Health Education (1) - Liver Cirrhosis PDF

Medical Surgical Nursing Department Fundamentals of nursing (1) course - First year 2023- 2024 ‫ التثقيف الصحى الخاص بقسم الباطنة والكبد‬- Liver Cirrhosis Definition: Cirrhosis is a chronic pro...

Medical Surgical Nursing Department Fundamentals of nursing (1) course - First year 2023- 2024 ‫ التثقيف الصحى الخاص بقسم الباطنة والكبد‬- Liver Cirrhosis Definition: Cirrhosis is a chronic progressive disease of the liver characterized by extensive degeneration and destruction of the liver cells. Health education Nutrition -The patient with cirrhosis without ascites, edema, or signs of impending hepatic coma should receive a nutritious, high-protein diet, if tolerated, supplemented by vitamins of the B complex, as well as A, C, and K. -Provide diet high in carbohydrates with protein intake consistent with liver function. -. Assist patient in identifying low-sodium foods. -. Elevate the head of the bed during meals. -Provide oral hygiene before meals and pleasant environment for meals at meal time. Offer smaller, more frequent meals (6 per day). -. Encourage patient to eat meals and supplementary feedings. -. Provide attractive meals and an aesthetically pleasing setting at meal time. -. Eliminate alcohol. -. Apply an ice collar for nausea.. Encourage increased fluid intake and exercise if the patient reports constipation. - Patients with fatty stools (steatorrhea) should receive water-soluble forms of fat- soluble vitamins A, D, and E. - Folic acid and iron are prescribed to prevent anemia. - Incorporating vegetable protein to meet protein 1  Medical Surgical Nursing Department Fundamentals of nursing (1) course - First year 2023- 2024 -skin care -Assess degree of discomfort related to pruritus and edema. -Keep patients fingernails short and smooth.-. Provide frequent skin care; avoid use of soaps and alcohol-based lotions. -. Massage every 2 hours with emollients. -turn every 2 hours -. Initiate use of alternating-pressure mattress or low air loss bed. -Recommend avoiding use of harsh detergents. -Assess skin integrity every 4–8 hours.- - Restrict sodium as prescribed. - Perform range of motion exercises every 4 hours. - Elevate edematous extremities whenever possible. - Observe for hemorrhagic manifestations: ecchymosis, epistaxis, petechiae, and bleeding gums. Ambulatory and home care for patient with cirrhosis. - Supportive measures include proper diet, rest, and avoidance of potentially hepatotoxic drugs. - Avoid alcohol is important for patient’s outcome. - Teach the patient and caregiver about manifestations of complications and when to seek medical attention. - Include instructions about adequate rest periods, how to detect early signs of complications, skin care, drug therapy precautions, observation for bleeding, and protection from infection. - Instruct the patient to avoid aspirin and NSAIDs to prevent hemorrhage when esophageal or gastric varices are present. -Teach the patient to avoid activities that increase portal pressure, such as straining at stool, coughing, sneezing, and retching and vomiting. 2  Medical Surgical Nursing Department Fundamentals of nursing (1) course - First year 2023- 2024 Diabetes mellitus Definition of diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disease related to abnormal insulin production, impaired insulin utilization, or both. Heath education The educational program for diabetic patients has several roles;  Enable patients to perform the self-management aspects of their treatment teaching patients how to follow their diets, providing all the essential food constituents (eg, vitamins, minerals) necessary for optimal nutrition  Administer their medications, monitor their glucose control, exercise' recommendations, and foot care.  Maintaining a reasonable weight.  Maximize the potential for reducing complications  Improving the quality of life of people with the disease Exercise Teaching plan for the patient and caregiver: 1. Exercise does not have to be vigorous to be effective. The blood glucose–reducing effects of exercise can be attained with activity such as walking. 2. It is important to have properly fitting footwear. 3. The exercise program should be started gradually and increased slowly. 4. Exercise is best done after meals, when the blood glucose level is rising. 5. It is important to self-monitor blood glucose levels before, during, and after exercise. 6. Before exercise, if blood glucose ≤100 mg/dL, eat a 15-g carbohydrate snack. After 15 to 30 min, retest blood glucose levels. 