AGR 201: Introduction to General Agriculture PDF

AGR201: INTRODUCTI ONTOGENERALAGRI CULTURE Def ini ti on: Agricul tur ecanbedef inedastheart ,thescience,andbusi nessofcul...

AGR201: INTRODUCTI ONTOGENERALAGRI CULTURE Def ini ti on: Agricul tur ecanbedef inedastheart ,thescience,andbusi nessofcul ti vat ingcropsand l ivestockforeconomicpurposes.Atcertai nstagesofhumandev el opment,agr icul tur e usedt obetheonlyknownmeansofl i ving. I tisderi vedfrom theLati ntermsagerr efer ri ngt othesoi landcul turat oi t scult ivat ion. Agri cult ureisabr oadterm encompassingallaspect sofcropproduct ion,hor ti cult ure, l i vestockfar mi ng, forest ryetc Agricultureisdef inedasanar t,scienceandbusi nessofpr oduci ngcr opsandl i v estock foreconomi cpur poses. Asanar titembr acesknowl edgeoft hewayt oper formt heoper ati onsoft hef ar mi na skil lfulmanner ,butdoesnotnecessar i lyi ncludeanunder standingoft hepr i nci ples under l yingt hefar m pr actices. Asasci ence:ut i lizesal lt echnol ogiesdev elopedonsci entificpr i nciplessuchascr op breeding,pr oduct i ont echni ques,cr oppr otection,economi cset c.t omaxi mizet hey i eld andpr of i t.Forexampl e,newcr opsandv arieti esdev elopedbyhy bri dization,Transgeni c cropv arieti esr esi st antt opest sanddi seases,hy bri dsi neachcr op,hi ghf ertil izer responsi vev ari eties,wat ermanagement ,herbicidest ocont rolweeds, useofbi o- cont rol agent stocombatpestanddi seaseset c. Ast hebusi ness:Asl ongasagr i culturei st hewayofl ifeoft her uralpopul ation product i oni sul ti mat elyboundt oconsumpt i on.Butagr icultureasabusi nessai msat maxi mum netr eturnt hrough t he managementofl and l abour,wat erand capi tal, empl oyingt heknowl edgeofv ar i oussci encesf orpr oductionoff ood, f eed, fi breandf uel. Inr ecent y ears,agr i culturei s commer cialized t or un as a busi ness t hrough mechani zati on. BRANCHESOFAGRI CULTURE Sev e nbranchesvi z., 1.Ag ronomy 2.Hor ti cul tur e 3.F orest ry 4.An imalhusb a ndry 5.F is herysci e nce 6.Ag ri cult uralEngi neer in ga nd 7.Homes c ience 1)Agronomy –De alswiththep r oducti onofvar iousc ropswhichin cludesf oodcr ops,f oddercr ops,f i brecrop s, sugar ,oil seeds,et c.Thea i mistohavebet terf oodproduct i onandhowtocont rolt hedi seases. 2)Hor t icult ure -Dealswiththeproducti onoffr ui ts,v ege table s,f l owe r s,or nament alpl ant s,sp ices ,con diment sa nd bev e r ages. 3)Forestry ANTICIPATE SUNNYWISE @ FUNAABSU –De al swi t hp r oductionofl a rges cal ec ul ti vati onofp er e n nialtreesfors u p pl yi ngwood ,t imb er , r ubbe r ,etc.anda l sorawma ter ial sfori n dus tri es. 4)Animal husbandr y –De al swi t ha gr icul turalprac tic eofb r eedinga ndraisi ngl i vestockinor dertoprovidefoodf or huma nsandtop r ovi dep owe r(dr aught)andma nureforcrops. 5)Fisheryscience –De a lswithp r act iceofb reedin ga ndreari ngf i shesin c ludi ngma r i nea ndin l andfi she s, s h ri mp s, pr awn setc.i nordertop r ovidefood,f eeda ndma nure. 6)Agricult uralEngineer i ng –De al swi t hf ar m ma chi neryforfil edp r eparati on,inte r-cul ti vati on,harvest inga ndp ostharvest pr oce s s i ngincl udi ngs oil a n dwa t erconser vati one ngi n e e r ingandb i o- energy. 