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Understanding Culture Society and Politics Quarter 1 |1st Semester | 2024 Anthropology and the Study of Culture Anthropology Importance of Studying Anthropology - the study of humanity  It broadens your knowled...

Understanding Culture Society and Politics Quarter 1 |1st Semester | 2024 Anthropology and the Study of Culture Anthropology Importance of Studying Anthropology - the study of humanity  It broadens your knowledge and changes your - derived from the two Greek words “Anthropos” perspective which means man and “logos” means study  It is useful in understanding how society has - looks into the biological variation in time, evolved through time and the cultural changes space and the interplay of society and culture that have taken place there  It is relevant in tracing the transitions that Subdisciplines of Anthropology societies went through leading up to its current - it takes a broad approach to holistically state understand the various aspect of human  It helps us to deal with complexity experience  It is interesting 1. Physical or biological anthropology the study of human biological Goals of Studying Anthropology variation in time and space 1. Explore and study the various cultures of man includes genetics, growth, 2. Realize that anthropology as a discipline has a development and primatology strong commitment to issues of social justice 2. Cultural Anthropology 3. Understand the process of anthropological study of human society and culture interpretation and representation describes, analyzes, interprets and explains social and cultural similarities How do Anthropologists Understand and Study and differences Humanity? Its sub-categories are: - anthropologists compare one society to the o archeological anthropology other society which is the study of human What makes Anthropologists unique? behavior and cultural patterns - unlike other social scientists, anthropologists and processes through look beyond the confines of our own society culture’s material remains and compare it to the beliefs and practices of o linguistic anthropology other societies, past and present which is the descriptive, comparative and historical Culture study of language and of - a complex whole which encompasses beliefs, linguistic similarities and practices, values, artifacts, laws, symbols and differences in time, space and everything that a person learns and shares in society society 3. Applied Anthropology - the invisible bond which ties people coming the use of anthropological knowledge from the same society together in solving contemporary problems - our culture gives us our identity and sense of through the application of theories belongingness to our community and approaches of the discipline Deculturation - the loss of cultural beliefs and practices tied Anthropological Perspectives in Anthropology with the changing times 1. Cross-cultural or Comparative Emphasis Cultural Deffusion 2. Evolutionary/Historical Emphasis - process of accommodating desirable traits from 3. Ecological Emphasis other culture 4. Holistic Emphasis Acculturation Assimilation What’s the importance of Anthropological Amalgamation Perspectives? Enculturation - it looks at shared aspects of humanity like Colonization language, cultural connections, economics and Revolutionary Movement curiosity to find the common thread Characteristics of Culture Social behavior 1. Culture is Everything - a set of actions performed by individuals of the Culture covers all of a person’s belief same species when they interact with each systems, set of behaviors, and material other possessions Societal norms Two types: - the behaviors that are considered acceptable in o Material Culture a group or society tangible and visible parts of Theory culture like clothes, food, and - a statement or an approach that attempts to even buildings. These are explain why certain things are the way they are important because it can be used to validate existing Characteristics of Society realities 1. It comprises a complex whole o Non-Material Culture society is a complex whole because it is intangible parts of culture, a social system which consists of values, A change in one group of individuals will norms, laws, sanctions and affect the stability in the other parts of knowledge among others the whole system 2. Culture is Shared 2. It is relatively large a particular behavior cannot be People must be socially integrated to be considered as part of culture if there is considered relatively large than being only one person practicing it individually scattered 3. Culture is Learned 3. It provides means for socialization for its individual learns through his or her members family, school, church, and other social Societal norms can be shared and institutions taught to those people who come from o Diffusion – is the spread of other societies before being accepted as culture from one society to functioning members of a certain another society 4. Culture affects Biology 4. It endures, produces and restrains its members they alter their bodies to fit for generations physiological norms that are dictated For a society to survive, it must have the by their culture. ability to produce, endure and sustain 5. Culture is Adaptive its new members for generations a tool for survival that humans use in 5. The members of a society share a common response to the pressures of their culture environment. All members of society are bonded by 6. Culture is Maladaptive the same culture People when manifesting