HISTORY.pdf

history of architecture History of Architecture  Introduction HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE...

history of architecture History of Architecture  Introduction HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE REFERENCES What are the board exams like? 1. Ching, Francis D.K., A Visual Dictionary of Architecture 1. Memorization is necessary – you must remember many 2. Fletcher, Bannister, A History of Architecture 20th Ed. facts 3. Mercado, Jose L., The Architectural Reviewer Volume 2. Wide in Scope – from pre-historic to modern styles III: History & Theory of Architecture 3. Repetitive – questions from previous exams are reused 4. Salvan, George S., Architectural Character & the History of Architecture 4. History amounts to only around 10% of your total score 5. The Children’s Atlas of World History 6. The World Atlas of Architecture OUR METHOD OF STUDYING HISTORY: DEFINITIONS To try not to memorize… but to understand History of Architecture "It is a record of man's effort to build beautifully. It traces History is not a list of facts… it is a story that can be retold the origin, growth and decline of architectural styles which history of architecture over and over have prevailed lands and ages." Historic Styles of Architecture "The particular method, the characteristics, manner of design which prevails at a certain place and time.“ Six Influences of Architecture Geographical Geological Climatic Religious Social Historical Four Great Constructive Principles 1. Post & Lintel Construction 2. Arch & Vault Construction 3. Corbel or Cantilever Construction 4. Trussed Construction  Introduction The Historical Timeline of Architecture Egyptian Byzantine Pre-Historic Greek Roman Early Christian Romanesque Gothic Renaissance 18th-19th C: 20th C: PRE-HISTORIC history of architecture Revival Modern NEAR EAST EGYPTIAN GREEK ROMAN EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East Islamic BYZANTINE ROMANESQUE GOTHIC RENAISSANCE 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 20TH C MODERN Indian Chinese & Japanese ISLAMIC INDIAN CHINESE & JAPANESE FILIPINO  Pre-historic The Historical Timeline of Architecture Pre-Historic PRE-HISTORIC history of architecture NEAR EAST EGYPTIAN GREEK ROMAN EARLY CHRISTIAN BYZANTINE ROMANESQUE GOTHIC RENAISSANCE 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 20TH C MODERN ISLAMIC INDIAN CHINESE & JAPANESE FILIPINO  Pre-historic Humans spread from Africa into Southern Europe, Asia Could not settle far north due to the cold climate From Siberia by foot into North America From Southeast Asia by boat into Australia Before 9000 BC, nomadic life of hunting & food gathering By 9000 BC, farming and agriculture was practiced Fertile soil and plentiful food Animal domestication for work, milk, wool People wanted to settle down, live in communities PRE-HISTORIC First villages in the Middle East, South America, Central history of architecture NEAR EAST America, India and China INFLUENCES EGYPTIAN GREEK HISTORY ROMAN Direct human ancestors evolved in Africa from 2.3 million EARLY CHRISTIAN years ago - Homo habilis, Homo erectus, homo sapiens, BYZANTINE homo sapiens sapiens ROMANESQUE GOTHIC RENAISSANCE 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 20TH C MODERN ISLAMIC Some people needed not farm, so they spent time on INDIAN other work - pot-making, metal-working, art and… CHINESE & JAPANESE architecture! FILIPINO The success of the human race was largely due to the RELIGION development of tools – made of stone, wood, bone No organized religion The dead are treated with respect - burial rituals and monuments  Pre-historic ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER EXAMPLES MATERIALS Animal skins, wooden frames, animal bones CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM Existing or excavated caves Megalithic, most evident in France, England and Ireland PRE-HISTORIC MENHIR history of architecture NEAR EAST A single, large upright monolith EGYPTIAN Serves a religious purpose GREEK Sometimes arranged in parallel rows, reaching several ROMAN miles and consisting of thousands of stones EARLY CHRISTIAN DECORATION BYZANTINE Caves paintings in Africa, France and Spain ROMANESQUE Sculpture GOTHIC RENAISSANCE 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 20TH C MODERN ISLAMIC INDIAN CHINESE & JAPANESE FILIPINO Carnac, France  Pre-historic DOLMEN TUMULUS or PASSAGE GRAVE Tomb of standing stones usually capped with a large Dominant tomb type horizontal slab Corridor inside leading to an underground chamber CROMLECH Enclosure formed by huge stones planted