7)HomeSci ence –De al swi t ha ppl ic a t iona ndu ti l iza ti onofa gri cul turalproducesi nab et terma nnerinorde rto pr ovi d en ut ri ti onalsecu r i ty,incl udi ngv al uea dd i t iona ndf oodp repara tion.Oni nt egrati on,allthe sev enb ranc hes,fir stt hreeisg roupeda sf orc r opp roduct iong r ou pa ndn exttwoa nimal mana gementandlasttwoa l li eda gr icul tu reb r anches. SCOPEANDI MPORTANCEOFAGRI CULTURE  Itcont r ibutest othegr ossdomest i cpr oduct(GDP).  Agr iculturest i llprovideslivelihoodsuppor ttoaboutt wo-t hir dsofcount r y' s popul ati on.  Thesect orpr ovi desempl oy mentt ocount ry' swor kforceandi sthesingl e largestpr iv at esectoroccupat ion/I ncomegener ati on.  Agr icultureaccount sforpartofexpor tearni ngs.  I tprov i desr awmat eri altoal argenumberofI ndustries(t ext il es,si lk, sugar ,ri ce, flourmi l ls,mi lkproducts).  Theagr icult ur esect oractsasawal linmai ntaini ngf oodsecuri tyandinthe pr ocess, national securit yaswel l.  Sour ceofl iveli hood.  Reducepov ertyandcr eateweal t hforf armers.  Nat ional economydev elopment.. Howt oIncr easeAgr icult uralProducti vity?(11Way s) The foll owi ng poi ntshi ghl i ghtt he t op el even suggestionstoincrease agr icult ur al producti vity. Way s#1.Tr anspor tFaci l i ties: Tof acil it atet hef armer st opr oducenew f arminputsandenabl et hem tosellthei r productinmar kets,v il l agesshoul dbel inkedwi t hmandi es. I twoul dhel pt or aiset heirincomewhi chi nturnst i mul at esthefarmer’sint erestt o adoptbet terf armt echnologywi thsuf f ici entincome.Thust hecultiv atorcani nvest mor eforthei mpr ovementofl and. Way s#2.I rr igationFaci li ti es: Croppr oduct ivi tydependsnotonl yont hequal i tyofi nputbutal soont heirri gati on faci li ti es.Ther ef or e,canals, t ubewel l sshoul dbeconst ructedtopr ovidebetteri rri gati on faci li ti esf ort hesecur i tyofcr ops.Extensivef l oodcont r olmeasuresshouldbeadopt ed topreventt hedev ast ati oncausedbyf loods. Way s#3.I nst ituti onalCr edit: Tosav et hef armer sf rom t hecl utchesofmoney lender s,adequat ecr edi tf acili t i es shoul dbemadeav ailableatr easonabl echeapr at esi nr uralar eas.Thel andmor tgage banksandco- oper at i v ecr edi tsoci eti esshoul dbest rengt henedt opr ov idel oanst ot he cultivat ors.Mor eov er,integr at edschemeofr ural credi tmustbei mpl ement ed. Way s#4.Pr operMar ket ingFaci lities: Mar ket ingi nf rastruct ureshoul dbewi denedandst rengt henedt ohel pt hef ar mer stosel l theirpr oduct satbet terpr i ces.Ther eshoul dbepr operar r angement sf orunl oadingof the pr oduce i nt he mar kets.Besi des,pr ice suppor tpol i cymustbe adopt ed and mi nimum pr icesshoul dbeguar ant eedt ot hepeasant s. Way s#5.Suppl yofQual ityI nput s: Thef armer si nt hecount ryshoul dbesuppl i edwi thqual i tyinput satpr opert imesandat cont rolledpr ices.Topr ot ectt hef armer sexpl oitat i on,ef fect iv est epsar eneededt obe takent ocheckt hesal eofadul ter atedf ertil izers. Way s#6.Consol i dat ionofHol di ngs: Inv ariousst atesconsol i dat ionofhol dingsi snotsat isfactor y.Ther ef ore, ef fortsshoul d bemadet owar dscompl et i ngt heconsol idat i onwor kint hespeci fi cper iodoft ime.Bi g areasofl andwhi char el yingwast e, canber eclaimedandmadef i tf orcul tiv ation. Way s#7.Agr iculturalEducat ion: Inabi dt ogui deandadv iset hef armer sr egar dingt headopt ionofnew t echnol ogy arrangement sshoul dbemadef oragr i cul turaleducat ionandext ensi onser vices.I t woul d assi stt he f ar mer st ot ake pr opercr op- car el eadi ng t oi ncr ease i n cr op product ivity. Way s#8.Reduct i onofPopul at iononLand: Asweknow,t hati nourcount ry,maj orityofpopul ationdependsonagr icul tur etoear n theirbot hendsmeet.Thi si ncr easest hepr essur eofpopul at iononl andwhi chl eadst o subdi v i sionandf ragment at i onofl andhol dings.Ther efore,pr opercl i mat eshoul dbe gener at edt oencour aget hef ar m peopl et ost artempl oy menti nsubsi diar yoccupat ions. Itwi llhel pt or educe t he popul at i on pr essur e on l and.Sur plus l abourshoul d be withdr awnf rom agr icultur esect orandbeabsor bedi nnon- agr i cul tur al sect or. Way s#9.Pr ov isi onofBet t erManur eSeeds: Thef ar mer sshoul dbemadef ami l iarwi tht headv ant ageofchemi calf ertilizert hrough exhibi ti onsandt hesei nput sshoul dbemadeeasi lyav ailabl et hroughco- oper at i ve societ iesandpanchay ats.Li ber alsuppl i esofi nsect ici desandpest icidesshoul dbe distri but edatt hecheapr atesal l ov erthecount rysi de. Way s#10.LandRef or ms: Itisal sosuggest edt hatef for tsshoul dbemadet opl ugt hel oophol esi nt heexi sting l andl egi slationssot hatt hesur plusl andmaybedi stri but edamongt hesmal land mar ginalf ar mer s.The admi ni strative set - up shoul d be st reaml i ned and cor rupt element sshoul dal sobepuni shed.I twillhel ptoi mpl ementt hel awpr oper ly. Way s#11.Co- oper ativeFar mi ng: Tocheckt hesub- di visionandf ragment at i onofhol ding,t hemov ementofco- oper at i ve farmi ngshoul dbel aunched.Co- operat i v ef ar mingwoul dr esul ti nt headopt i onof moder nt echnol ogy on so- cal led bi gf arms.I nt his way ,agr icul ture wi l lbecome profitabl eoccupat iont hrougheconomi esofl arge- scal efarmi ng. Tr endsi nagr icul tur alpr oduct ion Agricultur alpr oducti on has incr eased greatl yov erthe l astdecades and i n most continentst he food product ion has been ableto sur pass t he populat ion gr owt h. Accor dingtoFAO( 2000),t heincr easei nproduct ionisamongotheratt ri butabl etothe fol lowi ngfactors: t hespr eadindev elopedcountr iesofthemoder nagricul tur alrevoluti on(invol vi ngl arge - scal emechani sat ion,bi ologi cal select ion, useofchemical s,special isati on), amodernagri cult uralr evol uti oni nsomedev elopingcount ri esthati snotdependenton heavymotor isedmechanisati onbuti nst eadinvolvestheuseofchemicalsandt he sel ecti onofvari eti es, t heexpansi onofir ri gat edsur faces,f rom about80mi l li onhai n1950t oabout270 mi ll ionhai n2000, t heexpansi onofar abl elandandl andunderper manentcr ops, t hedevel opmentofmixedfar mingsy st emsusinghighlevel sofav ai