Aeronomenclat ure PDF

Aeronomenclat ure as of August 2023 Reference: CSTM Rev. 01 effective 05 May 2023  Objective: Familiarize and understand the basic aeronautical principles and terminologies  WHAT IS AERONOMENCLATURE? Definition AERO...

Aeronomenclat ure as of August 2023 Reference: CSTM Rev. 01 effective 05 May 2023  Objective: Familiarize and understand the basic aeronautical principles and terminologies  WHAT IS AERONOMENCLATURE? Definition AERO art or science of flight. Definition MASTER… NOMENCLATURE definition of things Definition AERONOMENCLATURE study of all vital terminologies, definitions, abbreviations or subjects that delve in the field of aviation. Aircraft Any machine designed to travel through the air whether heavier or lighter than air. Types of Aircraft Glider/Sailplane Types of Aircraft Hot Air Balloon/Blimps Types of Aircraft Helicopter/Rotorcraft Types of Aircraft Airplane is an aircraft heavier than air that is kept aloft by the aerodynamic forces of air upon its wings and is driven forward by a propeller or by other means such as jet propulsion. Types of Airplane Types of Airplane Turbo-Prop Airplanes with propellers driven by turbine power. Types of Airplane Jet Airplanes propelled by the forward thrust of an engine that ejects a rearward jet of air, gas or liquid, at extremely high velocity. No propellers to accelerate a large mass of air.  Airplane Parts (Exterior and Interior) Exterior Parts Nose Leading most area of the airplane composed of the Flight Deck compartment and retractable nose gear Nose with taxi light. Exterior Parts Fuselage The main body of the airplane where wings are attached and houses the crew, passengers and cargo. Fuselage Exterior Parts Wings A general term used to describe one of the main support structures designed to develop a major part of the lift needed for the flight. Exterior Parts Leading Edge Leading or forward portion Leading Edge of the wing. Exterior Parts Slats High lift devices located on the leading edge of the wing, designed to lower take-off and Slats landing speeds, allowing the use of shorter runways Exterior Parts Trailing Edge Rear most portion of the wing. Trailing Edge Exterior Parts Aileron Hinged or movable portion of the wing through which direction of the flight maybe changed to left or right. Aileron Exterior Parts Spoilers On the upper trailing edge of each wing forward of the flaps which decrease wing lift and increase drag. Spoilers Exterior Parts Flaps Movable portion of the wing. When extended, it causes a reduction of airspeed and an increase of drag necessary for the descent of the airplane. It is also used during take-off to increase lift. Flaps Exterior Parts Trim Tabs Located on the right aileron, right rudder and on each elevator. Used to stabilize the aircraft. Trim Tabs Exterior Parts Engines A. Nacelle – housing cover that holds the engine. B. Cowling – movable coverings of the engine. Cowling Nacelle Exterior Parts Fuel Tank A tank designed to store aviation fuel Exterior Parts Sharklets or Wing tips Reduces aircraft drag, increases fuel efficiency and range. Exterior Parts Static Eliminators Tassel-like cords on the trailing edge of the wing tips and elevators used to eliminate static electricity. Exterior Parts Landing Gears Landing gears which may be folded into the body of the airplane in order to reduce drag or resistance. Supports the airplane on ground during taxi take-off & landing. Nose Gear Main Gears Exterior Parts Tail Rearmost area of the airplane. Exterior Parts Vertical Stabilizer Fixed vertical mounting for the rudder used to stabilize the tail section vertically. Vertical Stabilizer Exterior Parts Rudder Hinged movable surface through which the direction of the flight may be changed to left or right. Rudder Exterior Parts Horizontal Stabilizer Located immediately in front of the elevators used to lift and stabilize the tail section horizontally. Horizontal Stabilizer Exterior Parts Elevator The movable surface hinged to the horizontal stabilizer which controls the upward and downward movement of the airplane. Elevator Lights Beacon Lights (Flashing Red) Installed on top and bottom of the fuselage. Lights Strobe Lights These lights are