a set of 6. It occupies a definite territory cultural practices, fail to adapt to the must live in a certain specific habitat or environmental changes leads to mal- place and have a feeling of adaptation belongingness and sense of purpose 7. Culture Changes Culture is never static Goals of Studying Sociology This dynamism of culture is due to the 1. Demonstrate an understanding of the concepts changing needs of man as they on cultural variation, social differences and interpret and survive in their social changes environment 2. Demonstrate an understanding of the significance of studying society Social Change 3. Develop a comparative perspective to explain the diversity of human societies Society 4. Describe how social structures and institutions - is a group of people living together in a definite operate territory and sharing a common culture 5. Communicate sociological concepts and its Sociology applications effectively - is a behavioral science that deals with the study of society - Derived from the two Greek terms “socius” which means group or partners and “logos” which means study Sociological Perspectives on Culture and Society Branches of the Government - it is important to follow theoretical perspectives 1. Legislative as a framework for understanding the ways on Responsible for making laws within a how people form groups country 1. Symbolic Interactionist Theory Legislatures are made up of legislators suggests that people attach meanings to elected by a country’s population symbols and they act according to their 2. Executive interpretation of these symbols Responsible for implementing the laws The premise of this theory is that the and policies adopted by the legislature process of interaction is an Often involved in the framing of policies indispensable one in any society 3. Judicial 2. Structural-Functional Theory Refers to a country’s court system Also known as functionalism Responsible for interpreting and This approach views society as a applying a country’s laws in particular complex whole with an interconnected cases system wherein every part works Invested with the power to strike laws together as a functional whole down that it deems unconstitutional 3. Social Conflict Theory Forms of Politics This theory views society as a 1. Formal Politics competition of limited resources pertains to the structured and defined o Karl Marx operation of a constitutional saw society being made up of framework’s institutions and methods individuals in different social An example of this is the public policy classes who must compete for discussion social, material and political 2. Semi-formal Politics resources such as food and includes neighborhood associations and housing, employment, and student governments where political education party exists such conflicts between individuals helps 3. Informal Politics in motivating people and societies to also known as the everyday politics evolve over time affects the everyday lives of man an example of this is how a household Political Science or office is managed and how a person impacts one another Political Science Components of Politics - the branch of social science that deals with 1. Political Institutions systems of government, and the analysis of these comprise the state, government political activities and behavior agencies, political systems and the - most dynamic among all the disciplines of social functions of the political beings or sciences because the topics involved in its individuals within the institution framework study the basic social unit of society 2. Political Ideologies Political Ideologies refer to the set of beliefs and doctrines - these refer to the set of beliefs and doctrines that serve as the guide in the political, that serve as the guide in the political, economic economic, and social action of a state. and social action of a state Foremost examples are democracy, Political Issues monarchy, dictatorship etc. - these are governmental and societal 3. Political Parties controversies debated over time inclusive of these are groups of certain individuals divisive topics who aspire to occupy public office Government 4. Political Issues - an institution run by the state and whose these are governmental and societal responsibility is tied with delivering the needs of controversies debated over time the citizens inclusive of divisive topics such as Power abortion, taxation, foreign policy, free - the embodiment of the symbols whose trade etc. meanings influence, control, and shape the behavior of the members of society Aristotle’s Politics - he emphasized that man by nature is a political animal - This implies that man is sociable in nature and they usually come together to form political association Characteristics of Good Governance Social Change A. Participation B. Rule of Law Social Change C. Transparency - transformation of culture and social D. Responsiveness organization or structure over time E. Consensus Orientation Characteristics of Social Change F. Equity 1. It happens everywhere, but the rate of change G. Effectiveness and Efficiency varies from place to place H. Accountability Developed countries experience faster I. Strategic Vision change compared to third world Goals of Studying Political Science countries 1. Demonstrate an understanding of the concepts 2. Social change is sometimes intentional but and principles of political science often unplanned 2. Deepen your knowledge and understanding in when the airplane was invented, people the field of government and politics knew that this would increase the 3. Train students to develop critical skills speed of travel. However, it was 4. Help students to obtain practical knowledge and probably not realized how this invention insights on political issues would affect society in the future. 