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Understanding Culture, Society, and - one’s identity is formed through our Politics interaction with others and in relation to social, cultural, and political contexts....

Understanding Culture, Society, and - one’s identity is formed through our Politics interaction with others and in relation to social, cultural, and political contexts. How does Society influence individuals? Culture Social Groups and Norms - refers to the complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, - The social groups that an individual morals, laws, customs, and any other belongs to also affect one’s creation capabilities and habits acquired by man and maintenance of identity as social as a member of the society. groups and their members practice a. Values specific norms. - Abstract ideas about the good, the right, - Tell me who your friends are and I’ll tell the desirable you who you are - Core Values (Makatao, Makakalikasan, Cultural and Sociopolitical Changes/ Maka-Diyos, Makabansa), Phenomena Pagmamano b. Norms - Events that happened in history have - social rules and guidelines; determine been continuously shaping the society, the appropriate behavior in specific and the individuals on it. situations - Globalization of Pop culture, The rise of - Pagtawag sa mga taong ‘di kakilala ng Social Media Activism “ate” at “kuya” i. Folkways History - Norms of little moral significance - National Political Events - Not following the haircut policy - Local Events ii. Mores - The EDSA People Power Revolution - are moral norms thus have the element of right and wrong Exercise of Power - Having 2 or more wives - The individual’s ability to exercise Society power (the ability to make others do what you would have them do) - product of human processes intended manifests in their identity and vice to meet basic needs for survival. versa. - constituting a fairly large number of people who are living in the same Agent of Change territory, are relatively independent of - Individuals are members of societies people outside their area, and who continue and sustain its existence, participate in a common culture. the individual is recognized as an agent Politics of social change who has the power (agency) to shape the society or even - process and a behavior within form a new one. government or other institution involving authority and power. Social and Cultural Backgrounds - Man is by nature a political animal – Subjects Aristotle, Politics - People in society Lesson 1: Shaping my identity - social actors or agents who have the Social-Constructionist view capacity to understand and reshape their world Human Cultural Variation  - refers to the differences in social practices of others – a characteristic behaviors that different cultures exhibit that is essential to a highly globalized around the world. What may be world that we live in considered good etiquette in one 1. Religion culture may be considered bad - Religare, Latin, to bind together etiquette in another - System of beliefs and practices as well - Japan: Bowing is a common way of as systems of actions directed toward greeting someone, with the depth and entities which are above men. duration of the bow indicating the level - Organized system of ideas about the of respect. spiritual sphere or the Supernatural. - United States: A firm handshake is a - Monotheistic; belief in the existence of standard greeting, often accompanied only one God by direct eye contact. - Polytheistics; belief in and worship of - India: People often greet each other by multiple gods saying "Namaste" with their palms - Animistic; objects, places, and pressed together in front of their chest, creatures all possess a distinct spiritual symbolizing respect. essence. 2. Ethnicity Cultural Variation - it is the expression of the set of cultural - the variation in human conditions ideas held by a distinct ethnics or promotes diversity and plurality in indigenous group. cultural traditions. This could lead to: 3. Nationality i. Discrimination - it is the legal relationship that binds a - involves treating someone unfairly or person and a country. It allows the state unequally based on certain to protect and have jurisdiction over a characteristics, such as race, gender, person. age, religion, or socioeconomic status. Social Differences ii. Ostracism - the act of excluding or ignoring - differences among the individuals on someone from a group or society. the basis of social characteristics and - Social Ostracism in Schools: A qualities. student might be ostracized by peers Gender for being different, such as dressing differently, having a different accent, or - refers to the roles, behaviors, activities, holding unpopular opinions, leading to attributes, and opportunities that any social isolation. society considers appropriate for girls and boys, and women and men (WHO, Ethnocentrism 2020). - perspective that promotes an - learned and perpetuated through: individual’s culture as the most efficient family, education, religion and is an and superior; hence, the individual who acquired