installed in each wing tip and in the tail cone. They flash white and are used as supplemental recognition light. Lights Logo Lights Are installed one on each side of the upper surface of the horizontal stabilizer to illuminate the company logo on both sides of the vertical stabilizer. Lights Navigation Lights Regulatory lights are installed on the wing tip. Lights Taxi and Take-off Lights Two lights are installed side by side on the nose landing gear. Landing Lights Landing Lights Taxi & Take-off Lights Two landing lights are installed laterally in the forward main landing gear fairing bay. Break in Points These are marked areas located outside the aircraft, suitable for break-in by rescue crew in an emergency. The break-in points are marked on both sides of the fuselage usually red or yellow in color and outlines in white to contrast with the background. Interior Parts Interior Parts Cabin Main compartment that houses the passengers and cabin crew. Interior Parts (Cabin Orientation) Left Captain’s side. Left side of the aircraft facing the flight deck. Right First Officer’s side. Right side of the aircraft facing the flight deck. Capt. FO Interior Parts Passenger Seat fixture for passengers to sit on during the flight. Abreast passenger seats per row. Interior Parts Galley Installation that are used to prepare and keep food and beverage. Interior Parts Lavatory Term used for the aircraft toilet. Honeypot Toilet bowl. Interior Parts Overhead Bin Compartment for stowing passenger carry on baggage. Emergency equipment are also stowed in the overhead bins. Interior Parts Coatroom Compartment for stowing passenger and crew coat hangers. Interior Parts Doghouse Compartment for stowing emergency equipment. Interior Parts Bulkhead Partitions inside the cabin. Interior Parts Jumpseat Collapsible seats for each crew member. Interior Parts Cabin Doors Main passage used for crew and passenger boarding and deplaning and galley loading and off-loading. Interior Parts Flight Deck Compartment Installed with Flight Deck Crew jumpseats and controls. Interior Parts Black Box (Flight Data Recorder) records speed, headings, temperature, attitude/altitude of the aircraft, engine performance, position of the controls and flight instruments Interior Parts Cockpit Voice Recorder records all sounds and voice conversations audible in the Recorder cockpit, communications head on the Captain and F/O’s headsets and public address Aerodynamics  LIFT THRUST DRAG WEIGHT WHAT MAKES AN AIRPLANE FLY? Aerodynamics An airplane flies through the air because of the lift created by the wings and the thrust from the engines, according to Bernoulli’s Principle. Bernoulli’s Principle Bernoulli’s principle explains the way in which air moving over the wings creates lift. “The principle states that as the speed of a fluid increases, its pressure decreases” Air behaves much like a fluid as it flows around a wing. It separates at the point of impact and flows both over and under the exterior surfaces. Bernoulli’s Principle According to Bernoulli’s principle, this difference in speed creates more pressure below the wing and less pressure above it. The high pressure beneath the wing causes lift. Low Pressure High Pressure LIFT Bernoulli’s Principle Two consequences of Bernoulli’s principle affect flight performance: Speed is important - at faster speed, the pressure differential is greater and more lift is available. Higher altitude means lower lift - at high altitude, air is thinner (less dense) and thus creates less pressure and less lift. Forces that affect the aircraft THRUST - the power of the engines and propellers that pull the airplane forward. DRAG - the friction of the air over the airplane’s surface which tends to hold back the airplane. Forces that affect the aircraft LIFT - The force that pulls the airplane upward created by the design of the wing. GRAVITY (WEIGHT) - the downward pull on the airplane. Types of Wind TAIL WIND - wind that pushes the airplane from the rear thereby increasing the speed of the aircraft. Types of Wind HEAD WIND - wind that comes toward the nose of the airplane thus retarding its movement. Types of Wind CROSS WIND - wind that comes from either side of the airplane causing the airplane to drift off course or move from side to side. Types of Wind 06 VARIABLE WIND wind that blows without marked regularity. 