3  Medical Surgical Nursing Department Fundamentals of nursing (1) course - First year 2023- 2024 7. Before exercise, if blood glucose ≥250 mg/dL in a person with type 1 diabetes and ketones are present, avoid vigorous activity. 8. Avoid walking in whether extremes or carrying source of glucose during exercises Teeth care  Diabetes may leave you prone to gum infections. Brush your teeth at least twice a day with a fluoride toothpaste, floss your teeth once a day and schedule dental exams at least twice a year. Call your dentist if your gums bleed or look red or swollen. Feet care High blood sugar can reduce blood flow and damage the nerves in your feet. Left untreated, cuts and blisters can lead to serious infections. Diabetes can lead to pain, tingling or loss of sensation in your feet. To prevent foot problems:  Wash your feet daily in lukewarm water. Avoid soaking your feet, as this can lead to dry skin.  Dry your feet gently, especially between the toes.  Moisturize your feet and ankles with lotion or petroleum jelly. Do not put oils or creams between your toes — the extra moisture can lead to infection.  Check your feet daily for calluses, blisters, sores, redness or swelling.  Consult your doctor if you have a sore or other foot problem that doesn't start to heal within a few days. If you have a foot ulcer — an open sore — see your doctor right away.  Don't go barefoot, indoors or outdoors. 4  Medical Surgical Nursing Department Fundamentals of nursing (1) course - First year 2023- 2024 Hypertension Hypertension, also known as high or raised blood pressure, is a condition in which the blood vessels have persistently raised pressure. Blood is carried from the heart to all parts of the body in the vessels. These lifestyle changes can help prevent and lower high blood pressure. Do:  Eat more vegetables and fruits.  Sit less.  Be more physically active, which can include walking, running, swimming, dancing or activities that build strength, like lifting weights. o Get at least 150 minutes per week of moderate-intensity aerobic activity or 75 minutes per week of vigorous aerobic activity. o Do strength building exercises 2 or more days each week.  Lose weight if you’re overweight or obese.  Take medicines as prescribed by your health care professional.  Keep appointments with your health care professional. Don’t:  eat too much salty food (try to stay under 2 grams per day)  eat foods high in saturated or trans fats  smoke or use tobacco  drink too much alcohol (1 drink daily max for women, 2 for men)  Miss or share medication. Reducing hypertension prevents heart attack, stroke and kidney damage, as well as other health problems. Reduce the risks of hypertension by:  Reducing and managing stress.  Regularly checking blood pressure.  Treating high blood pressure.  Managing other medical conditions. 5  Medical Surgical Nursing Department Fundamentals of nursing (1) course - First year 2023- 2024 Anemia Definition: Anemia is a deficiency in the number of erythrocytes (red blood cells [RBCs]), the quantity or quality of hemoglobin, and/ or the volume of packed RBCs (hematocrit). Anemia is not a specific disease. It is a manifestation of a pathologic process. Patient education regarding taking iron supplementation:  Take iron on an empty stomach (1 hour before or 2 hours after a meal, as it is best absorbed in an acidic environment).Iron absorption is reduced with food.  Iron is absorbed best from the duodenum and proximal jejunum.  Taking iron with vitamin C (citrus fruits and juices, strawberries, tomatoes, broccoli or orange juice), which contains ascorbic acid, enhances iron absorption.  Many patients have difficulty tolerating iron supplements due to gastrointestinal side effects (eg, nausea, abdominal discomfort, constipation). The following schedule may work better if more than one tablet a day is prescribed: Start with only one tablet per day for a few days, then increase to two tablets per day, then three tablets per day. This method permits the body to adjust gradually to the iron.  Eat foods high in fiber to minimize problems with constipation.  Remember that stools will become dark in color.  Liquid forms of iron supplementation may be better tolerated than solid forms, although they are more expensive and discolor the teeth. Use a straw or place the spoon at the back of the mouth to take the supplement; rinse mouth thoroughly afterward.  