identity and because it is exhibits ethnocentrism feels that his or socialized, it may be variable through her culture is the most appropriate as time and across cultures. compared with other cultures. - One’s sense of self as masculine or feminine Cultural Relativism - Personality characteristics - which promotes the perspective that Sex cultures must be understood in the context of their locality. - It is biological - using this perspective makes you - It refers to a person based on their tolerant of the differing attitudes and anatomy  - Bodies i. Political parties ii. Religion Gender Roles - Refers to the attitudes and behaviors that the society expects a person to Lesson 2: Observations About Social, exhibit based on his/her sex. Political, And Cultural Behavior, Phenomena, And Change Socio-economic Status - government surveys take into account the factors enumerated earlier such as Cultural Behavior and Phenomena income and value of assets. - Bandwagon effect - Filipino often describe their social class - a cultural behavior is that event when in personalized contexts. certain individuals behave a certain - mahirap, medyo mayaman, sakto lang, way merely because another person do mayaman, as well. Educational Need - Cultural phenomena happen when something or someone gains - Categorizations of exceptionality widespread popularity. (Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder - It is not the subject that is the cultural Ontario Network of Expertise (2020)) phenomena but rather the process of 1. Behavioral becoming famous a. ADHD 2. Communicative Popularity (fanbase) a. Autism - the state of being liked, admired, or b. Deaf and Hard of Hearing supported by many people. Formation c. Language Impairment of fanbases is a clear manifestation of d. Learning Disability popularity. For instance, singers, i. Dyslexia actors, athletes and bands have their - person’s ability to read and interpret group of fans. words, letters, and other symbols ii. dysgraphia Social Media Buzz - affects a person's ability to write. This includes difficulties with handwriting, - Facebook, twitter (x), and Instagram spelling, and organizing thoughts on are social networking sites where many paper. people are members and interact with iii. Dyscalculia other members through information, - person's ability to understand and work picture, music, and video sharing. with numbers. Cultural Change 3. Intellectual a. Giftedness - The term that deals with the evolution of b. Mild Intellectual Disability cultural component (tangible; c. Developmental Disability nahahawakan and intangible; hindi 4. Physical nahahawakan). a. Physical Disability - Modification of a society through b. High and Low Vision innovation, invention, discovery, or contact with other invention, discovery, Political Identity or contact with other societies. - refers to the set of attitudes and Sources of Cultural Change practices that an individual adheres to in relation to the political systems and A. Discovery. actors within his or her society.  - It is a new perception of an aspect of Marriage reality that already exists. - It is the legal and formal union of man B. Invention. and a woman as partners in a - It is the combination or new use of relationship. existing knowledge to produce something that did not exist before. Social Change C. Diffusion. - It is the spreading of cultural traits from - refers to an alteration in the social order group to another group. of a society. It may include changes in D. Acculturation. nature, social institutions, social - It is cultural modification of an behaviors, or social relations. individual, group, or people by adapting - Occurs as human populations adapt to to or borrowing traits from another their dynamic surroundings. culture. - Factors that trigger social change E. Assimilation. include technology and globalization - It is the process of combination of two - Herclitus: no society can be cultures into one culture with successfully prevent change, not even comprising cultural traits. those that try to do so. (Robertson, 1987:507) Social Behavior and Phenomena Cultural Lag - Social behavior and phenomena are broad and complicated sociological - Social change is generally universal but concepts. varied in time and space. - These involve every event between at - Gerhard and Lenski (1987) believed least two individuals and include all that the society’s rate of social change knowledge and experiences a person typically increases as technology acquires in the entirety of his or her advances lifetime Current Observation on Social Social Phenomena Phenomenon, Behavior and Changes - the individual, external, and social The Covid-19 Pandemic constructions that influence a person’s - International and domestic tourism life and development. - Business Operations & Unemployment Food Taboo - Inflation - To help the unemployed, immediate - The act of prohibiting the consumption cash transfers and income support of certain food and drinks. Some food schemes are necessary (Subsidy) may be prohibited during certain religious beliefs and periods (Lent, Texting, Internet, Online Learning Ramadan) at certain stages of life - Technology; is central to information (pregnancy, sickness) or to certain dissemination and education. classes of people (priest, infants). RA 10639: Free Mobile Disaster Alerts Act - requiring all local telecommunications Istambay firms to send free mobile alerts in the - A Filipino term for ‘standby’. event of natural and man-made - This refers to a person who has nothing disasters and calamities. to do, or who is lazy, or someone who nternet played a major role in education as does not make use of his time in both public and private schools adopt online productive and sensible activities. learning. However, were faced with challenges: difficulty adjusting to learning - The study of society, culture and politics style, having to perform responsibilities at based on social and political philosophy home, and poor communication. (Scott 2006, p.9; retrieved from Lanuza and Raymundo), offer multitudes of Political Behavior and Phenomena disciplines with different perspectives - Include events through which authority, about people and society -- three key governance, and public opinion are put disciplines for UCSP: anthropology, into practice. sociology, and political science. - A political behavior may be influenced Anthropology by their political views, ideology, and levels of political participation. - Suspending judgement through cultural - Political phenomena is not limited to relativism public office as this include how - appreciating cultural differences institutions like school church, and - becoming more aware of our place in companies are being ran and governed nature and who we are - understanding of diversities and Political Change similarities among human beings - It is the change in political patterns and - participating in groups behavior and values of individuals as - understanding individuals' reactions well as political institutions that hold within society overtime power and control in the society - cross-cultural understanding LOCAL PUBLIC SERVICES, YOUTH Sociology VOUNTERISM - Empathy through Sociological - LGU’s were compelled to act swiftly. Imagination (It refers to the ability to see They accelerated offering local public the relationship between individual services – from free check-ups and experiences and larger social forces. mass testing to mobile markets, from Essentially, it involves understanding free public shuttles to free how personal challenges, choices, and laptops/tablets for students behaviors are influenced by broader societal structures, historical contexts, POLITICAL DYNASTIES, ELECTIONS, AND and cultural norms.) CHARTER CHANGE - questioning aspects and perspectives - Political dynasties dominate the on social conflicts country’s political system. - coming up with solutions to societal - Election are domain of goons, guns, problems through sociological inquiry and gold. - studying historical events that affect - Charter Change – lifting of term limits society and people and impose 5-year terms without limits- - examining different points of view a pro-dynasty scheme that go against Political Science the 1987 constitution which requires Congress to pass an Anti-Dynasty Law - Understanding the exercise and to weaken the hold of dynasties of manifestations of power Philippine politics. - engaging with social and political problems - acquiring and analyzing relevant data Lesson 3: Anthropology, Political Science, to develop logical solutions and Sociology - evaluating different perspectives from different cultures and states objectively Social Sciences - tracing historical processes that involved the exercise of power  - comparing policies and outputs of a. Racial History – the study of the governments nature of races b. Paleontology – the origin of man Anthropology c. Human Genetics – the study of - “Anthropos” (Greek) – human being various ways of inheritance that - “Logos” (Greek) – to study takes place in man - The study of people throughout the ARCHAEOLOGY world, their evolutionary history, how they behave, adapt to different - The study of human past through its environments, communicate and material remains to understand the socialize with one another. technical, social, and political - Is the systematic study of humanity, organization of those systems and the with the goal of understanding our larger culture evolutionary process that evolutionary origins, our distinctiveness stand behind them. as a species, and the great diversity in Pioneers of Anthropology our forms of social existence across the world and through time. 1. Edward Tylor - A field of study that is subdivided into - In his works Primitive Culture and three subfields: sociocultural, Anthropology, he defined the context biological, and archaeology of the scientific study of anthropology, based on the evolutionary theories of Charles Lyell. SOCIAL AND CULTURAL - He believed that there was a functional ANTHROPOLOGY basis for the development of society - Sociocultural anthropologist interpret and religion, which he determined was the content of particular