on the ground in circular form PRE-HISTORIC history of architecture NEAR EAST EGYPTIAN GREEK ROMAN EARLY CHRISTIAN BYZANTINE Stonehenge, England (2800 – 1500 BC) ROMANESQUE Most spectacular and imposing of monolithic monuments GOTHIC Outer ring, inner ring, innermost horseshoe-shaped ring RENAISSANCE with open end facing east 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 20TH C MODERN Largest stones weigh 45 to 50 tons, came from Wales 200 km away ISLAMIC Stones transported by sea or river then hauled on land INDIAN with sledges and rollers by hundreds of people, raised CHINESE & JAPANESE upright into pits, capped with lintels FILIPINO Genuine architecture - it defines exterior space A solar observatory - designed to mark the sun's path during sunrise on Midsummer Day  Pre-historic PRIMITIVE DWELLINGS Mostly had one room The development of more complex civilizations led to division of the room into smaller ones for eating, sleeping, socializing In places where no industrial revolution has occurred to transform building methods and increase population density, houses show little difference from primitive ones Wigwam or Tepee conical tent with wooden poles as framework Covered with rush mats and an animal skin door Hogan - primitive Indian structure of joined logs PRE-HISTORIC history of architecture NEAR EAST EGYPTIAN GREEK ROMAN Natural or Artificial Caves Igloo - Innuit (Eskimo) house constructed of hard-packed EARLY CHRISTIAN snow blocks built up spirally BYZANTINE Nigerian hut - with mud walls and roof of palm leaves ROMANESQUE GOTHIC RENAISSANCE 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 20TH C MODERN ISLAMIC INDIAN CHINESE & JAPANESE Beehive Hut FILIPINO Trullo - dry walled rough stone shelter with corbelled roof Iraqi mudhif - covered with split reed mats, built on a reed platform to prevent settlement Sumatran house - for several families, built of timber and palm leaves, the fenced pen underneath is for livestock  Near East The Historical Timeline of Architecture Pre-Historic PRE-HISTORIC history of architecture NEAR EAST EGYPTIAN GREEK ROMAN EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East BYZANTINE ROMANESQUE GOTHIC RENAISSANCE 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 20TH C MODERN ISLAMIC INDIAN CHINESE & JAPANESE FILIPINO  Near East Mesopotamian Empire under King Sargon of Agade Mesopotamian Empire under King Hammurabi Mesopotamian Assyrian Empire City-states of Ur, Babylon, Agade, Ashur and Damascus under King Ashurbanipal 2334 BC, King Sargon of Agade formed the first major Persian Empire empire under King Darius I 1792 BC, next by King Hammurabi Instituted laws to keep order Invention of writing - pictograms or cuneiform records on clay tablets Assyrian ASHUR Based in Ashur, biggest empire under King Ashurbanipal DAMASCUS PERSIA – conquered Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine and Egypt AGADE BABYLON UR MEMPHIS PERSEPOLIS EGYPT THEBES PRE-HISTORIC history of architecture NEAR EAST INFLUENCES EGYPTIAN GREEK HISTORY ROMAN Persian Started as villages on the flat land between Tigris and EARLY CHRISTIAN Euphrates rivers - “Mesopotamia” Begun by Cyrus the Great from 559 to 529 BC BYZANTINE Turned into city-states with populations of thousands Covered Mesopotamia, Anatolia, Eastern Mediterranean, ROMANESQUE Bactria, Indus Valley and North Africa GOTHIC Each city-state surrounded by a wall and dominated by a Darius I had provinces ruled by a satrap, who guarded RENAISSANCE large temple the roads, collected taxes and controlled the army 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL Society of kings, craftsmen, soldiers, farmers, priests Local peoples were allowed to keep their religions and 20TH C MODERN Fought and traded with each other customs Sometimes would conquer each other and form an Capital moved from Susa to Persepolis ISLAMIC empire Network of roads linking the royal court to other parts of INDIAN the empire – from Susa in Persia to Sardis in Anatolia CHINESE & JAPANESE Traded raw materials, carpets and spices FILIPINO Darius and Xerxes tried to conquer Greece Ended with the defeat of Darius III to Alexander the Great of Macedonia  Near East RELIGION ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Each city-state worshipped their own god for protection People aimed to make peace with their wrathful god MATERIALS Only materials readily available was clay, soil, reeds, rushes Bricks made of mud and chopped straw, sun-dried or kiln-fired Timber, copper, tin, lead gold, silver imported DECORATION Colossal winged-bulls guarding chief portals Polychrome glazed