - In a wide range of societies, where parenthood and marriage. husbands exercise power and authority within the family (Domestic abuse.) - View the family as an economic unit that 9.1 RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIFFERENCES contributes to social injustice as it transfers power, property, and privilege Native American families draw on from one generation to the next. family ties to lessen many hardships Inheriting the privilege or the unfortunate they face social and economic status. Machismo - Sense of virility, personal Interactionist View worth, and pride in one’s maleness - Interested in how individuals interact Familism - Pride in Extended Family with each other, whether they are Muslim marriage is governed by a cohabiting partners or longtime married complex set of social rules. couples, conducted studies on the parent-child relationship. 9.2 INFLUENCES ON FAMILY STRUCTURE Feminist View Industrialization 10 PATTERNS AND TRENDS: MARRIAGE - According to Talcott Parsons, the AND FAMILY industrialization era brought with its increased geographical and social Parenthood and Grandparenthood mobility, resulting in the breakdown Adoption of the extended family to the privatized Dual Income Families nuclear family. Single-Parent Families Divorce Stepfamilies - Many families broke up so the Divorce or Annulment Government provides financial Cohabitation assistance to single parents. Remaining Single - Single parent families were formed as Marriage without children well as reconstituted ones. Same-Sex Marriage Class Low Income - tend to have a higher divorce rate due to financial conflicts LESSON 4: DEVIANCE Lower class families - are usually a matrifocal or single parent and tend to violation or non-conformity of social contribute to the financial and social norms instability of the society. Middle class families - tend to have less deviance is relative from one place to kids than lower class ones, although another, from one group to another, and there is more financial stability. from one time to another Higher class families - have an deviant behavior in one place is average of one or two children, thus acceptable in another making higher-class families nuclear ones. 01 THEORIES ON DEVIANCE State Benefits - State granting benefits to pregnant Social Perspective teenagers and single mothers. Symbolic Interactionism Theory - 4Ps - provides cash grants to the - sense of self changes over time poorest of the poor to improve health, - as individuals interact, they nutrition, and the education of children create and modify their sense of aged 0-18 years self - self is a distinct identity that sets - behaviors, sounds, and gestures one apart from others (symbols are very essential in this - individuals learn to interpret the stage) symbols and meanings attached - play stage is when children to their actions and behaviors as develop skills in communicating they interact and socialize through symbols, they become themselves into society more aware of social The Looking-Glass Self relationships - Charles Horton-Cooley - child “plays at” a role (1864–1929) - role-taking stage is the process - self is a social product of mentally assuming another’s - reflective process based on an perspective to respond from that individual’s interpretation of the imagined viewpoint reaction of others - game stage is when the child is - process of about 8-9 and no longer plays self-identity/self-concept has 3 the role but begins considering stages: how we present ourselves several tasks and relationships to others, how others evaluate us, simultaneously we develop feelings about - generalized other refers to the ourselves depending on their attitudes, viewpoints, and impressions of us expectations of society as a - individuals can develop incorrect whole that a child takes into perceptions of how others see account in their behavior them because self, for Cooley, - self has two components: “Me” results from our “imagination” of and “I” how others view us - “I” refers to the spontaneous, Emergence of Self unpredictable, impulsive, and - George Herbert Mead (1863–1931) largely unorganized aspect of the - identified 3 stages: preparatory or self imitation stage, play stage, game - “Me” is the part of the self that stage has learned society’s standards - preparatory stage is when child - through interaction and is under 3 yrs old and prepares role-taking for role-taking by observing - it also controls the “I” and its others and imitating their desires - significant others refer to those - ego is the realistic part that most important individuals in the mediates between the desires of development of the self Id and superego Impression Management - superego operates as the moral - Erving Goffman (1922–1982) conscience - refers to altering the presentation - through social interaction, of the self individuals learn about society’s - Goffman compared social expectations and select the interaction to theater behavior most appropriate to - dramaturgy/dramaturgical their culture approach as people resemble Cognitive Theory of Development performers in action (people are - Jean Piaget (1896–1980) conscious of the audience and - newborns have no self in the whether they are on the sense of looking-glass image frontstage or backstage - identified 4 stages in the - facework is the effort people development of an individual’s make to maintain the proper thought processes: sensorimotor image that helps avoid public stage, preoperational stage, embarrassment concrete operational stage, formal operational stage Psychological Perspectives - sensorimotor stage is when Psychoanalytic Theory young children use their senses - Sigmund Freud (1856–1936) to make discoveries - one part seeks limitless pleasure - preoperational stage is when and the other favors rational children start to use words and behavior symbols to distinguish objects - identified 3 parts of the human and ideas psyche—Id, ego, superego - concrete operational stage is - Id is the primitive and instinctual when children start to think part of the mind that contains logically sexual and aggressive drives and - formal operational stage is when hidden memories adolescents become capable of sophisticated abstract thought and deal with ideas and values - more logically 1.1 - young people often enjoy similar AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION status - peers can be the source of Family harassment and support, - most important agent of resulting in an individual’s unique socialization in the country personality - lifelong learning process begins Mass Media and Technology shortly after birth - heavily influence individuals’ - family members are the first sense of self through socialization social environment - TV and the internet are critical in - family orients newborns with their the socialization of children (TV senses programs and internet sources - deals with the cultural can introduce young people to expectations regarding gender unfamiliar lifestyles and cultures roles Workplace - plays a critical role in guiding - fundamental aspect of children into those gender roles socialization deemed appropriate in a group - as an individual ends his journey or society in formal schooling, they will be School introduced to the reality of - explicit mandate to socialize employment people according to the values - occupational socialization and norms of its culture continues throughout one’s - (functionalism) schools fulfill the lifetime occupation function of teaching children the State and Organized Religion values and customs of the larger - impacted the life course by society reinstituting some of the rites of - (conflict) schools can reinforce passage the divisive aspects of society as - family members have served as schools foster competition the primary caregivers in our through the system of reward culture, but in the 20th century, and punishment the family’s protective function Peer Group was steadily transferred to - individuals experience a sense of equality firsthand - - outside agencies such as functionalist perspective - deviance is a common part of hospitals, mental health clinics, human existence and childcare centers (positive/negative consequences for social stability) 1.2 SOCIAL CONTROL - helps define the limits of proper behavior - Emile Durkheim introduced the social control are the techniques and term anomie/state of strategies for preventing deviant normlessness (loss of direction behavior in any society felt in society when social control 2 important levels of social control: of one’s behavior is ineffective) conformity and obedience by Stanley Strain Theory - Robert Merton adapted Milgram Durkheim’s concept of anomie to conformity going along with peers explain why people reject/accept (people of the same status) without the goals of society authority to direct an individual’s behavior obedience is defined as compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure 2 types of social control: informal social Interactionist Perspective control and formal social control - Edwin Sutherland informal social control - people acquire their definition of - when someone violates a proper and improper behavior folkway, society applies informal through interactions with a social sanctions such as ridicule, primary group and significant smiling, or raising an eyebrow others formal social control - differential association to - last resort in ensuring conformity describe how exposure to and obedience attitudes favorable to criminal - authorized agents carry this out acts leads to rule violations (police officers, employers, school - 2 associations that result in administrators, etc.) individuals learning to engage in crimes: association with others 1.3 EXPLAINING DEVIANCE who share criminal values and - attempts to explain why certain - commit crimes and social people are viewed as deviant, learning also result in the delinquents, bad kids, losers, and reinforcement of criminal criminals while behavior - others whose behaviors are not - cultural transmission seen in such harsh terms emphasizing that people learn Conflict Theory criminal behavior through social - Richard Quinney (1980) interactions - criminal justice system serves the Broken Windows Theory interests of the powerful - Philip Zimbardo (1969) - pointing out that people with popularized by George Kellling power protect their interests and and James Wilson in 1982 define deviance to suit their - unoccupied car experiment needs - the experiment shows that crime - explains that criminal law does can occur in any neighborhood not represent a consistent when “no one cue” is sent out application of societal values but - Zimbardo believes that increases instead reflects competing in crime and deviance can be values and interests attributed to the absence or - argue that lawmaking is often an breakdown of communal attempt by the powerful to relationships and social coerce others into their morality institutions - social disorganization (Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay, 1942) explained that poverty is not the cause of crime but is correlated with other factors, such as high residential mobility and heterogeneity Labeling Theory - Howard Becker (1963) - emphasizing how a person comes to be labeled as deviant or to accept that label

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