5. Help the students to understand why people Families are spread throughout the behave the way they do politically country, because it is easier to return Approaches in the Study of Political Science for visits. Companies are able to expand 1. Historical Approach worldwide thanks to air travel. Yet, experts make use of history to study the numerous crashes and deaths related to chronology and the historical airplanes was not predicted. development of government structures 3. Social change often generates controversy and institutions homosexual rights caused controversy history is a very important tool in involving the military, religion and understanding what shaped society society as a whole especially its government structure 4. Some changes matter more than other do 2. Behavioralist Approach Some political developments matter looks into the processes taking place in than other small-scale changes political structures in order to Types and Sources of Social Change understand how this affects the 1. Population growth functioning of the institution as a whole Increase in the number of people in a brought a new method in population or dispersed group results to understanding the contemporary social change political science 2. Urbanization 3. Structural-Functional Approach Rise and growth of cities leads to the highlights the importance of the transformation of land for residential, different structures or branches of commercial, industrial, and government and the execution of their transportation purposes functions in order to ensure the stability has important consequences for many of the political system aspects of social, political and economic 4. Political Economy Approach life Politics and economy are never entirely 3. Social movements separate phenomena triggered when people face a significant Economics involves conflict over scarce discrepancy between what they resources while politics generally expected and what actually happens involves decisions about who will pay during change and who will benefit from the 4. Cultural adaptations production and distribution of products Process and the time it takes a person and services to integrate into a new culture and feel comfortable within it Four different stages o Honeymoon o culture shock o recovery adjustment Culture Lag Ways to Promote Inclusive Sustainable Development - the phenomenon that occurs when changes in 1. Recycle material culture occur before or at a faster rate 2. Make informed choices than the changes in non-material culture 3. Grow your own garden William F. Ogburn 4. Minimize waste o described the situation in which 5. Pay your utility bills technological advancements or changes 6. Purchase energy efficient appliances in society occur faster that the changes 7. Compost kitchen waste in the rules and norms of the culture 8. Carpool or use public transportation more often that go along with those advancements or changes Cultural Relativism o he believes this leads to moral and ethical dilemmas for individuals as the Cultural Relativism new social norms are developed - this concept underscores the idea that the Theory of Maclever culture in every society should be understood o speaks of technological lag that the and regarded of its own terms culture of any society consists of a William Graham Summer pattern of interrelated elements o first to formulate this concept in his o all aspects of culture will not change at book entitled “Folkways” the same rate at the same time o he reiterated that there are no universal o change in one part of the cultural standards of right and wrong or good pattern may create strains and and bad in evaluating cultural disturbances in the other closely related phenomena parts Anthropologists Role of Individuals in Social Change o they apply the concept of cultural Sustainable Development relativity in investigating and comparing - Idea that human societies must live and meet societies without declaring one being their needs without compromising the ability of better or more preferable to the other future generations to meet their own needs Ethnocentrism Sustainable Development Goals - this concept regards that one’s own culture and - also known as Global Goals, adopted by all society is the center of everything United Nations Member States in 2015 - judges another culture solely by the values and - universal call to action to end poverty, protect standards of one’s own culture the planet and ensure that all people enjoy - major reason why division amongst members of peace and prosperity by 2030 different societies which exists because Sustainability Agendas: ethnocentric individuals regard their own o Poverty society’s set of cultural values as the only highly o Human Development respectable set of convictions. o Environment Chauvinism o Social Justice o result of an ethnocentric perspective Inclusive Development o believing that everything about a - includes marginalized people in social, political certain culture is wrong and economic process for increased human Xenocentrism well-being, social and environmental - a position that everything about the other sustainability culture is wrong, unreasonable, detestable and 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) wicked 1. No poverty - his or her culture and its goods and services are 2. Zero hunger superior to that of all other cultures and people 3. Good health and well-being Prejudice 4. Quality education - an unfair feeling of dislike for a person or group 5. Gender equality because of race, sex, religion, etc. 6. Clean water and sanitation Racism 7. Affordable and clean energy - a discriminatory behavior towards members of 8. Decent work and Economic Growth another race 9. Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure Differentiating Cultural Relativism and Ethnocentrism 10. Reduced Inequality Cultural Relativism Ethnocentrism 11. Sustainable Cities and Communities - that there are no - the practices and 12. Responsible Consumption and Production universal institutions of 13. Climate Action standards of right people from 14. Life Below Water and wrong or other societies 15. Life on Land good and bad in are regarded as 16. Peace and Justice Strong Institutions evaluating inferior, less 17. Partnership that will Achieve the Goals cultural intelligent and phenomena even vicious Mitigating Ethnocentrism 2. Values Don’t Ignore and Disrespect Other’s Culture underlies and to a large extent - don’t hinder yourself from learning different determine behavior, but they are not cultures just because of your unbent beliefs and directly observable limited understanding of the concept of 3. Fundamental Assumptions diversity and individual differences deepest level Appreciate and Accept Uniqueness an organization’s underlying - there should be no good or bad culture assumptions grow out of values, until - broad understanding and consideration to other they become taken for granted and culture must be put in mind drop out of awareness Apply the Concept of Cultural Relativism Artifacts - promotes the idea that a society has to be - These mark the surface of the culture in every viewed from the inside so that inner logic can organization be better explained - The visible part of the culture can be noticed by a visitor or an ‘outsider’ in the form of the Emic and Etic View of Culture and Levels of following aspects Cultural Organization Physical Artifacts o can be found through the architecture Emic and Etic Views of Culture and interior arrangements, physical space and its allocation and office Emic Etic design, decoration, manner of dressing - fully studies one - studies cross- and even mementos and trophies culture with no cultural awarded on chosen occasions (or only a differences Language secondary) cross- - must be able to o gives away culture through modes of cultural focus generate speaking, levels and types of sound, - studying human scientific theories slogans and special expressions culture focuses about the Stories and Myths on the members "causes of o sets the standard for how certain types of the culture sociocultural of situations should be handled, what being studied differences and should not be done, what happens in - uses language similarities" this organization if one acts in a and concepts - uses language particular way and so on that are and concepts Technology appropriate from drawn from o reflects and shapes the values and the native point social science (an assumptions through operations, of view etic viewpoint is materials and knowledge - considered as the often unfamiliar Visible Traditions insider approach to the native) o shows ‘our way of doing things’ - the perspective o displayed at ceremonies and rituals, of an outsider social practices, leadership practices looking in and work traditions Values Organizational Culture - values are at higher levels of consciousness and - a system of shared assumptions, values, and they reflect the members shared opinion on beliefs ‘how things should be’ - group of internal values and behaviors in an Basic Assumptions organization - an assumption is a kind of belief that is taken for - shows an individual what is appropriate and granted as a fact and so it is never challenged inappropriate behavior - pattern of basic assumptions evolved among the members of a social group and makes the Levels of Organizational Culture core of the culture in any organization - these levels may be viewed like an iceberg - the most immediately visible level at the top, while the others are generally submerged or implicit 1. Typical organizational behaviors Most observable level of culture consist of behavior patterns and outward manifestations of culture, such as perks provided to executives, dress codes, the level of technology utilized and the physical layout of work spaces Types of Assumptions that Form the Paradigm for Social/Cultural Distinction, National Symbols Every Organization and Nation’s Social/Culture Heritage 1. Assumptions about what is the ‘truth’ in physical and social matters, how reality and Social/Cultural Distinctions truth are determined, and whether truth is to - set of principles that govern the way we live and be revealed or discovered interact with others 2. Assumptions about the importance of time in a - These principles differ depending on where you group, how time is to be defined and measured are from, your background, etc. 3. Assumptions about how space is to be owned Cultural Difference and allocated, the symbolic meaning of space - involves the integrated and maintained system around persons, the role that space plays in of socially acquired values, beliefs, and rules of shaping relationships between individuals and conduct which impact the range of accepted boundaries between intimacy and privacy behaviors distinguishable from one societal 4. Basic