bricks in blue, white, yellow, green Murals of decorative continuous stone GEOGRAPHY and GEOLOGY PRE-HISTORIC history of architecture NEAR EAST EGYPTIAN GREEK ROMAN EARLY CHRISTIAN BYZANTINE ROMANESQUE GOTHIC RENAISSANCE 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 20TH C MODERN Fertile Crescent: ISLAMIC Marshlands with few natural advantages aside from INDIAN water and soil CHINESE & JAPANESE Import materials like hardwood and metals FILIPINO Also: Deserts of the Arabian Peninsula Mountains and plateaux from west to east  Near East EXAMPLES PALACES Kings celebrated their victories, wealth and power by ZIGGURATS building large palaces Religious buildings built next to temples On top was a small temple Palace Platform at Persepolis Ruins still exist 50 years to build People from all over the empire were involved in its PRE-HISTORIC construction history of architecture NEAR EAST Development: Variety of architectural styles EGYPTIAN Archaic ziggurat GREEK Two or Three-staged ziggurat parts: audience halls, reception halls, storerooms for ROMAN Seven-staged ziggurat during the Assyrian period tributes and valuables, military quarters, apadana – tallest EARLY CHRISTIAN building, with 36 columns of 20m height BYZANTINE ROMANESQUE GOTHIC RENAISSANCE 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 20TH C MODERN ISLAMIC INDIAN DWELLINGS CHINESE & JAPANESE Known as Megaron FILIPINO Entrance at end rather than on the long sides Portico - colonnaded space forming an entrance or Ziggurat at Ur vestibule, with a roof supported on one side by columns 2000 BC Suited to climate of Anatolian plateau  Egyptian The Historical Timeline of Architecture Egyptian Pre-Historic PRE-HISTORIC history of architecture NEAR EAST EGYPTIAN GREEK ROMAN EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East BYZANTINE ROMANESQUE GOTHIC RENAISSANCE 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 20TH C MODERN ISLAMIC INDIAN CHINESE & JAPANESE FILIPINO  Egyptian HISTORY Wealthy country despite the desert - every year, Nile would overflow, leaving the land fertile for growing crops Nile River was a trade route Gold from Nubia in the south Two kingdoms, Lower and Upper Egypt, combined by King Menes in 3100 BC Many small towns, but royal cities at Memphis and Thebes A single kingdom for most of its existence - unified under SYRIA the centralized omnipotent authority of the pharaoh (king) GIZA MEMPHIS EGYPT KARNAK THEBES NUBIA PRE-HISTORIC history of architecture NEAR EAST INFLUENCES EGYPTIAN GREEK Pharaohs: GEOGRAPHY & CLIMATE ROMAN Narrow stretch of fertile and arable land along the Nile Seen as gods dwelling on earth EARLY CHRISTIAN Beyond riverbanks, barren desert and rugged cliffs Sole masters of the country and its inhabitants BYZANTINE prevented attack from invaders Builders and leaders ROMANESQUE Mediterranean and Red seas Initiated the design, financing, quarrying and transporting GOTHIC of materials, organization of labor and construction itself RENAISSANCE 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL Society: 20TH C MODERN Divided into groups, by order of importance: senior priests, officials, noblemen, and army commanders ISLAMIC Most ordinary Egyptians were farmers INDIAN Architects, engineers, theologians, masons, sculptors, CHINESE & JAPANESE painters, laborers, peasants, prisoners FILIPINO Weaving, glass-making, pottery, metal, jewelry and furniture Astronomy, mathematics, philosophy, music and writing literature and history written on papyrus and stone tablets  Egyptian RELIGION ROOF & OPENINGS Cult of many gods representing nature: sun, moon, stars, Roof was not an important consideration animals Flat roofs sufficed to cover and exclude heat No windows Spaces were lit by skylights, roof slits, clerestories After death, a persons soul went on to enjoy eternal life in kingdom of the God Osiris - imagined this kingdom as a perfect version of Egypt Pharaohs were buried, bringing with them the things they might need in the afterlife, even living people Wished for a fine burial, embalmment and funeral rites, and a permanent tomb or "eternal dwelling" WALL Batter wall - diminishing in width towards the top for Dead body had to be preserved to house the spirit stability PRE-HISTORIC Remove insides, dry out the body, filled with linen, Thickness: 9 to 24m at temples history of architecture NEAR EAST masked and bandaged Unbroken massive walls, uninterrupted space for EGYPTIAN hieroglyphics GREEK ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER ROMAN DECORATIONS EARLY CHRISTIAN DESCRIPTION Mouldings such as "gorge" or "hollow and roll" was