In cases of parenteral administration of iron, emergency medications (eg, epinephrine) should be close at hand. If no signs of allergic reaction have occurred after 30 minutes, the remaining dose of iron may be administered.  The intramuscular injection causes some local pain and can stain the skin. These side effects are minimized by using the Z-track technique for administering iron dextran deep into the gluteus muscle (buttock). Avoid rubbing the injection site after the injection. 6  Medical Surgical Nursing Department Fundamentals of nursing (1) course - First year 2023- 2024 ‫ التثقيف الصحى الخاص بالكلى والمسالك‬- Urinary tract infection Definition: A urinary tract infection (UTI): is an infection that affects any part of the urinary tract, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder or urethra. Health education Assess for signs and symptoms of urinary tract infection.  Monitor vital signs, especially temperature. To determine effectiveness of interventions.  Assess for risk factors for UTI.  Monitor laboratory as indicated: Increased WBC count is a systemic response to infection. Presence of RBCs and WBCs in the urine is associated with the inflammation process during an infection. Bacterial counts of 105 are usually considered diagnostic for UTI, although lower counts may also indicate UTI.  Encouraged increased oral fluid intake (2 to 3 liters a day if no contraindication).  Suggest drinking of cranberry juice (four to six 8 ounce glasses per day). It has been shown to reduce adherence of bacteria to the uroepithelial cells in the urinary tract.  Suggest the use of vitamin C. (500 to 100 mg/day). It will help in the acidification of the urine.  Urinating immediately after intercourse.  The type of underwear used should made of cotton.  Encouraged the patient to complete the whole duration of the antibiotic (The usual length of antibiotic therapy is 7 to 10 days), because not finishing a course of antibiotics may result to reinfection.  Avoidance of unnecessary catheterization and early removal of indwelling catheters are the most effective means for reducing HAI UTIs.  Always follow aseptic technique during these procedures. 7  Medical Surgical Nursing Department Fundamentals of nursing (1) course - First year 2023- 2024  Wash your hands before and after contact with each patient.  Wear gloves for care involving the urinary system. When a catheter has been inserted, use special measures.  Explain to the client about UTI risk factors, prevention, and treatment.  Encouraged the client to finish all prescribed antibiotics, even if symptoms resolve.  Encouraging the reporting of signs and symptoms of recurrence. One to two weeks after completing the antibiotic therapy is a common time frame for the signs and symptoms to recur.  Teach the client about the importance of preventing urinary tract infection.  Hygienic measures (showering rather than bathe in a tub). Bacteria in the bath water may enter the urethra. Urinary Stones (Urolithiasis) Definition: Urinary stones are small, solid masses that form when salts or mineral normally found in urine become solid crystals inside the kidney. In most cases the crystals are too tiny to be noticed. Risk factors for urinary tract calculi  Urinary tract infection  Urinary stasis  Periods of immobility (slows renal drainage and alters calcium metabolism).  Increased calcium concentration in blood and urine promote ]precipitation of calcium and formation of stones (about 75% of all renal stones are calcium-based)  Chronic dehydration, poor fluid intake  A family history of urinary stones. 8  Medical Surgical Nursing Department Fundamentals of nursing (1) course - First year 2023- 2024  Medications: Some medications that are known to cause stones in some patients, calcium-containing antacids, vitamin D, laxatives, and high doses of aspirin, diuretics and some antibiotics.  Excessive oxalate absorption in inflammatory bowel disease and bowel resection or ileostomy  Diet high in purines and abnormal purine metabolism (hyperuricemia and gout). Patient education Avoiding Recurrent Kidney Stones and prevention 1. A good first step to prevent the formation of any type of stone is to drink plenty of liquids, and water is best. 2. During the day, drink fluids every 1 to 2 hours and two glasses of water at bedtime and an additional glass at each nighttime awakening to prevent urine from becoming too concentrated during the night. 