assumptions about the intrinsic or group to another ultimate aspects of human nature, whether the Cultural Diversity human nature is fundamentally good or bad and - also known as multiculturalism whether it can be perfected - the existence of a variety of cultural groups 5. Assumptions about the organization’s within a society relationship with its environment, about the - a group of diverse individuals from different understanding of work and play, and how much cultures or societies of activity and passivity should be appropriate National Symbol 6. Assumptions about the right way for people to - a representation that manifests itself to the relate with each other, the appropriate ways to world as a national community distribute power and responsibilities, the - symbols intend to unite people by creating relative merits of cooperation vs. competition, visual, verbal, or iconic representations of the individualism or group collaboration, the basics national people, values, goals, or history of leadership – whether it should be traditional - have effects upon the community they authority, law or charisma. Appropriate ways of represent; that is, they raise collective resolving conflicts and making decisions consciousness of “who we are” and “where we are from” Cultural Practices Globally and Nationally Social/Cultural Heritage - culturally learned customs, codes, and rules of National culture behavior that are constant across generations - is inclusive of all the beliefs and values shared - an expression of the ways of living developed by by the population of a particular nation a community and passed on from generation to - includes the set of norms, behaviors, beliefs, generation customs, and values shared by the population of - expressed as either intangible or tangible a sovereign nation Heritage Global culture - set of shared experiences, norms, symbols, and Socialization ideas that unite people at the global level Elements of Culture Socialization Customs - the process of learning to behave in a way that Holidays is acceptable to society Clothing - means by which social and cultural continuity Greetings are attained Typical Rituals and Activities - learning process that begins shortly after birth. Marriage/Family Early childhood is the period of the most Government/Laws intense and the most crucial socialization Language - helps individuals develop a conscience aligned Religion with social norms and prepares them to Globalization perform various roles - an empowering entity - is a very important life process, it forms our - it interconnects the world, supports economic personality development, provides information availability People Who Play Roles Socialization: and assists in developing a global community o Family Members - the process by which people and goods move o Teachers easily across borders o Religious Leaders - an economic concept of the integration of o Peers markets, trade and investments Identity - distinguishing character or personality of an individual - socialization helps in building our identity Types of Socialization Descent 1. Primary socialization - it is a system of acknowledged social parentage occurs early in a child's life and is which varies from society to society, whereby a primarily due to the influence of family person may claim kinship ties with another and close friends Lineage through primary socialization, a child - a group of people who share a common descent learns basic societal norms and customs 2. Secondary socialization Categories of Bonds in Kinship Connections occurs throughout our lives as we Affinity encounter groups and situations that - bond by marriage were not part of our primary - a kinship relationship created or that which socialization experience exists between two people as a result of takes place in the workplace or while someone’s marriage traveling somewhere new o Husband and Wife as we learn about unfamiliar places and o Mother-in-law adapt to them, we experience o Father-in-law secondary socialization o Sister-in-law 3. Professional/Developmental Socialization Consanguinity a type of socialization which involves a - bond by blood learning process wherein the focus in - it is the quality of having descended from the on developing our social skills same ancestor dependent on the primary and o Mother anticipatory socialization o Father 4. Anticipatory socialization o Grandparents the process facilitated by social o Aunts interactions, in which non-group- o Children members learn to take on the values o Grandchildren and standards of groups that they o Uncles aspire to join o Cousins beneficial in that it lets you try out the Kinship Connections role before you commit to it, makes it Primary Kinships easier for you to transition into the new - It refers to direct relations role Two Kinds: 5. Re-Socialization o Primary Consanguineal Kinship Directly related to each other sometimes when an individual changes by birth his group and become a part of new Examples: Parents and children, group he has to abandon his old way of siblings life o Primary Affinal Kinship The process of learning a new way of Direct relationship formed as a life result of marriage Human Society Example: husband and wife Secondary Kinships - It refers to the primary kins of primary kin Human society Two Kinds: - A group of people who share a common lifestyle o Secondary Consanguineal Kinship and organization Refers to the primary - a group of people involved in persistent social consanguineal kin's primary interaction or a large social grouping