24 Turbulence Turbulence is an atmospheric condition caused by vertically ascending and descending air currents. Types of Turbulence CLEAR AIR TURBULENCE - atmospheric condition caused by air currents that flow vertically. - movement of wind in an irregular manner so that there are changes in the magnitude and direction of motion. Types of Turbulence TURBULENCE (Bumpy) rough airplane movement due to heavy clouds or bad weather. Crew Designations Crew Designations CREW MEMBERS qualified persons designated by the operator to perform specific duties on an aircraft. Crew Designations Flight Deck/Cockpit Crew - Refers to the Captain and First Officer. Crew Designations Rater/Check Cabin Crew/Cabin Crew Manager administrative personnel tasked with the authority and responsibility of training, monitoring and evaluating Cabin Crew. Crew Designations Cabin Crew Person carried on a flight for the purpose of performing duties in the interest of safety, comfort and convenience of passsengers. Crew Designations Lead Cabin Crew (LCC) most senior Cabin Crew member assuming the lead position. Lead Cabin Crew Domestic (LCCD) Lead Cabin Crew for domestic flights. Lead Cabin Crew International (LCCI) Lead Cabin Crew for international flights. Aircraft Handling Related Terms Aircraft Handling Related Terms Altitude Vertical distance measured in feet above sea level. Cruising Altitude Constant height maintained during flight. Ceiling Maximum altitude an aircraft can fly. Visibility The greatest distance towards the horizon at which conspicuous objects can be seen and identified by unaided eyes. Aircraft Handling Related Terms Bank change of attitude from left or right. Aircraft Handling Related Terms OVERSHOOT landing beyond the designated area. UNDERSHOOT landing short of the designated area. Aircraft Handling Related Terms HOLDING/AIR TRAFFIC condition where several airplanes are flying in a 06 racetrack pattern above an airport at different altitudes awaiting their turn to land. 24 Aircraft Handling Related Terms WARM-UP - that condition when the engine is being tested before its initial flight. - back fire may occur if the engines are not yet fully warmed to the proper temperature. Aircraft Handling Related Terms AUTO-PILOT Mechanical instrument controlled by the pilot in the cockpit, which can keep the plane in normal flight automatically. DIVERT if an aircraft cannot land at the designated airport due to bad weather or obstruction on the runway, flight will be diverted to another airport. Aircraft Handling Related Terms ALTERNATE AIRPORT Alternate airport where an airplane can land in case designated airport is not available. This is normally the airport nearest the destination airport. DUMP FUEL Fuel tanks are opened during the flight and fuel is released to the atmosphere and ocean because an emergency landing has to be made. Aircraft Handling Related Terms AIRCRAFT EMERGENCY SITUATION when natural calamities such as typhoons, floods, etc. occur, the aircraft equipment will have to be secured and this will necessitate the evacuation of aircraft and equipment to other unaffected stations. full crew complement is required because the return flight may be a revenue flight. Aircraft Handling Related Terms TECHNICAL STOP flight will have to make an unscheduled stop at a certain station prior to proceeding to its destination for purposes of safety, refueling & etc. FLAG STOP flight makes a scheduled stop at a certain station prior to proceeding to its destination for purposes of dropping or picking up passengers. Pressurization Principle PRESSURIZATION Method of maintaining air pressure inside the airplane below that of the actual altitude of the flight to ensure comfort. DECOMPRESSION Occurs when cabin pressure is the same as that outside the aircraft. Operational Terms Operational Terms DEADHEAD CREW non-working crew members traveling for operational/non-operational purposes. FLIGHT TIME Total time from the moment an airplane moves for the purpose of taking off until it comes to rest. BLOCK TIME Time wherein the aircraft