3. Follow prescribed diet closely: Nutritional therapy plays an important role in preventing renal stones. Avoid excesses of calcium and phosphorus; maintain a low- sodium diet (sodium restriction decreases amount of calcium absorbed in intestine). 4. Provide information about reduction of dietary high in purine intake (low protein, red meat, fish, shellfish, anchovies, asparagus, mushrooms, and organ meats) are avoided, and other proteins may be limited. 5. For oxalate stones, dilute urine is maintained and the intake of oxalate is limited. 6. Many foods contain oxalate however, only certain foods have been proved to increase the urinary excretion of oxalate significantly. These include spinach, strawberries, rhubarb, chocolate, tea, peanuts, and wheat bran. 7. Encourage a diet low in sugar and animal proteins refined carbohydrates appear to lead to hypercalciuria and urolithiasis; animal proteins increase urine excretion of calcium, uric acid, and oxalate. 9  Medical Surgical Nursing Department Fundamentals of nursing (1) course - First year 2023- 2024 8. Increase consumption of fiber inhibits calcium and oxalate absorption. 9. Teach patient to alkalinize urine by taking sodium bicarbonate tablets (Soda Mint) to increase cystine solubility; instruct patient how to test urine pH with a pH indicator. 10.Avoid dehydration; Drink larger amounts during periods of strenuous exercise, hot weather. 11.Try to avoid prolonged periods of recumbence which slows renal drainage and alters calcium metabolism. 12.Teach signs and symptoms of urinary infection and contact primary health care provider at the first sign of a UTI. 13.Some people will need medicines to prevent stones from forming. Explain importance of maintaining drug therapy consistently. 14.Save any stone passed for analysis. 15. Do frequent follow-up blood and urine tests as doctor order to determine which factors can best be altered to reduce the risk. 11  Medical Surgical Nursing Department Fundamentals of nursing (1) course - First year 2023- 2024 ‫ التثقيف الصحى الخاص بالعظام‬- Fracture Definition a fracture:- Is a disruption or break in the continuity of the structure of bone. Traumatic injuries account for the majority of fractures but some fractures are secondary to a disease process (pathologic fractures from cancer or osteoporosis). Heath education  Initiate activities to prevent or modify pain. - Assist patient with pain-reduction techniques; as cutaneous stimulation, distraction, guided imagery, and biofeedback. - Immobilize injured part. - Position patient in correct alignment. - Support splinted fracture above and below fracture when repositioning or moving patient. - Reposition patient with slow and steady motion; use additional personnel as needed. - Elevate painful extremity to diminish venous congestion. - Apply heat or cold modalities as prescribed. - Modify environment to facilitate rest and relaxation. - Encourage active and passive ankle exercises.  Use elastic stockings, foot pumps, or sequential compression devices, as prescribed.   Elevate legs to prevent stasis, avoiding pressure on blood vessels.  Encourage mobility; change position frequently; encourage ambulation.  Increase fluid intake to avoid hem concentration.  Administer anticoagulants as prescribed.  Monitor for development of thrombophlebitis. - Note complaint of pain and tenderness in calf. - Report calf pain & Report increased size and temperature of calf. Promoting Physical Mobility  Assist patient to actively exercise joints above and below the immobilized fracture at frequent intervals.  Isometric exercises of muscles covered by cast start exercise as soon as possible after cast application. Increase isometric exercises as fracture stabilizes.  Encourage patient participation in frequent position changes, maintaining support to fracture during position changes. 11  Medical Surgical Nursing Department Fundamentals of nursing (1) course - First year 2023- 2024  Minimize prolonged periods of physical inactivity, encouraging ambulation when prescribed.  Administer prescribed analgesics judiciously to decrease pain associated with movement. Preventing Disuse Syndrome  Teach and encourage isometric exercises to diminish muscle atrophy.  Encourage use of immobilized extremity within prescribed limits. Minimizing the Psychological Effects of Trauma  Monitor patient for symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder.  Memory of event; anger, helplessness, vulnerability, mood swings, depression, cognitive impairment, sleep disturbance, increased dependency, and social withdrawal  Assist patient to move through phases of posttraumatic stress.  