having the consanguineal kin same geographical or social territory, typically Example: relationship between subject to the same political authority and grandparents and grandchildren dominant cultural expectations o Secondary Affinal Kinship Kinship refers to one's primary affinal - one of the main organizing principles of society. kin's primary kin It is one of the basic social institutions found in Examples: relationships every society between an individual and all - refers to the culturally defined relationships his/her sisters-in law, brothers- between individuals who are commonly in-law and parents-in-law thought of as having family ties - this institution establishes relationships between individuals and groups - people in all societies are bound together by various kinds of bonds Tertiary Kinships Polyandry - It refers to the primary kin of primary kins - when a woman is married to more than one primary kin or secondary kin husband at a time Two Kinds: Group Marriage o Tertiary Consanguineal Kinship - marriage that involves multiple husbands and refers to an individual's primary wives consanguineal kin (parents), Importance of Kinship in Society their primary kin (parent's 1. Kinship and its relation to family, property and parents) and their primary kin land (parent's parent's parents). the sons, grandsons and other kin who Example: relationship between are related by blood and marriage, have great grandchildren and great their economic interests in land grandparents 2. Kinship and Marriage o Tertiary Affinal Kinship the rules on marriage are applicable to refers to primary affinal kin's all the kin of the family primary kin's primary kin or 3. Rituals secondary affinal kin's primary the role and importance of the kin kin or primary affinal kin's members lies in the degree of close secondary kin relationships among them Kinship by Blood Unilineality - A system of determining descent groups in Primary and Secondary Groups which one belongs to one's father's or mother's line Primary Groups - One’s decent can be traced exclusively through - A primary group is typically a small social group these categories (small-scale society) whose members share Matrilineality close, personal enduring relationships o It is tracing of descent through the - these groups are marked by members’ concern female line for another, having shared activities and culture Patrilineality Important Roles Primary Groups Play in Developing o It is also known as the male line or Personal Identity agnatic kinship 1. A primary group a is group in which one o common kinship system in which an exchanges implicit item, such as love, caring, individual's family membership derives concern, animosity, support from and is traced through his or her 2. Relationships formed in primary groups are father's lineage often long lasting. They are also often Bilineal Descent psychologically comforting to the individuals o A system of family lineage in which the involved and provide a source of support relatives on the mother's side and Secondary Groups father's side are equally important for - people in a secondary group interact on a less emotional ties or for transfer of personal level than long lasting ones. property or wealth - established to perform functions, people’s roles Kinship by Marriage are interchangeable. Monogamy - a group you chose to be a part of - form of relationship in which an individual has Out-Group only one partner during his or her lifetime or at - also known as cladistics any one time (serial monogamy) - the group to which we do not belong to Marital Monogamy - a group of organisms that serve as a reference - refers to marriages of only two people group when determining the evolutionary Social Monogamy relationship among three or more groups of - refers to two partners living together, having sex organisms with each other and cooperating in acquiring - used as a point of comparison for the in-group basic resources In-Group Sexual Monogamy - this basically covers the groups that we belong - refers to two partners remaining sexually to, hence those that we identify with exclusive with each other and having no outside - a social group to which a person psychologically sex identifies as being a member Genetic Monogamy Reference Group - refers to sexually monogamous relationships - a group to which an individual or another group with genetic evidence of paternity is compared Polygamy - Sociologist call any group that individuals use as - It involves marriage with more than one spouse a standard for evaluating themselves and their Polygyny own behavior as a reference group - when a man is married to more than one wife at a time Social Groups and Social Institutions widens the mental horizon of the people and make them receptive to Social group new ideas - defined as two or more people who interact with one another, share similar characteristics and collectively have a sense of unity 3. Economic Institutions Social role provides basic physical sustenance of - a set of connected behaviors, rights, obligations, the society by meeting the needs for beliefs and norms as conceptualized by people food, shelter, clothing and other in a social situation necessary supply and services. Ways to Measure Cohesiveness of Members in a Group include agriculture, industry, marketing, 1. Number of friends credit and banking system, cooperatives the degree of cooperation and etc. participation of the group on various 4. Family activities depend on the number of most basic social institution in a society