Lecture 3 Terms of movement PDF

Introduction To Human Anatomy 7101101 Lecture 3 part 1 (1hr±): Anatomical terminology 2 Terms of movement and anatomical variations  Terms of movement Every movement takes place within a certain plane and around a certain axis (like a wheel): Flexion and Extension: These...

Introduction To Human Anatomy 7101101 Lecture 3 part 1 (1hr±): Anatomical terminology 2 Terms of movement and anatomical variations  Terms of movement Every movement takes place within a certain plane and around a certain axis (like a wheel): Flexion and Extension: These movements generally occur in sagittal planes around a transverse axis Flexion: bending or decreasing the angle between the bones or parts of the body For most joints (e.g., elbow), flexion involves movement in an anterior direction. (knee is an exception) Extension: straightening or increasing the angle between the bones or parts of the body. usually occurs in a posterior direction. (knee is an exception) Terms of movement Flexion and Extension examples: 1. Shoulder Terms of movement Flexion and Extension examples: 2. Hip Terms of movement Flexion and Extension examples: 3. Fingers Terms of movement Flexion and Extension examples: 4. Knee  Terms of movement Dorsiflexion: Flexion at the ankle joint, as occurs when walking uphill or lifting the front of the foot and toes off the ground. Plantarflexion bends the foot and toes toward the ground, as when standing on your toes. Notice that the two movements occur in the sagittal plane Terms of movement Flexion and Extension examples: 5. Intervertebral discs Terms of movement Hyperextension (overextension): Extension of a limb or part beyond the normal limit can cause injury, such as “whiplash” (i.e., hyperextension of the neck during a rear-end automobile collision). Terms of movement Abduction and Adduction These movements generally occur in a frontal plane around an anteroposterior axis Except for the digits, abduction means moving away from the median plane (e.g., when moving an upper limb laterally away from the side of the body) and adduction means moving toward it. Note: ab- is a prefix which means “away” ad- is a prefix which means “towards, near; next to” Terms of movement Abduction and Adduction: upper limb at the shoulder Terms of movement Abduction and Adduction: lower limb at the hip Terms of movement Abduction of digits (fingers or toes): means spreading them apart—moving the other fingers away from the neutrally positioned 3rd (middle) finger or moving the other toes away from the neutrally positioned 2nd toe. Terms of movement Adduction of digits (fingers or toes): Adduction of the digits is the opposite of abduction and means bringing the spread fingers or toes together, toward the neutrally positioned 3rd finger or 2nd toe. Terms of movement Abduction and Adduction of digits (fingers or toes): The 3rd finger and 2nd toe medially or laterally abduct away from the neutral position. Terms of movement Thumb movements Thumb Thumb abduction and adduction occurs in the Thumb flexion and extension sagittal plane. occurs in the frontal plane This is because in the anatomical position, the thumb is rotated 90° relative to the other digits (notice the thumbnail faces laterally instead of posteriorly compared to other digits) Terms of movement Thumb movements Opposition is the movement by which the pad of the 1st digit (thumb) is brought to another digit pad. Reposition describes the movement of the 1st digit from the position of opposition back to its anatomical position. Terms of movement Right and left lateral flexion (lateral bending) special forms of abduction for only the neck and trunk (the midline of the body itself to become bent sideways). This is a compound movement occurring between many adjacent vertebrae. Terms of movement Rotation turning or revolving a part of the body around its longitudinal axis, such as turning one's head to face sideways Terms of movement Medial rotation (internal rotation) brings the anterior surface of a limb closer to the median plane, Lateral rotation (external rotation) takes the anterior surface away from the median plane. Terms of movement Medial rotation (internal rotation) and Lateral rotation (external rotation) of the hip Terms of movement Circumduction a circular movement that involves sequential flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction (or in the opposite order) in such a way that the distal end of the part moves in a circle. Circumduction can occur at any joint at which all the above-mentioned movements are possible (e.g., the shoulder and hip joints).