BYZANTINE Afterlife - life and house on earth is temporary, the tomb inspired by reeds ROMANESQUE is permanent Torus moulding GOTHIC For sustenance and eternal enjoyment of the deceased RENAISSANCE Religion is the dominant element in Egyptian architecture 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 20TH C MODERN MATERIALS Stone was abundant in variety and quantity ISLAMIC Used for monuments and religious buildings INDIAN Durability of stone is why monuments still exist to this CHINESE & JAPANESE day FILIPINO Other materials, metals and timber were imported Mud bricks: for houses, palaces (reeds, papyrus, palm branch ribs, plastered over with clay)  Egyptian Hieroglyphics were pictorial representations of religion, Common ornaments: history and daily life Derived from the practice of scratching pictures on mud- plaster walls PRE-HISTORIC history of architecture NEAR EAST Common capitals used were the lotus, papyrus, palm EGYPTIAN which echoed indigenous Egyptian plants, and were GREEK symbols of fertility as well ROMAN EARLY CHRISTIAN The shaft represented bundle of stems BYZANTINE ROMANESQUE GOTHIC RENAISSANCE 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 20TH C MODERN ISLAMIC INDIAN CHINESE & JAPANESE FILIPINO Avenue of sphinxes: rows of monsters (body of lion, head of man, hawk, ram) leading to monuments  Egyptian EXAMPLES PYRAMIDS massive funerary structure of stone or brick MASTABAS Rectangular flat-topped funerary mound, with battered side, covering a burial chamber below ground First type of Egyptian tomb Developed from small and inconspicuous to huge an imposing Came in complexes: Offering chapel (north or east side) PRE-HISTORIC Mortuary chapel history of architecture NEAR EAST Raised and enclosed causeway leading to west EGYPTIAN Valley building for embalmment and internment rites GREEK ROMAN Immense use of labor and materials, built in layers, like EARLY CHRISTIAN steps BYZANTINE ROMANESQUE GOTHIC RENAISSANCE 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL Parts: 20TH C MODERN Stairway with 2 doors: one for ritual, second was a false door for spirits ISLAMIC Column Hall INDIAN Offering Chapel CHINESE & JAPANESE Serdab (contains statue of deceased) FILIPINO Offering room with Stelae (stone with name of deceased inscribed) Offering table Sarcophagus – Egyptian coffin  Egyptian Pyramids at Gizeh Step Pyramid of Zoser, Saqqara Most magnificent of pyramids World's first large-scale monument in stone Equilateral sides face cardinal points Designed by Imhotep Forms a world-famous building group Pyramid of Cheops (Khufu) Pyramid of Chephren (Khafra or Khafre) Pyramid of Mykerinos (Menkaura) PRE-HISTORIC The Great Sphinx shows King Chepren as a man-lion history of architecture NEAR EAST protecting his country EGYPTIAN GREEK ROMAN EARLY CHRISTIAN BYZANTINE ROMANESQUE GOTHIC RENAISSANCE 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 20TH C MODERN ISLAMIC INDIAN CHINESE & JAPANESE Bent Pyramid at Seneferu FILIPINO  Egyptian ROCK-CUT or ROCK-HEWN TOMBS TEMPLES Built along hillside For nobility, not royalty MORTUARY TEMPLES worship/ in honor of pharaohs CULT TEMPLES worship/ in honor of god Parts: Entrance pylon Large outer court open to sky (hypaethral court) Hypostyle hall Sanctuary surrounded by passages Chapels/chambers used in connection with the temple service PRE-HISTORIC Tombs at Beni Hasan history of architecture NEAR EAST EGYPTIAN GREEK ROMAN EARLY CHRISTIAN BYZANTINE ROMANESQUE GOTHIC RENAISSANCE 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 20TH C MODERN Temple of Khons Typical temple: pylons, court, hypostyle hall, sanctuary, ISLAMIC chapels all enclosed by high girdle wall INDIAN Avenue of sphinxes and obelisks fronting pylons CHINESE & JAPANESE FILIPINO Tombs of the Kings, Thebes  Egyptian Great Temple of Ammon, Karnak, Thebes Grandest temple and the work of many kings Great Temple of Abu-Simbel Example of rock-cut temple Constructed by Rameses II Entrance forecourt leads to imposing pylon with 4 rock- cut colossal statues of Rameses sitting over 20 m high PRE-HISTORIC history of architecture NEAR EAST EGYPTIAN GREEK ROMAN EARLY CHRISTIAN BYZANTINE Temple of Ammon, Luxor ROMANESQUE GOTHIC RENAISSANCE 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 20TH C MODERN ISLAMIC INDIAN CHINESE & JAPANESE FILIPINO Mammisi Temple Temple of Hatshepsut, Deir el-Bahri Became the prototype of the Greek Doric temples  Egyptian PYLONS DWELLINGS monumental gateway to the temple consisting of slanting Made of crude brick walls flanking the entrance portal One or two storey high Flat roof deck Temple of