Establish trusting therapeutic relationship with patient.  Encourage patient to express thoughts and feelings about traumatic event.  Encourage patient to participate in decision making to reestablish control and overcome feelings of helplessness.  Teach relaxation techniques to decrease anxiety.  Encourage development of adaptive responses and participation in support groups.  Refer patient to psychiatric liaison nurse or refer for psychotherapy, if needed. Community and Home Care Considerations  After removal of immobilizing device (e.g., cast, splint), have patient start isotonic exercises and continue with isometric exercises.  Assess the home for any fall hazards when patient ambulates.  Obtain patient consultation for assistance with ADLs, transferring technique, gait strengthening, and conditioning after lengthy immobilization, as needed. Patient Education and Health Maintenance  Explain basis for fracture treatment and need for patient participation in therapeutic regimen.  Promote adjustment of usual lifestyle and responsibilities to accommodate limitations imposed by fracture. 12  Medical Surgical Nursing Department Fundamentals of nursing (1) course - First year 2023- 2024  Instruct patient on exercises to strengthen upper extremity muscles if crutch walking is planned.  Instruct patient in methods of safe ambulation walker, crutches, cane.  Emphasize instructions concerning amount of weight bearing that will be permitted on fractured extremity.  Discuss prevention of recurrent fractures safety considerations, avoidance of fatigue, proper footwear.  Encourage follow-up medical supervision to monitor for union problems.  Teach symptoms needing attention, such as numbness, decreased function, increased pain, and elevated temperature.  Encourage adequate balanced diet to promote bone and soft tissue healing. 13  Medical Surgical Nursing Department Fundamentals of nursing (1) course - First year 2023- 2024 ‫التثقيف الصحى الخاص بقسم الجراحة‬ Pre and post-operative health education Health education information for patients before undergoing surgery: 1. Understanding the Surgical Procedure:  Explain the purpose and details of the surgical procedure to help alleviate anxiety and provide a clear understanding of what to expect.  Describe the expected outcomes and potential benefits of the surgery. 2. Preparing for Surgery:  Provide information about any pre-operative preparations, such as fasting requirements (NPO), restrictions on eating or drinking, and medication instructions.  Discuss the importance of following the healthcare provider's instructions regarding medications, including which ones to take or avoid before surgery. 3. Smoking Cessation:  If the patient is a smoker, emphasize the importance of quitting smoking before surgery, as it can improve healing, reduce the risk of complications, and promote overall better health. 4. Medication Management:  Instruct the patient to create a list of all current medications, including prescription drugs, over-the-counter medications, and supplements, and bring it to the attention of the healthcare team. 5. Preparing the Body:  Discuss the importance of personal hygiene, including taking a shower or bath before surgery to reduce the risk of infection.  Instruct the patient to remove any jewelry, piercings, or nail polish as directed by the healthcare team. 6. Nourishment and Hydration:  Provide guidelines on maintaining a balanced diet and adequate hydration leading up to the surgery. 14  Medical Surgical Nursing Department Fundamentals of nursing (1) course - First year 2023- 2024  Explain the importance of consuming a healthy meal the night before surgery, unless instructed otherwise.  Discuss any specific dietary restrictions, such as avoiding heavy or fatty foods, as directed by the healthcare provider. 9. Emotional Preparation:  Acknowledge and address any fears or anxieties the patient may have about the surgery.  Provide emotional support, reassurance, and resources such as counseling or support groups if needed. 10. Addressing Questions and Concerns:  Encourage patients to ask questions and seek clarification about any aspect of the surgery or the pre-operative process. Health education information for patients after undergoing surgery: 1. Wound Care:  Explain the importance of keeping the surgical incision site clean and dry.  