cultures, universal. explain variation among cultures, and 2. Franz Boas study processes of cultural change and - Pioneer of modern anthropology social transformation. - “Father of Modern Anthropology” a. Ethnology – involves the - “Father of American Anthropology”. systematic comparison of different - He applied the scientific method to the cultures study of human cultures and societies; b. Linguistics – seeks to understand previously this discipline was based on the processes of human the formulation of grand theories communications, verbal and non- around anecdotal knowledge verbal, variation in language across SOCIOLOGY time and space, the social uses of language, and the relationship - “Socius” (Latin) – “society in between language and culture interaction” - “Logos” (Greek) – to study BIOLOGICAL/PHYSICAL - A discipline dealing with the ANTHROPOLOGY interpretation and explanation of social - Biological anthropologists study a action, defined as action involving variety of aspects of human orientation to the actions of one or more evolutionary biology. They examine the other actors (International biological and social factors that have Encyclopedia of the Social and affected the evolutions of humans and Behavioral Science, 2001) other primates, and that generate, AUGUSTE COMTE maintain or change contemporary genetic and physiological variation. - Father of Sociology  - Coined the term “sociology”; “social - Societies that adapt to their physics” surroundings and can compete will - It aims to discover social laws that survive those that do not will meet govern the development of societies. difficulties and perish 3 STAGES OF SOCIETAL - He compared society to a living DEVELOPMENT organism with interdependent parts that 1. Theological stage contributes to the survival and stability - natural phenomena are product of of society. If one malfunctions, the divine or supernatural powers others must help to preserve the society - In ancient times, people believed that by adjusting and filling the gap. thunderstorms were the result of gods POLITICAL SCIENCE expressing their anger. For instance, in Greek mythology, Zeus was considered - The scientific study of politics and the god of the sky and thunder. power from domestic, international, and Thunderstorms were seen as his way of comparative perspectives. showing displeasure or punishing - The study of politics, its institution and humans. processes 2. Metaphysics stage - It covers matters relating to the - people started to think that certain allocation of power, the roles and phenomena are partially caused by systems of governance, political rational factors. behavior and public policies - During the Enlightenment period, - Valuable for citizenships and political philosophers and thinkers began to action, and future careers in argue that natural disasters, like government earthquakes, were caused by natural laws or forces, rather than direct acts of Power God. They might have explained - Ability to influence others earthquakes as a result of "natural - It gives the authority to lead. balance" or "the will of nature," which is a move toward rationality but still Order somewhat abstract and speculative. - Attained through obedience on the rules set by leaders. 3. Positive stage Justice - people adopted a fully scientific - Is felt on society with order. approach to look at the world - - In modern times, scientists explain thunderstorms using meteorology. They Unit II: Tracing Human Evolution and describe how thunderstorms occur due sociocultural and Political Transformation to specific atmospheric conditions, such as the presence of warm, moist air rising and cooling, leading to the SOCIETY formation of clouds and the release of - A group of people sharing a common energy in the form of lightning and culture. thunder. This explanation is based on scientific evidence and can be tested CULTURE and observed. - refers to the complex whole which HERBERT SPENCER encompasses knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, laws, norms, artifacts, - coined the term “Survival of the symbols and everything that a person Fittest”  learns or shares as a member of the - are rules and expectations by which a society (Tylor,1920) society guides the behavior of its - The term “culture” originally evoked members. the notion of cultivatio, a Latin word Mores which evokes inherently developmental notions such as - are norms that are widely observed and growth, maturation and progress. have great moral significance. - (eg: Wedding as a religious sacrament RA No. 7356 “Law Creating the NCCA” that is highly regarded by Filipinos) - Culture – a manifestation of the Taboo freedom of belief and of expression and is human right to be accorded - is a strict prohibition of behavior that is due respect and allowed to flourish. strongly held by a society. - Relates culture to “national identity” - (eg: Filipinos are prohibited to take as it reflects and shapes values, home food from the wake of a dead beliefs, aspirations, thereby defining person) a people’s national identity. Folkways MATERIAL CULTURE - norms for routine or casual interaction. - Centuries-old roman catholic - (eg: Pagmamano po) churches, mosques, ancient porcelain or clay pottery, paintings, jeepneys, videoke, books, religious Different Kinds of Culture statues or secular monument Dominant Culture/Mainstream Culture NON-MATERIAL CULTURE - refers to the established language, - Religious faith, fatalism, bayanihan, religion, values, rituals, and social love for music and singing, respect customs which are often the norm for for the elderly society as a whole. Components of Culture Subculture Symbol - refers to a smaller group of people - anything that carries a particular who share their own norms, customs, meaning recognized by people who values, etc. within the dominant culture share a culture. of the society. Culture Shock Counterculture - inability to “read” the meaning of - refers to a subculture whose values and symbols in strange surroundings. norms of behavior differ substantially from those of mainstream society. It is Language often in opposition to mainstream cultural norms - is a system of symbols that allows people to communicate with one “High'' Culture another. - refers to cultural patterns or behaviors Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis that distinguish a society’s elite. - holds that people see and Popular Culture understand the world through the cultural lens of language. - refers to cultural patterns that are widespread among society’s population NORMS  - Values are standard against which people judge their own acts and the Characteristics of Culture acts of others. 1. Culture is learned - We all have values and we make - We acquire cultural understanding judgement of others. through experience and observation ETHNOCENTRISM through the process of enculturation. 2. Culture is transmitted - The act of judging another culture from - Cultural ways are learned by persons the perspective of one’s own. from persons. Older generations - Viewing other culture as inferior – there handed down cultural behaviors; is an absolute truth younger generations also handed up CHAUVANISM behaviors to the elders. 3. Culture is symbolic - The sense of superiority that ethnic or - It provides meaning to every human national groups have of themselves expression be it in words or deeds, with relative to others (Ibelema, 2021). both verbal and nonverbal symbols whose meanings are formed accepted Two sides of ethnocentrism by societies. Positive - It includes: - A. Language - It contributes to social solidarity and - B. Object with Meaning social order. It binds groups and creates - C. Events with Significance a certain degree of commitment 4. Culture is shared Negative - It is rooted in and is transmitted in/by/through groups/societies. - It discourages innovation and change - While culture is shared, it may also be as well as the solution of social contested – subject to interpretation. problems. various - It encourages narrow-mindedness and - Eg. being nationalistic/ Makabayan an unwillingness to recognize many 5. Culture is dynamic, flexible, and human differences for what they are. adaptive - It often encourages and justifies - Any given culture may borrow or adopt inhumanity. Justifying killings, stealing, positive elements from other cultures, and persecution. and it can also change or transform to Cultural Relativism adapt to changing times. - Not all adaptation is good, and not al - All perspectives are equally valid cultural practices are adaptive. - “Truth” on the individual’s or one’s 6. Culture is integrated culture definition of what truth is. - It relies on social patterns or symbols Biological Evolution that are embedded in societies. - This is known as holism, or various - Lengthy process of change by which parts interconnected. being people originated from ape-like - Culture is also expressed in terms of ancestors. core values that most people accepts, 4 Major Steps of Human Evolution appreciates, and cultivates. 1. EVOLVING TERRESTRIALITY - ability to live in the ground in contrast to Values living in trees or seas - Joel Charon “Ten Questions: A 2. BIPEDALISM Sociological Perspective” - moving from one place to another using - “My papa is better than your papa” one’s feet or two limbs 3. A LARGE BRAIN 1. Out of Africa Hypothesis - encephalization - Homo sapiens evolved from Africa, 4. DEVELOPMENT OF CIVILIZATION then left the continent 50,000-100,000 years ago and replaced native Major Steps (Tuttle et al., 2020) populations in other parts of the world 1. Bipedalism and changing habitats 2. Multiregional Hypothesis (through Pliocene) - Homo sapiens evolved independently 2. Use of tools and hands and increasing all over the world from their respective brain size (Pliocene and Pleistocene) native populations, and that there was 3. Developing language, culture, and some gene flow between these lifeways (Pleistocene) independent population that prevented the speciation from occurring Species and their Defining Features Homo Heidelbergensis 1. Homo Habilis – Handy Man - Earliest known species in the human - Has an average height of 1.8m