Isis, Philae 3 parts: Reception suite on north side - central hall or living room with high ceiling and clerestory Service quarters Private quarters FORTRESSES Mostly found on west bank of Nile or on islands Close communications with other fortresses Fortress of Buhen Headquarters & largest fortified town near Nubia From here they could trade and invade lands to the south PRE-HISTORIC history of architecture NEAR EAST EGYPTIAN GREEK ROMAN OBELISKS EARLY CHRISTIAN upright stone square in plan, with an electrum-capped BYZANTINE pyramidion on top ROMANESQUE sacred symbol of sun-god Heliopolis GOTHIC usually came in pairs fronting temple entrances RENAISSANCE height of nine or ten times the diameter at the base 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL four sides feature hieroglyphics 20TH C MODERN Obelisk, Piazza of S. Giovanni ISLAMIC originally from Temple of Ammon, Karnak INDIAN CHINESE & JAPANESE FILIPINO  Greek The Historical Timeline of Architecture Egyptian Pre-Historic Greek PRE-HISTORIC history of architecture NEAR EAST EGYPTIAN GREEK ROMAN EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East BYZANTINE ROMANESQUE GOTHIC RENAISSANCE 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 20TH C MODERN ISLAMIC INDIAN CHINESE & JAPANESE FILIPINO  Greek Greek Empire under Alexander the Great of Macedonia Mycenaean or Helladic (1550 to 1100 BC) Continuation of Cretan ideas and craftsmanship on mainland Greece Wealth due to their control of metal trading between Europe and Middle East Hellenic Period (800 to 323 BC) City-states developed on the plains between mountains – Sparta and Athens were most important ASIA MINOR The "polis" emerged as the basis of Greek society Each had its own ruler, government and laws CRETE SYRIA A federal unity existed between city-states due to PERSIA common language, customs, religion MEMPHIS INDIA Several different forms of government: Oligarchic, EGYPT Tyrannic, Democratic THEBES Under Pericles (444 BC to 429 BC), peak of Athenian prosperity Outburst of building activity and construction, developments in art, law-making, philosophy and science PRE-HISTORIC Philosophers – Socrates, Plato, Aristotle history of architecture NEAR EAST INFLUENCES EGYPTIAN GREEK HISTORY ROMAN EARLY CHRISTIAN BYZANTINE ROMANESQUE GOTHIC Aegean Period (Minoan) RENAISSANCE Civilizations on Crete and Greek mainland from 1900 to 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 1100 BC 20TH C MODERN The first great commercial and naval power in the Among best soldiers in the ancient world – Hoplite Army Mediterranean, founded on trade with the whole eastern defeated repeated invasions by Darius and Xerxes of ISLAMIC seaboard: Asia Minor, Cyprus, Syria, Palestine, Egypt and Persia INDIAN Alexander the Great of Macedonia conquered Persia, Libya, even South Italy and Sicily on the west CHINESE & JAPANESE Asia Minor, Egypt, Syria, Afghanistan Trade and communications produced a unity of culture FILIPINO and economic stability Greek language and culture reached an enormous area Knossos was the largest city, had a magnificent palace Hellenistic Period (323 to 30 BC) Hellenistic Empire established, Greek civilization extended  Greek GEOLOGY & CLIMATE ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER On the mainland, rugged mountains made communication difficult DESCRIPTION Mountains separated inhabitants into groups, clans, states archipelago and islands: sea was the inevitable means of trade and communications Between rigorous cold and relaxing heat Clear atmosphere and intense light - conducive to creating precise and exact forms Judicial activities, dramatic presentations, public ceremonies took place in the open air RELIGION Aegean Rough and massive PRE-HISTORIC history of architecture NEAR EAST Hellenic EGYPTIAN Mostly religious architecture GREEK "carpentry in marble“ - timber forms imitated in stone with ROMAN remarkable exactness EARLY CHRISTIAN BYZANTINE Hellenistic ROMANESQUE Not religious in character, but civic – for the people GOTHIC Aegean religion: Provided inspiration for Roman building types RENAISSANCE Primitive stage of nature worship Dignified and gracious structures 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL Priestesses conducted religious rites, sacred games, Symmetrical, orderly 20TH C MODERN ritual dances, worship on sacrificial altars CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM ISLAMIC Greek religion: Columnar and trabeated INDIAN A highly developed form of nature worship Roof truss appeared, enabling large spaces to be CHINESE & JAPANESE Gods as personifications of natural