Provide instructions on how to properly care for the incision, including cleaning techniques, dressing changes (if applicable), and signs of infection to watch for, such as increased redness, swelling, or drainage. 2. Pain Management:  Discuss the prescribed pain management plan, including medications, their proper administration, and any potential side effects.  Encourage patients to communicate their pain levels to the healthcare team to ensure adequate pain relief. 3. Activity and Rest:  Provide guidance on activity restrictions and limitations, including lifting heavy objects, engaging in strenuous exercise, or driving, as advised by the healthcare provider.  Emphasize the importance of balancing activity with proper rest and recovery to promote healing. 4. Medication Management: 15  Medical Surgical Nursing Department Fundamentals of nursing (1) course - First year 2023- 2024  Instruct patients on how to take prescribed medications, including the dosage, frequency, and any specific instructions regarding food or other medications. 5. Hygiene and Self-Care:  Discuss proper hygiene practices, such as bathing or showering, while taking precautions to protect the incision site. 6. Diet and Nutrition:  Discuss any dietary restrictions or modifications, such as avoiding certain foods or consuming a balanced diet to support healing.  Provide guidance on maintaining proper hydration and the importance of adequate fluid intake. 7. Follow-Up Appointments:  Stress the importance of attending scheduled follow-up appointments with the healthcare provider to monitor the healing progress and address any concerns. 8. Signs of Complications:  Educate patients about common signs and symptoms of complications, such as infection, excessive bleeding, or blood clots.  Encourage patients to promptly report any concerning symptoms, such as increased pain, redness, swelling, fever, or difficulty breathing. 9. Emotional Support:  Acknowledge and address any emotional concerns or anxieties the patient may have regarding the recovery process.  Encourage patient to express feeling. Appendicitis Appendicitis is the inflammation of the appendix, a small pouch-like organ attached to the large intestine. It is a medical emergency that requires immediate attention and often results in surgical removal of the appendix (appendectomy). Definition: Appendicitis refers to the inflammation of the appendix, usually caused by a blockage of the appendix opening, leading to bacterial infection and subsequent inflammation. Health education 16  Medical Surgical Nursing Department Fundamentals of nursing (1) course - First year 2023- 2024 1. Preparing for Appendectomy Surgery:  Discuss the surgical procedure called appendectomy, which involves removing the inflamed appendix.  Provide information on pre-operative preparations, such as fasting requirements and medication instructions.  Explain what to expect on the day of surgery, including anesthesia administration and the surgical process. 2. Post-Appendectomy Care:  Describe the recovery process after appendectomy surgery, including the expected length of hospital stay and potential pain management strategies.  Educate patients about common post-operative care practices, such as wound care, monitoring for signs of infection, and pain management.  Discuss activity restrictions and when it is safe to gradually resume normal activities. 3. Recognizing Complications:  Explain potential complications after an appendectomy, such as wound infections, abscess formation, or bowel obstruction.  Teach patients about signs and symptoms of complications, such as increasing pain, fever, redness or drainage from the incision site, or changes in bowel movements.  Encourage patients to report any concerning symptoms to their healthcare provider promptly. 4. Follow-Up Care and Monitoring:  Emphasize the importance of attending scheduled follow-up appointments with healthcare providers to monitor the healing process and address any concerns.  Discuss the need for any prescribed medications, such as antibiotics or pain relievers, and the importance of adherence to the prescribed regimen. 5. Healthy Recovery Practices:  Encourage patients to follow a balanced diet, stay hydrated, and gradually resume physical activity as directed by their healthcare provider. 17  Medical Surgical Nursing Department Fundamentals of nursing (1) course - First year 2023- 2024  Discuss the importance of rest and recovery during the healing process. 