and lineage. possessed a broad nose and face, a - Eastern part of Africa large cranial volume, as well as some - Named by Richard Leakey in 1964, the plesiomorphic dental features. term habilis means ‘being handy’. - Human alike in terms of body - Associated with butchered animal proportions, dental adaptations, and bones and simple stone tools cognitive ability - First species that possessed a brain - An active big-game hunter, produced which is enlarged and is being closely sophisticated Levallois style tools. associated to the ability of using stones - Had learned to control fire for tool-making. - After Homo erectus - Lifestyle largely involved hunting Homo Neanderthalensis 2. Homo Erectus – Upright Man - Possessed modern-human like body - Cold-adapted hominins with stout proportions with relatively elongated physiques, complex behaviors, and legs and shorter arms brains similar in size to ours - Locomotive characteristics - Found during the Middle paleolithic - Lacked the forelimb adaptations for - Possessed stone tools which included climbing and considered ecologically weapons flexible with the cognitive capacity to - Evidence of ceremonial burials (graves adapt and thrive in vastly different containing bison and auroch bones, environments. flowers and tools were buried alongside - Due to effective tools, larger body size, the bodies) were discovered – a and metabolic demands of the brain, it presence of complex belief structure is postulated that meat constituted an - Appeared to live in a tribal setting important part of the human diet. - After Homo Heidelbergensis - Classic examples: Java Man(1890s); Cultural and socio-Political Evolution China’s Peking Man (1920s); and Tabon Man (1965; Robert Fox and 1. Hunting-and-gathering Societies Otley Beyer) (12,000ya) 3. Homo Sapiens – Wise man - Small and simple societies - Increased behavior sophistication - hunter-gatherers or foragers as indicated by our large brains - Nomadic - Archaeological evidence of a - Mutually dependent on each other broader tool set and clever hunting - Humans relied on nature for techniques sustenance, hence they have fewer Two major hypotheses: possessions  - Societies were egalitarian (human - Manufacture products/commodities equality) from raw materials through machineries Horticultural and Pastoral Societies - First emerged in UK in 1750s with Horticultural Societies machine-driven factory production. - Bureaucracy become the predominant - Growing of crops using basic tools form of social and political organization - They are able to start permanent settlements and are classified as Post-industrial Societies subsistence farming and surplus - Also known as information societies or farming. digital societies - Differs greatly from agriculture - Based on the production of information - Digging stick vs. plow and services using digital technology - Garden vs. field - Wealth is generated through services Pastoral Societies rather products i.e. BPO, banks, malls, real estate, software programmers, - Raising livestock or domesticated business consultants animals raised for food and to produce - Social classes are divided by access to useful commodities such as fur and education leather - Mostly nomads Three Characteristics Associated with - Allows specialization These societies Post-Industrial Society experience more instances of 1. Focus on ideas instead of tangible inequalities and conflict due to goods as the driving force in economy disputes on grazing lands and lands 2. Need for higher education due to the for crops increased focus on information and technology 3. Shift in workplace from cities to homes Agricultural Societies as technological advances have - Growing crops in a larger number and allowed work to be conducted in places using more developed tools (i.e. plows, other than offices oxen.) Chapter III: Becoming a Member of the - A historical and civilizational milestone Society as it allowed our ancestors to settle down and build civilizations. Society - Crop rotation is practiced and irrigation - Refers to people who live in a defined system enabled the farmers to territory and share a way of life or produce better harvest and bigger culture (Macionis, 2017) surpluses of food. 3 Sociological Perspective - Human settlements grow into towns 1. Structural-Functional and cities and particularly bountiful - Society as a complex system whose regions become center of trade and parts work together to promote commerce. solidarity and stability (Macionis, - Social classes more divisive, 2017). resources are plentiful - Social structure - relatively stable Industrial Societies patterns of social behavior that are meant to meet social functions. - Due to dramatic rise in technological - SOCIAL FUNCTION - consequences invention of any social pattern for the operation of society. TYPES (ROBERT MERTON)  i. Manifest function Enculturation - intended or obvious consequences - the process by which an individual (ex. School - students to get passing learns the traditional content of a grades in order to graduate). culture and assimilates its practices and ii. Latent function values. - unintended or unrecognized consequences (ex. School - to join Social Status clubs and other extracurricular activities, which are not really - It is the position or rank a person or required). group of persons occupy in the iii. Dysfunction social system. - Those that are undesirable and have Ascribed negative effect on society. 