relatives and friends in the group and is a system of organized The more relatives and friends in a relationship involving workable and group, the greater the cohesiveness dependable ways of meeting the basic 2. Morale of the members social needs when the members have high morale in 5. Religion the group, they have confidence with the belief in the supernatural one another constitutes a set of beliefs regarding the 3. Sense of belongingness ultimate power in the universe, the loyalty to the group emerges when ideal and proper pattern of behavior, there is a sense of belongingness and ceremonial ways of expressing among the individuals in a group these beliefs the members even go to the extent of provides a foundation for the mores of protecting and defending the existence society of the group Characteristics of Social Institution Social institution o Patterns of behavior grouped around the central - an organizational system which functions to needs of human beings in a society satisfy basic social needs by providing an o Institution of family plays an important and ordered framework linking the individual to the central role larger society o Social institutions are the social patterns According to: directing human behavior in the performance of Woodward and Maxwell basic activities o An institution is a set of folkways and o Provide better chances for human survival mores into a unit which serves a o Its general functions and the roles carried out number of social functions. by their members Horton o The basic cultural values of a society are o An institution is an organized system of embodied in its institutions social relationships which embodies o The claims of the institutions upon the certain common values and procedures members are known as loyalties. and meets certain basic needs of o The institutions of a society are connected in a society cross and interdependent pattern Landis o Institutions are connected through the status o Social institutions are formal cultural and role of the members structures devised to meet basic social o In personality development institutions play a needs vital role Five Major Institutions in Sociology o Social institutions are essential for the 1. Political institutions transmission of cultural heritage administers the regulatory functions of o Cultural heritage is thus transmitted through law and order and maintains security in social interaction in an institution society o The moral values of the society are embodied in 2. Education its institution the process of socialization, which begins informally at home and then formally in educational institutions. Helps develop knowledge, skill, attitude and understanding of the people and strive to make them competent members of society Social network Family Classification Based on Residence - a social structure made up of set of social actors a. Matrilocal family such as individuals or organizations in this type of family husband goes to - Sets of dyadic ties and other social interactions live in the house of his wife between actors b. Patrilocal family Significant Functions Social Network wife goes and lives in the house of her  They help individuals develop opinions, choices husband and points of view Family Classification Based on Marriage  They serve as primary source of information on a. Monogamous family any activity and concern of the individual in which man marries one woman only  They influence the personality of the people at one time  They provide opportunities and control to one’s b. Polygamous family behavior. In some instances, they serve as in this kind of family one man marries opportunities for growth and success many women at one time  They provide individuals with an important c. Polyandrous family source of companionship in this kind of family one man marries  They provide an important opportunity for many women and lives with all of them economic transaction such as sharing of or each of them alternatively tangible and intangible resources, gift giving etc. Family Classification Based on Ancestry  They also provide rules for distributing society’s a. Matrilineal family resources Here woman is believed to be the Family ancestor of the family - a group of one or more parents and their b. Patrilineal family children living together as a unit Here the ancestry continues through Burgess and Locke the father o a group of persons united by the ties of Religion marriage, blood or adoption; - belief in super natural constituting a single household, - set of beliefs regarding the ultimate power in interacting and intercommunicating the universe, the ideal and proper pattern of with each other in their respective behavior and ceremonial ways of expressing social roles of husband and wife, these beliefs mother and father, son and daughter, brother and sister, and creating a common culture Kung nagsabi si Ma’am Ermalyn na multiple choice lang Eliott and Merrill lahat, wag kayo maniwala hahahah o defined the family as "the biological social unit composed of husband, wife Pero kaya niyo yan guys! Goodluck!!! and children" Types of Families - Ate Hannah 1. Patriarchal family family where male is the head of family inclusive of powers he is the owner and administrator of the family property and right to him all persons living in the family are subordinated 2. Matriarchal family authority vests in the woman head of the family the male is subordinated to her she is the owner of property and rules over family said to prevail among the primitive people, who led a wandering or hunting life