elements, or deified unhindered by columns FILIPINO mortals Gods could influence events in the human world MATERIALS Timber and terra cotta Greeks sought advice from oracles – oracle at Delphi Stone  Greek EXAMPLES PALACES Palace of King Minos, Knossos HOUSES Palace at Tyrins Lion Gate, Mycenae On islands: Flat roofing Drawn together in blocks Two to four storeys high Light admitted through light wells On mainland: Single-storeyed house with deep plan Columned entrance porch with central doorway Living apartment proper with sleeping room behind PRE-HISTORIC history of architecture NEAR EAST EGYPTIAN GREEK ROMAN EARLY CHRISTIAN BYZANTINE ROMANESQUE GOTHIC RENAISSANCE 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 20TH C MODERN ISLAMIC INDIAN CHINESE & JAPANESE FILIPINO TOMBS rock-cut or chamber tombs - “tholos” tomb Treasury of Atreus, Mycenae  Greek TEMPLES Chief building type Earliest ones resembled megaron in plan and construction Number of columns at entrance: 1 column – hemostyle 2 columns – distyle 3 columns – tristyle 4 columns – tetrastyle 5 columns – pentastyle 6 columns – hexastyle 7 columns – heptastyle 8 columns – octastyle 9 columns – enneastyle 10 columns – decastyle 12 columns – dodecastyle PRE-HISTORIC history of architecture NEAR EAST EGYPTIAN GREEK ROMAN EARLY CHRISTIAN BYZANTINE ROMANESQUE GOTHIC RENAISSANCE 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 20TH C MODERN ISLAMIC INDIAN CHINESE & JAPANESE FILIPINO  Greek Arris MOULDINGS Architectural devices, which with Splay light and shade, produce definition to a building Could be refined and delicate in contour, due to fineness of marble and the clarity of atmosphere and light Fillet Billet Cove Cavetto PRE-HISTORIC history of architecture Ogee NEAR EAST EGYPTIAN GREEK ROMAN Cyma Recta EARLY CHRISTIAN BYZANTINE ROMANESQUE GOTHIC Cyma Reversa RENAISSANCE 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 20TH C MODERN ISLAMIC Beak INDIAN CHINESE & JAPANESE FILIPINO Brace  Greek Certain refinements used to correct optical illusions: GREEK ORDERS Horizontal lines built convex to correct sagging Shaft, Capital, and Horizontal entablature (architrave, Vertical features inclined inwards to correct appearance frieze, cornice) of falling outwards On columns, entasis was used, swelling outwards to Originally, Doric and Ionic, named after the two main correct appearance of curving inwards branches of Greek race Then there evolved Corinthian, a purely decorative order PRE-HISTORIC history of architecture NEAR EAST EGYPTIAN GREEK ROMAN EARLY CHRISTIAN BYZANTINE ROMANESQUE GOTHIC RENAISSANCE METHODS OF NATURAL LIGHTING 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL no windows 20TH C MODERN clerestory - situated between roof and upper portion of wall ISLAMIC skylight - made of thin, translucent marble INDIAN temple door, oriented towards the east CHINESE & JAPANESE FILIPINO  Greek DORIC ORDER Without base, directly on crepidoma Height (including capital) of 4 to 6 times the diameter at the base Shaft diminishes at top from 3/4 to 2/3 of base diameter Divided into 20 shallow flutes separated by arrises Doric capitals had two parts - the square abacus above and circular bulbous echinus below Doric entablature: Height is 1 and 3/4 times the lower diameter in height 3 main divisions: Architrave, principal beam of 2 or 3 slabs in depth PRE-HISTORIC Frieze history of architecture NEAR EAST Cornice, mouldings EGYPTIAN GREEK ROMAN EARLY CHRISTIAN BYZANTINE ROMANESQUE GOTHIC RENAISSANCE 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 20TH C MODERN ISLAMIC INDIAN CHINESE & JAPANESE FILIPINO  Greek IONIC ORDER Volute or scroll capital (derived from Egyptian lotus and Aegean art) Ionic column: More slender than Doric Needed a base to spread load Height was 9 times the base diameter Has 24 flutes separated by fillets Upper and lower torus Ionic entablature: Height was 2 and 1/4 times the diameter of column Two parts: Architrave,with fasciae PRE-HISTORIC Cornice history of architecture NEAR EAST No frieze EGYPTIAN GREEK ROMAN EARLY CHRISTIAN BYZANTINE ROMANESQUE GOTHIC RENAISSANCE 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 20TH C MODERN ISLAMIC INDIAN CHINESE & JAPANESE FILIPINO  Greek CORINTHIAN ORDER Decorative variant of Ionic Order Corinthian column: Base and shaft resembled Ionic More slender Height of 10 diameters Capital: much deeper than Ionic, 1 and 1/6 diameters high Capital invented by Callimachus, inspired by basket over root of acanthus plant 3 parts: Architrave, Frieze, Cornice, developed type with dentils PRE-HISTORIC history of architecture NEAR EAST