2. Social Conflict approach - received by birth or through an - Society as an arena of inequality involuntary process between different classes based on Achieved their relationship to the means of production (Macionis, 2017). - voluntarily gained through personal - Society is composed of different social perseverance groups that struggle over scarce Master Status resources (money, land, food status, opportunities), thus creating conflict - a status has special importance for and causing changes (Macionis, social identity, often shaping a person’s 2017). entire life. Types of conflict analysis: The Concept of social Roles a. Class conflict theory - studies conflict among different social Social roles classes - are the expectations, duties, b. Gender conflict theory responsibilities, obligations, which are - studies conflict between genders associated with a given social status. c. Race-conflict theory - Every person is expected to behave, - studies conflict between racial and act and demonstrate skills, knowledge, ethnic groups and attitude that are fitting to the given 3. Symbolic Interactionism Approach status(es). - Society as the product of the everyday social interactions of individuals Role Strain (Macionis, 2017). - Experiences when too much is required - Studies how people, in everyday of a single role. interactions, construct reality (Macionis, - E.g. student role 2017). Role Conflict Enculturation or socialization - Experiences when one or more roles - Lifelong process of experiencing, are contradictory. It is the learning, imbibing and transmitting incompatibility of different roles played culture. by a single person – or difficult moral - Linked with forming identities, learning choices. norms and values, and playing a variety of social roles. Role Exit - Paves the way for his/her assumption of - disengage from social roles various roles and statuses Functions of socialization School 1. Through the process of socialization, - Schools could foster competition the group transmits its values, customs through built-in systems of reward and and beliefs from one generation to punishment another. - For functionalist, schools fulfills the 2. Socialization enables the individual to function of teaching children the values grow and develop into a socially and customs of the larger society. functioning person. - For conflict theorist, schools can 3. Socialization is a means of social reinforce the divisive aspect of society, control by which members are especially those of social class. encouraged to conform to the ways of Mass Media the group by internalizing the group’s norms and values. - The strongest and most argued indirect agent of socialization. Agents/Agencies of Socialization - It includes newspapers, magazines, - Refers to entities or institutions that play radio, internet, video games, and a role in influencing or shaping the television process of enculturation. It includes the - Confused people between the notions family, peer group, school, mass media, of ‘reality’ and ‘fiction’ workplace, religion, and government. - The internet provides a means to establish relationships without face-to- Family face contact referred to as virtual - The so-called basic social unit of friends. society exerting the greatest influence Workplace on an individual’s personality. - The fountainhead of the socialization - The interaction that happens in process. workplaces helps a person to broaden - It is through family that ‘socially his/her horizons in terms of social acceptable’ ways of thinking and acceptance and tolerance towards the behaving are imparted to a child. others. - Gender roles are also learned in the - The workplace perform its socialization family. function through onboarding. Onboarding Peer Group - The mechanism through which new - A group of people of approximately the employees acquire the necessary same age, sharing similar interests and knowledge, skills, and behaviors to probably belonging to similar become effective organizational backgrounds. members. - It enables a child to engage in - Tactics used: formal meetings, lectures, experience which s/he would otherwise videos, printed materials, or computer- never experience withing his/her family. based orientations - Things such as competition, conflict - Outcomes: higher job satisfaction, and cooperation, as well as concepts of better job performance, greater hierarchy and egalitarianism can be organizational commitment, and learned and imbibed through a peer reduction in stress group. Religion - Can be a source of harassment as well as support - A collection of cultural systems, belief systems, and worldviews that relate humanity to spirituality, and oftentimes, to moral values.  - They tend to derive morality, ethics, school administrators, employers, religious laws, or preferred lifestyle from military officers and managers their ideas about the cosmos and Mechanism of social Control human nature. - Parental religious participation is the a. Labelling theory most influential part of religious - states how members of society label socialization. others, whether they are deviant or not (Newman, 2012). After being labeled, Government members of a community or society - Sets rules and regulations which the often treat the individual negatively and people of the state need to follow, and with feelings of hate, mistrust, or fear. breach of them often becomes a moral (Cohen, 1996; Newman, 2012). wrong and a social wrong. b. Gossip - As a social agent, it has a responsibility - often practiced in small-scale of assuring social security for people. communities where people know each - According to social scientist the other personally. By gossiping or talking Philippine political environment is behind someone’s back and spreading characterized by a centralization of rumors about them, society reinforces power, more so the basic services what norms should be followed and punishes the deviants by shaming How do we socialize as member of the them. society c. Laws CONFORMITY - formal codes of conduct that are met with negative sanctions when violated - A change in a person’s (Haviland, Prins, Walrath, and Mcbride, behavior/opinions as a result of real or 2008). imagined pressure from a person or group of people. Deviance 3 Types - A violation of established contextual, 1. Compliance cultural, or social norms, whether - he hopes to achieve a favorable folkways, mores, or codified law. reaction from another person or group. - Reasons: individual heredity; group 2. Internalization heredity; Nature vs Nurture - because the content of the induced - personal deficiency; social failure. behavior is intrinsically rewarding. Classify causes 3. Identification - when he wants to establish or maintain Strain Theory a satisfying self-directing relationship to - Advanced by Robert Merton’s another person or group. - States that deviant behavior occurs Social Control when people experience strain or tension when culture imposes goals - Techniques and strategies for that individuals should achieve, but the preventing deviant behavior in society. social environment makes it hard or - It occurs in all levels of society challenging for individuals to meet such 1. INFORMAL SOCIAL CONTROL goals through a legitimate manner. - To casually enforce norms. E.g. smiles, - Richard Cloward & Lloyd Ohlin laughter, a raised eyebrow, ridicule, expanded the study by pointing out that corporal punishment, buddy system the criminal type of deviance can result 2. FORMAL SOCIAL CONTROL not only from the lack of culturally - Carried out by authorized agents such approved means to achieve success as police officers, deputized physicians,  but also from the availability of “human” where each person is valued unconventional means to do so. and respected. How people react to strains? RIGHTS a. Conformity - Are legal, social, or ethical principles of - individuals still accept cultural goals freedom or entitlement and try to achieve them through - Are the fundamental normative rules culturally approved methods. about what is allowed of people or owed b. Innovation to people individuals still accept cultural goals but - “Rights structure the form of go about in achieving it in a culturally governments, the content of laws, and disapproved way. the shape of morality as it is currently c. Ritualism perceived” – Stanford Encyclopedia of - individuals still live in society and follow Philosophy its culturally approved ways, but they no THE COMMON GOOD longer try to achieve goals. d. Retreat - “Certain general conditions that - Individuals no longer desire to achieve are…equally to everyone’s advantage” cultural goals and have abandoned the – John Rawls culturally approved ways of achieving - Sum of those conditions of social life those goals. which allow social groups and their e. Rebellion members relatively thorough and ready - individuals challenge the existing access to their own fulfillment. culturally accepted goals by coming up - E.g. accessible and affordable public with new ones and also challenge the health care system, effective system of prescribed means in achieving cultural public safety and security, peace goals. among nations of the world, a just and legal political system, unpolluted 2 forms of Deviance natural environment, flourishing Formal economic system - violates existing law e.g. crimes Informal - violate norms which are not formally covered by laws e.g. standing uncomfortably close to other Human Dignity, Rights, and the Common Good HUMAN DIGNITY - Laws and regulations – which reflect all society’s values and norms – tend to uphold human dignity and the innate rights of people. - Human worth - It refers to our fundamental rights – something that cannot be taken away. - As society is embodiment of human beings, becoming a member of society should make each one be more