l abl ebiomass (combini ngcrop,ar bor icul tur e,li vest ockand,sometimes,fi shf ar ming)inthemost densel ypopulat edar easthatl acknewlandforcl ear ingori rri gati on. Agr icult uralproduct s“ Agri cult uralproductmeans anyagri cult uralcommodi tyorproduct, whetherraw orprocessed,i ncludi nganycommodi tyorproduct ,whetherr aw orpr ocessed, i ncl udinganycommodi t yorproductderi vedfr om l i vestock crops–agricul tur alpr oducts,growi ng,har vested,orcol lect ed;f orexample, wheat,cot ton, frui t, honey.dai rycows–cowsr aisedmainl yfortheproducti onofmil kfordai ryproduct s. In 2019,the 10 largestsources ofcash receipt sf r om the sal e ofU.S.- produced f arm commodi t ieswer e(indescendingorder ):cattl e/cal ves,cor n,dair yproduct s/milk,soy beans, broi ler s,miscel laneouscrops,hogs, wheat,chi ckeneggs,andhay. Themajoragricul turalpr oductscanbebr oadl ygrouped i ntofoods,fibers,f uelsand r aw mater ial s(suchasr ubber ).Foodcl assesi ncludecer eals( grains) ,veget ables,fr uit s,oi l ,meat, mil k,f ungiandeggs. Di str ibut ionofagr icul tur alpr oduct s Goodsproducedinfact oriesand/ orcommodi ti esinagri cul tur eshouldreachcust omers.The systemsbywhicht heyreachthecust omer sarecal l eddist ri buti onchannel s.Thesef aci l itat ethe saleandmovementofproduct s.  Ther earebasical ly4t ypesofmarket ingchannel s:di rectsel l ing;sel l ingt hroughi nter medi ari es; dual dist ri but ion;andr ever sechannel s. Goodsproducedinfact oriesand/ orcommodi ti esinagri cul tur eshouldreachcust omers.The systemsbywhicht heyreachthecust omer sarecal l eddist ri buti onchannel s.Thesef aci l itat ethe saleandmovementofproduct s. Distr ibuti on Atthecor eofaheal t hyeconomi calsystem r esidest her el ationshi pbet weenpr oducers andconsumer s.Inal ar geeconomydepr i v edofef f icientcommuni cationsy st emsa thi rdent i tyappear sbetweent heproducerandt heconsumer ,themi ddl eman, adistri butor.Inthiscontext,t hepr oducerisdi sconnect edfrom t hebenef iciar iesofi t s products,andt hemi ddl emanbr idgesthisgap, notonl ybyest ablishingadi str ibution channel,offeri ngpr oducersaccesst oamar ket,toagr oupofconsumer s,butal soby givi ngf eedbackt oproducersaboutmar ketdemands.Mor eov er,themi ddlemanhasan advantaget omaskt heproduceront hemar ketbycr eatingbrands.Thust hepr oducer becomesunknown, behindthescreenoft hebr and, andt hemi ddlemancanpl ay dif ferentproducer s,l everagi nghisv isi bil it yandt heaccesst ot hemar kett oobt aina bett erpr i cef orproducts.Hist oryshowst hati nal mostal lsuchsy stemst hepowerof thedistri butorincreasesinexcessivepropor tions, t obecomeanui sancef ortheov er all economy. Thedist ri butorcont rol sthef lowofgoodsf orapr ofi t.Ther ear edi ff erentway sto i ncreaseprof it s. Thetotal it yofal ldi str ibut ionchannelsformsadi st ri but ionnetwork.Dist ri but ionisav ery complexsyst em butcanbeconceptuall ydiv idedi ntofourmajorcat egori es:1)marketmaker s, 2)sel l ers,3)t ranspor ter s,and4)hybr ids. Mar ketMaker s Marketmaker sareorganizat ionst hatprovideei therarealorvi rtualplacewher egoods maybeboughtandsold.Classical