EGYPTIAN GREEK ROMAN EARLY CHRISTIAN BYZANTINE ROMANESQUE GOTHIC RENAISSANCE 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 20TH C MODERN ISLAMIC INDIAN CHINESE & JAPANESE FILIPINO  Greek Temple of Nike Apteros, Athens Temple of Hera, Paestum PRE-HISTORIC history of architecture NEAR EAST EGYPTIAN GREEK ROMAN Temple of Artemis Ephesus EARLY CHRISTIAN BYZANTINE ROMANESQUE GOTHIC RENAISSANCE 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 20TH C MODERN The Parthenon, Acropolis ISLAMIC INDIAN CHINESE & JAPANESE FILIPINO The Erectheion, Acropolis  Greek TEMENOS Enclosure designated as a sacred land Entire groups of buildings laid out symmetrically and orderly AGORA Acropolis at Pergamon PRE-HISTORIC history of architecture NEAR EAST EGYPTIAN GREEK ROMAN STOA EARLY CHRISTIAN BYZANTINE ROMANESQUE GOTHIC RENAISSANCE The Acropolis, Athens 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 10 structures form a world-famous building group: 20TH C MODERN Propylaea Pinacotheca ISLAMIC Statue of Athena Promachos INDIAN Erectheion CHINESE & JAPANESE Parthenon FILIPINO Temple of Nike Apteros Old Temple of Athena Stoa of Eumeses PRYTANEION, BOULEUTERION, or ASSEMBLY HALL Theater of Dionysus Odeon of Herodes Atticus  Greek THEATER or ODEION Carved or hollowed out of the hillside Acoustically-efficient PRE-HISTORIC history of architecture NEAR EAST EGYPTIAN GREEK ROMAN EARLY CHRISTIAN BYZANTINE ROMANESQUE GOTHIC RENAISSANCE 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 20TH C MODERN ISLAMIC INDIAN STADIUM or HIPPODROME CHINESE & JAPANESE PROPYLAEA FILIPINO PALAESTRA and GYMNASIUM NAVAL BUILDING TOMBS/ MAUSOLEUM Theater of Epidauros  Roman The Historical Timeline of Architecture Egyptian Pre-Historic Greek Roman PRE-HISTORIC history of architecture NEAR EAST EGYPTIAN GREEK ROMAN EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East BYZANTINE ROMANESQUE GOTHIC RENAISSANCE 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 20TH C MODERN ISLAMIC INDIAN CHINESE & JAPANESE FILIPINO  Roman Roman Empire in 114 AD under Emperor Trajan 2 periods: BRITAIN Etuscan or Etruscan (750 BC to 146 BC) LONDON GERMANY Roman (146 BC to 365 AD) Developed constitutional republic FRANCE Farmers & soldiers, concerned with efficiency and justice ITALY NIMES ROME GREECE For 500 years Rome was ruled by elected leaders called SPAIN POMPEII BYZANTIUM consuls In 27 BC, Augustus crowned himself Emperor with total SEGOVIA (CONSTANTINOPLE) ATHENS CARTHAGE power ANTIOCH PERSIA Succession of military dictatorships of which Julius AFRICA Caesar’s was most famous EGYPT Empire reached its greatest size in 114 AD under Emperor Trajan - 4000km wide and 60 million inhabitants Used natural frontiers such as mountain ranges and rivers to define their empire Otherwise they built fortified walls, such as Hadrian’s Wall in England PRE-HISTORIC history of architecture NEAR EAST Provinces run by governors INFLUENCES EGYPTIAN Latin was the official language GREEK HISTORY Applied roman system of laws ROMAN Many city-states on the Italian peninsula Was the intermediary in spreading art and civilization in EARLY CHRISTIAN Europe, West Asia and North Africa From 800 -300 BC, among all cities in Italy, Rome BYZANTINE became the most powerful ROMANESQUE 334 – 264 BC, Rome conquered all of Italy and GOTHIC established one of the strongest empires in history RENAISSANCE 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL Was centrally-located on the northern Mediterranean 20TH C MODERN Not a sea-faring people Depended on conquest by land to extend their power ISLAMIC INDIAN Fought with Carthage in North Africa for control of the CHINESE & JAPANESE Mediterranean FILIPINO Hannibal led the Carthaginian army and its 38 elephants across the Alps into Rome  Roman RELIGION COLUMNS Polytheistic, several cults Orders of architecture, used by Greeks constructively, Roman mythology slowly derived attributes from those of were used by Romans as decorative features which could Greek gods be omitted GEOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY and CLIMATE Tuscan Order Italian peninsula: Central and commanding position on Simplified version of Doric order Mediterranean sea About 7 diameters high With a base, unfluted shaft, moulded capital, plain Temperate in the north entablature Sunny in central Italy Almost tropical in south Composite Order Evolved in 100 AD, combining prominent volutes of Ionic ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER with acanthus of Corinthian Most decorative DESCRIPTION Etruscans were great builders Large-scale undertakings, like city walls and sewers