AHE (3.2) Part 5 of 5 Anatomy PDF

Alright this is our last recording and we're actually going to start with the knee here. So we talked about the femur and the muscles that cross the knee joint here. We can see those strap muscles here. One thing that I do want to point out is that our strap muscles including the sartorius, the gra...

Alright this is our last recording and we're actually going to start with the knee here. So we talked about the femur and the muscles that cross the knee joint here. We can see those strap muscles here. One thing that I do want to point out is that our strap muscles including the sartorius, the gracilis right here, and then the semitendinosus are actually all going to come down and form one structure called the pesicinerus that is going to attach to the medial aspect of the tibia here. And so this allows them to kind of work together as a group and have a common anchor point. So in terms of the knee joint it's going to be diarthrotic meaning that it has a very mobile and it's a hinge joint or you only have one joint here unlike our forearm. It's gonna be the distal aspect of the femur sitting on what we call the tibial plateau of the tibia here and these are actually called condyles as well which is kind of a weird name I think because they're not rounded projections. Anyways all of this is going to be covered in a fibrous capsule. We can see that we're gonna have a number of extrinsic ligaments on either side and we are also going to have a number of intrinsic ligaments as well right. So here's our knee joint with an anterior and a posterior view here. The anterior view we can tell we have the patella reflected down and there's a front of our femur here. If we look at the structures here that allow the knee to function we first need to find medial versus lateral right. So here's our fibula we should associate that with lateral. So here is our fibular collateral ligament oftentimes called the lateral collateral ligament and then we'll have the medial collateral ligament or the tibial collateral ligament. I like to use the names of the bones because you can see them and know what caught. Then we are going to have the cruciate ligaments. The cruciate ligaments cross which is why they're called cruciate. They're going to be named for what they attach to at their inferior most aspect right. So the anterior cruciate ligament is going to come down from the femur from the posterior femur to the anteriorly on the tibial plateau here whereas the posterior cruciate ligament is going to come down and attach to the tibia on the posterior aspect and that's how they're defined. Between the these bony surfaces we are going to have the menisci here. Our lateral meniscus is right here. Our medial meniscus is right here. One thing that's important clinically to note is that our medial meniscus is actually attached to our medial collateral ligament. So if you tear this or damage that you're most likely also going to impact your medial meniscus and that's an important concept. The patellar ligament right here is reflected down but it will actually attach inferiorly to our tibial tuberosity right there. This is just to remind you what plantar flexion is. What you're doing now versus dorsiflexion. They both have flexion in the name but we're going to have our extensors responsible for dorsiflexion. There's toe extension versus our plantar flexion. We're going to have the muscles the posterior leg responsible for that. So there's our flexor muscles here plantar flexing the foot and the ankle. Alright so looking at the knee or the leg it's not as overwhelming I think as as the forearm. We are looking at the anterior aspect here. Here is medial with our big toe. Here's lateral with our smaller toe. We're going to see that same pattern where it's going to be named for the action and then what it what it does right or where it attaches to or what thing it moves. So we have the tibialis anterior this one of course it doesn't follow the pattern. The tibialis anterior is going to sit right on the tibia. You can actually feel on the medial aspect of your leg if you tap it you feel your tibia right there. So right on the opposite side of this crest here you'll feel the tibialis anterior especially if you dorsiflex your foot. Okay the next muscle over is actually going to be a deep muscle right here. If we follow that muscle down we see one tendon going to our big toe. So hopefully in your mind you think okay that's an extensor to one big toe. Hollisis is what we're going to use instead of polisis in longest because we do have a brevisis in the foot. One more over we're going to have our extensor digitorum longus. So if this muscle here if you follow it down we'll see many tendons going to digits two through five. So it's our extensor digitorum longus. Longus is in the leg extensor digitorum is just in the arm right. Okay so we're going to move to the posterior aspect now or those are the lateral aspect. So we know that our fibula is lateral we can actually see the head of it here and that lateral malleolus down here. We have two muscles in this lateral compartment and they're going to help evert our foot primarily. So eversion is that this is a big toe kind of sending it or turning it not turning it orienting it laterally right. So we have our fibularis longus. Here's a fibularis longus with a long tendon that is going to attach or end inferiorly on the side of the foot here on our metatarsals. I guess that would be our our cuneiform actually. And then fibularis brevis we actually see it kind of poking out on either side because it's deep. That tendon is going to come down and attach more anteriorly on the metatarsals here. So fibularis longus and brevis are the lateral compartment. That's right. And then our posterior compartment of the leg this is they are going to be our flexor muscles. So oftentimes they'll have flexor in the name and they're going to help us plant our flex or point our our ankle in our toes right. So the big one here is going to be the gastrocnemius. It's this big two-bellied muscle right here that is what you think of as your calf muscle. If we look deep to that we're going to see the soleus. The soleus is just deep and is quite broad and wide. Both of those are going to come together and form our calcaneal or Achilles tendon. We also have another muscle in here called the plantarus. I kind of think of this as the pulmaris longus. A little belly up here with a long tendon down to really our calcaneus. Okay weird picture take a second to orient yourself right. So here's the proximal portion the head of the fibula so we know that that's lateral and then this will be medial. We can also see this big bone here that's our big toe so what's also medial versus lateral right. We had three muscles back here that you need to know and they kind of go in kind of a weird place and again this is going to be due to that rotation of the limbs. So this muscle from lateral to medial this muscle here is going to be our flexor holocyst longus. It's weird because it's lateral in our leg but it's going to move the medial most toe and it's going to do that but coming down and having this long tendon cross over here and go to the big toe. So flexor holocyst longus. Excuse my I guess French here but I like to remember that the big toe is going to help you haul *** right. So you're going to holocyst longus with your with your toe versus taking a pole with your thumb. Alright so then if we go to this middle muscle right here it's also going to send its ligament or tendon over here and is attaching to really the medial aspect of the foot and that's going to be our posterior or tibialis posterior. So tibialis posterior is in the middle and then our medial most muscle is going to be that flexor digitorum longus. So flexor digitorum longus again if we follow this down look at those tendons I'm going to those different locations. I have this image because we can see those tendons a little bit better. Notice that we have a relationship here where we have our tendons actually going through another tendon like we do in the hand but these tendons are going to be attached to muscles that we only find in our foot. So here's our flexor holocyst longest tendon to the big toe and our flexor digitorum tendons going to the rest of the toes two through five right we have lumbar goals down here a bunch of we have a bunch of muscles in our feet that we're not going to cover this year but there's this is where you find the most the brevis muscles. Okay and that is the end of this material.