examplearethefarmer' smar ket ,consideredast he ent it ythatact ual lyrentsspacet ofar mer sf ort heirst all s,astockmar ketthatcontrol s whomayormaynott r adebysel li ngseat sonitsexchange,ashoppingmal lthatmakes i tsmoneybyleasi ngspacet ost oresatthemal l , Sel l ersandResel l ers Sel l ingor gani zat ionsei therpur chaseandownt hegoodst heysel lort heyf ulf il lasel l ing ANTICIPATE SUNNYWISE @ FUNAABSU funct ionwit houtowner ship.I ftheyarei nt hefi rstcat egor y,t heywi l lbecal l ed dist ri butor s,whol esal ers, jobbers, ret ail ers,ordeal ers Tr anspor ter s Centraltoeverydistr ibutionsy stem, butusuall yleasttal kedabout , isthecommunit yof organizati onsthatphy sicall yst oreandmov ethegoods.Theseel ementsmaybeowned bysellersorproducers;mostof tentheyar eindependentlyowned.ThePostOff iceand commer ci alfr eightcar r iers,orinstance,areimportantplayer s.Transpor ter soperat e warehousesandpr ovidegr ound, water,andairtr ansportservi ces. Hy bri ds Someoft hefunct ionsdescr i bedabov earemut uall yexclusi ve.Asell erei therowns merchandiseordoesnot.Otherrol es,howev er ,aremor eeasi lycombinedand tr adit ional lyhavebeen.Agr ocerystor eist husthemer gi ngofanol dfar mersmar ket andadr ygoodsmar ketint oasi ngl eent er prisethatnow" makesit sownmar ket"and al soownsal lthemer chandi seitsell s. Ut il izat ionofAgr icul tur alPr oduct s Theanimalby-pr oductsoriginateintheslaught er-housesoflar geanimalsandpoul t ry andonf i sh- processi ngshi psandcompr isesuchpr oductsas:meatandboneof fal s, bl ood,bones,i ntesti nes,poultryheadsandf eet ,fat,f eather s,bowels,hor ns,hooves, ani mal hai r,st omach, i ntesti neandr umencont ent,andthecarcassesofani mal s. Tothi sgroupshouldalsobeaddeddair yindustr yby- product snotut il izedforfood pr oducti on(cheese,whey, casei n,but ter- milk)aswel lastanner yby- products. Ani malandpoul tr ymanur ewhi chi scur rent lyusedasaf eedi ngr edi entcanbei ncl uded i nthi sgroup. By -pr oduct sofpl antor igi nconsi stof :  mill ingi ndustryby- products:bran; wast eflour;wast esr esult ingfrom gr ain cl eani ngpr ocesses;wheat,cornandr y eger ms; hullsofsomeseeds, e.g.pea, barl ey ,buckwheat.  by- pr oductsoft heoili ndust r y:sol vent-ext ractedcakef rom soy beanandoi l- yi eldingr ape,sunfl ower , flax,andpr oductsformeddur ingr efi ningofpl antoi l s, l ecithinandf attyaci ds.  by- pr oductsoft hesugarindust r y: beetpul p,molasses, defaco-saturati onr esidue.  by- pr oductsoft hestarchindustry: potatopulp,pot atocel lj uiceandot her,when cornorwheati sprocessed-r esiduesofseedsaf terst archextraction,gluten, germs.  by- pr oductsoft hefrui tandv eget abl ei ndust r y:product sr esult ingf rom peeling fr uitsandv egetabl es,pomace, stonesofsomef ruits,e.g.tomat oes. By-productsofthef erment ationi ndust ryincl udegrai n, mol asses,pot atodisti l ler s’ solubles,br ewer'sandwi neyeast ,bact eriaandfungibi omassasawast efr om productionoflacti candci t ri candotherorgani cacids,aswellasspentgrai nandmalt sproutsinbreweries.Acti vatedsl udgefrom wastewatertr eat mentpl ant sinthefood processingindustryisal soused.