6. Future Prevention and Self-Care:  Educate patients about maintaining a healthy lifestyle, including regular exercise, a balanced diet, and managing stress.  Discuss the importance of maintaining good bowel habits, such as eating enough fiber and staying hydrated, to prevent constipation and potential future complications.  Stress the significance of maintaining open communication with healthcare providers, asking questions, and seeking clarification on any concerns related to appendicitis, appendectomy, or the recovery process. Hernia Definition: An abdominal hernia occurs when an organ or fatty tissue pushes through a weak spot or opening in the abdominal wall, resulting in a bulge or protrusion. Health Education: 1. Understanding Hernia:  Explain what a hernia is: a condition where an organ or tissue protrudes through a weak spot or opening in the surrounding muscle or connective tissue. 2. Recognizing Signs and Symptoms of a Hernia:  Educate patients about common symptoms of a hernia, such as a visible or palpable bulge or swelling in the affected area. 3. Hernia Repair Surgery:  Discuss the surgical procedure called herniorrhaphy or hernioplasty, which aims to repair the hernia and strengthen the weakened area. 4. Preparing for Hernia Repair Surgery:  Explain the pre-operative preparations, such as fasting requirements, medication instructions, and any necessary medical tests.  Discuss any lifestyle modifications that may be necessary before surgery, such as weight loss or smoking cessation, to optimize surgical outcomes. 18  Medical Surgical Nursing Department Fundamentals of nursing (1) course - First year 2023- 2024 5. Post-Surgery Recovery:  Educate patients about the expected recovery process after hernia repair surgery, including pain management strategies and wound care instructions.  Discuss potential limitations on activities and restrictions on heavy lifting or strenuous exercise during the initial recovery period.  Provide information on common post-operative symptoms, such as swelling, bruising, or mild discomfort, and when to seek medical attention if concerns arise. 6. Healthy Recovery Practices:  Encourage patients to follow a balanced diet to support healing and prevent constipation, which can strain the surgical site.  Discuss the importance of staying hydrated and avoiding activities that may increase intra-abdominal pressure, such as heavy lifting or straining during bowel movements.  Emphasize the significance of gradually resuming physical activity as directed by their healthcare provider. 7. Recognizing Signs of Complications:  Educate patients about potential complications after hernia repair surgery, such as infection, recurrence of the hernia  Teach patients about signs and symptoms of complications, such as increasing pain, redness or drainage from the incision site, fever, or the reappearance of a bulge.  Encourage patients to promptly report any concerning symptoms to their healthcare provider. Cholecystitis Definition: Cholecystitis refers to the inflammation of the gallbladder, usually resulting from the obstruction of the cystic duct by gallstones. Health Education:  Patient education for cholecystitis may include the following points: 19  Medical Surgical Nursing Department Fundamentals of nursing (1) course - First year 2023- 2024  Understanding the causes and risk factors for cholecystitis, particularly related to gallstones.  Recognizing the signs and symptoms of cholecystitis and when to seek medical attention.  Educating on dietary modifications, such as avoiding high-fat foods and maintaining a healthy weight.  Encouraging regular physical activity and exercise.  Discussing the importance of adhering to prescribed medications and following up with healthcare providers.  Providing information on potential surgical procedures, their benefits, and post-operative care.  Emphasize the importance of maintaining good hydration and adequate fluid intake.  Educate about the potential complications of cholecystitis, such as gallbladder rupture or abscess formation.  Teach deep breathing and relaxation techniques to manage pain and discomfort.  Provide emotional support and address any concerns or anxieties related to the condition or treatment options. Diabetic foot: Definition: Diabetic foot refers to a group of complications that can arise in individuals with diabetes, often due to nerve damage (neuropathy) and poor blood flow to the feet (peripheral artery disease). Signs and Symptoms: Common signs and symptoms of diabetic foot include:  Loss of sensation or numbness in the feet.  