Draining marshes, controlling rivers and lakes by using PRE-HISTORIC channels history of architecture NEAR EAST EGYPTIAN Romans had great constructive ability GREEK Complex, of several stories ROMAN Utilitarian, practical, economic use of materials EARLY CHRISTIAN BYZANTINE MATERIALS ROMANESQUE Stone: tufa, peperino, travertine, lava stone, sand, gravel GOTHIC Marble, mostly white RENAISSANCE Imported marble from all parts of the Empire to river 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL Tiber 20TH C MODERN Earth for terra cotta and bricks ISLAMIC Etruscans introduced the use of concrete (300 AD to 400 INDIAN AD): CHINESE & JAPANESE Stone or brick rubble with pozzolana, a thick volcanic FILIPINO earth material as mortar Used for walls, vaults, domes Concrete allowed Romans to build vaults of a magnitude never equaled until 19th century steel construction  Roman CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM Adopted columnar and trabeated style of Greeks Arch and vault system started by Etruscans - combined use of column, beam and arch (arctuated) Were able to cover large spaces without the aid of intermediate support PRE-HISTORIC history of architecture NEAR EAST EGYPTIAN GREEK ROMAN EARLY CHRISTIAN BYZANTINE ROMANESQUE GOTHIC RENAISSANCE 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 20TH C MODERN ISLAMIC INDIAN CHINESE & JAPANESE FILIPINO  Roman TYPES OF VAULTS DECORATION Wagon/ Barrel/ Tunnel Vault: Semi-circular or wagon-headed, borne on two parallel walls throughout its length Mosaics Thousands of small stones or glass tiles set in mortar to form a pattern Showed pictures of roman life Opus Incertum - small stones, loose pattern resembling PRE-HISTORIC Wagon Vault with Intersecting Vault: polygonal walling history of architecture NEAR EAST Opus Quadratum - rectangular blocks, with or without EGYPTIAN mortar joints GREEK Opus Reticulatum - net-like effect, with fine joints running ROMAN diagonally EARLY CHRISTIAN BYZANTINE ROMANESQUE GOTHIC Cross Vault: RENAISSANCE Formed by the intersection of two semi-circular vaults of 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL equal span - used over square apartment or bays 20TH C MODERN ISLAMIC INDIAN CHINESE & JAPANESE FILIPINO Hemispherical Dome/ Cupola: Used over circular structures  Roman EXAMPLES FORUM Roman cities were well-planned with straight streets crossing the town in a grid pattern In the town center was an open space called the forum RECTANGULAR TEMPLE Surrounded by a hall, offices, law courts and shops Maison Caree, Nimes PRE-HISTORIC history of architecture NEAR EAST EGYPTIAN GREEK ROMAN EARLY CHRISTIAN BYZANTINE ROMANESQUE GOTHIC RENAISSANCE 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 20TH C MODERN ISLAMIC INDIAN CHINESE & JAPANESE FILIPINO BASILICAS Basilica in the Forum, Pompeii CIRCULAR TEMPLE Basilica of Septimius Severus, Lepcis Magna The Pantheon. Rome  Roman THERMAE DOMUS Romans liked to keep clean and fit Built elaborate public baths throughout the empire For as many as 30 men and women in the open Parts of the thermae Apodyteria – dressing room Laconicum (sudatorium) - sweat room, rubbing with oil INSULAE Tepidarium – warm bath 3- or 4- storey tenement type buildings Frigidarium – cold bath Prototype for the modern condominium PRE-HISTORIC Unctuaria – oils and perfumes room history of architecture NEAR EAST EGYPTIAN GREEK ROMAN EARLY CHRISTIAN BYZANTINE ROMANESQUE GOTHIC RENAISSANCE 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 20TH C MODERN ISLAMIC INDIAN CHINESE & JAPANESE Baths of Diocletian, Rome FILIPINO  Roman CIRCUS TRIUMPHAL ARCHES Circus Maximus, Rome Arch of Septimius Severus, The Forum, Rome THEATERS and AMPHITHEATERS AQUEDUCTS PRE-HISTORIC Gladiators trained to fight each other at organized Carried water in pipes from the country to the heart of the history of architecture NEAR EAST contests city EGYPTIAN For the entertainment of the townspeople GREEK ROMAN The Colosseum, Rome EARLY CHRISTIAN BYZANTINE ROMANESQUE GOTHIC RENAISSANCE 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 20TH C MODERN ISLAMIC INDIAN CHINESE & JAPANESE FILIPINO Pont du Gard, Nimes, France Segovia Aqueduct, Spain  Early Christian The Historical Timeline of Architecture Egyptian Pre-Historic Greek Roman Early Christian PRE-HISTORIC history of architecture NEAR EAST EGYPTIAN GREEK ROMAN EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East BYZANTINE ROMANESQUE GOTHIC RENAISSANCE 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 20TH C MODERN ISLAMIC INDIAN CHINESE & JAPANESE FILIPINO  Early Christian Christianized by 600 AD