Tingling or burning sensations. 21  Medical Surgical Nursing Department Fundamentals of nursing (1) course - First year 2023- 2024  Foot deformities, such as hammertoes or Charcot foot.  Dry, cracked skin.  Foot ulcers or sores that are slow to heal.  Foul odor or drainage from wounds.  Swelling and redness of the foot or lower leg. Health Education: Patient education regarding diabetic foot may cover the following points:  Importance of daily foot care routines, including washing, drying, and moisturizing the feet.  Encouraging regular self-examinations for any changes or abnormalities in the feet.  Appropriate footwear selection and importance of wearing well-fitted shoes to prevent pressure points and injuries.  Education on the significance of optimal blood sugar control and overall diabetes management.  Promoting a healthy lifestyle, including a balanced diet, regular exercise, and smoking cessation.  Stressing the importance of regular follow-up visits with healthcare providers to monitor foot health.  Emphasize the need for prompt reporting of any foot injuries, wounds, or changes in sensation to healthcare providers.  Instruct patients on proper techniques for wound care, including keeping wounds clean and dry.  Teach patients about the importance of wearing appropriate footwear and avoiding walking barefoot.  Encourage patients to seek podiatry services for regular foot examinations and care. 21  Medical Surgical Nursing Department Fundamentals of nursing (1) course - First year 2023- 2024 ‫التثقيف الصحى الخاص بالرمد‬ Cataract surgery Cataract surgery is safe and painless. It done by replacing your natural lens [clouded] with an artificial one to restore your visual clarity. Health education post cataract surgery  The recovery time after cataract surgery is relatively quick.  Most of patients report better vision within 1-3 days after surgery but your eye may take one month for complete healing. There are a few things to consider in the first weeks after surgery to improve your healing:-  Don't drive until after the first day after surgery.  Don't swim or use hot tub to prevent infection.  Don't rub your eye after surgery.  Don't put eye makeup and avoid face cream and lotion.  Avoid exposure to dust or dirt to avoid eye irritation.  You should wear a protective shield for your eye during sleep for at least the first week after surgery  You should sleep on your non operative side to avoid applying any additional pressure as the eye heals  If eye pain or discomfort is affecting your sleep, you must address your doctor.  You can wash your face the day after surgery while being careful to not touch your eye or expose it to direct water contact.  It is recommended that you don't splash water directly on your face but use washcloth to carefully clean your face.  You should focus on maintaining a diet that is beneficial to your overall health including green vegetables and lean protein  You must avoid food that affect eye health including food high in sugar and high in refined carbohydrates such as ( bread , pastas, chips , fast foods ……etc ) these foods elevate blood glucose levels which lead to damaging blood vessels and slowing down recovery time after surgery. Nursing assessment and management for patient with eye disorders 1-assesses patient history and asks about signs and symptoms 2-Instill eye drops as ordered without contaminating eye dropper 3-give ordered medications, give correct medications in correct eye at ordered times. 22  Medical Surgical Nursing Department Fundamentals of nursing (1) course - First year 2023- 2024 4-place eye drops in lower conjunctival sac without contamination of dropper tip 5-prepare patient for surgery; give IV fluids as ordered, monitor urine output, insert folly catheter as ordered 6-provide post-operative nursing care for patients 6-1-monitor vital signs, IV rates, recovery from general anesthesia 6-2-administer antiemetic as ordered as vomiting increase IOP 6-3 starts oral nutrition as ordered by clear fluids and increase diet as tolerated 6-4 administers analgesics as ordered, if severe pain occur call physician 6-5-monitor drainage on eye pad 6-6-Apply warm compresses to eye as ordered 6-7 do not change initial eye pad unless ordered 6-8-protect patient from fall by making side rails up. 6-9-Assess vision acuity of unoperated eye 7- Assist patient when out of bed and with activities of daily livings 8-keep call button in place 23