moves under its own power until engine shut down (blocks on). Operational Terms LEG One portion of a flight from one destination to another. TWENTY-FOUR HOUR SYSTEM Military time, day starts at 0001H and ends at 2400H. Operational Terms RP-C Numbers (PCAR Part 4.3.1.3) Nationality mark for Philippine Registered aircraft is RP. The Roman capital letters “RP-C” will classify aircraft, except gliders, as complying fully the airworthiness requirements as the case may be for the purpose of carrying persons or property, for or without hire. Operational Terms DELAYED FLIGHT Flight that cannot take-off per scheduled departure time due to numerous reasons (such as maintenance checks, awaiting connecting passengers, etc.) CANCELLED FLIGHT Flights that do not operate. Operational Terms CREEPING DELAY Flight that is delayed by the hour due to bad weather or aircraft situation. CONNECTING FLIGHT The aircraft crew will turn around for another flight after having arrived from a previous flight. Operational Terms BUMP OFF The person cannot be accommodated in the flight. FULL LOAD Flight is full. DOMICILE Station where crew is based. Operational Terms TURN AROUND TIME Refers to the ground time given to turn around the aircraft and make it available for the next flight. OUTLYING STATION Stations other than the domicile station. Operational Terms LONG HAUL A flight over a long distance. COORDINATED UNIVERSAL TIME (UTC) The primary standard by which the world regulates clocks and time. Permanent Airport Fixtures RUNWAY narrow and comparatively long area which is used for landing and take-off of airplanes. TAXIWAY defined path used for taxiing of the airplane. RAMP hard surface area in front of the entrance to the terminal building which is used to park the airplane where passengers board and disembark. Permanent Airport Fixtures TERMINAL A place for receiving or discharging passengers and cargo. HANGAR A shelter for airplanes. CONTROL TOWER The tower wherein the traffic controllers monitor air traffic in the immediate vicinity. Abbreviations A/C Aircraft AMO Approved Maintenance Organization AOC Air Operator Certificate AOG Aircraft On Ground APU Auxiliary Power Unit ATA Actual Time of Arrival ATC Air Traffic Control ATD Actual Time of Departure BETA Before Estimated Time of Arrival BETD Before Estimated Time of Departure Abbreviations OM Operations Manual CAAP Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines CAB Civil Aeronautics Board CAPT Captain CC Cabin Crew CCM Cabin Crew Manager CCOM Cabin Crew Operations Manual CCSM Cabin Crew Safety Manual COMAT Company Material CXLD Cancelled Abbreviations ETA Estimated Time of Arrival ETD Estimated Time of Departure EXMO Expectant Mother F/O First Officer FAA Federal Aviation Authority FLT Flight FOC Free Of Charge FWD Forward GPU Ground Power Unit ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization IATA International Air Transport Association JAA Joint Aviation Authorities Abbreviations LATA Late Arrival of Turn Around Aircraft LCC Lead Cabin Crew LCCD Lead Cabin Crew Domestic LCCI Lead Cabin Crew International LMC Last Minute Check-in MEL Minimum Equipment List NLT Not Later Than OHB Overhead Bins OWE Overwing Exit PAX Passenger Abbreviations PCAR Philippine Civil Aviation Regulations PIC Pilot-In-Command PNL Passenger Name List QTA Quick Turn Around RON Remain Overnight SMS Safety Management System STD Scheduled Time of Departure T/A Turn Around UM Unaccompanied Minor WX Weather Phonetic Alphabet (Int’l) - widely used in radio communications by military, intelligence and airlines (international and air to ground) personnel. - used to spell out words A - Alpha I - India R - Romeo B - Bravo J - Juliet S - Sierra C - Charlie K - Kilo T - Tango D - Delta L - Lima U – Uniform E - Echo M - Mike V - Victor F - Foxtrot N - November W - Whisky G- Golf O - Oscar X - X-ray H- Hotel P – Papa Y - Yankee Q - Quebec Z - Zulu Military Time 0001H - 1201 (one minute after midnight) 0100H - 1AM 1300H - 1PM 0200H - 2AM 1400H - 2PM 0300H - 3AM 1500H - 3PM 0400H - 4AM 1600H - 4PM 0500H - 5AM 1700H - 5PM 0600H - 6AM 1800H - 6PM 0700H - 7AM 1900H - 7PM 0800H - 8AM 2000H - 8PM 0900H - 9AM 2100H - 9PM 1000H - 10AM 2200H - 10PM 1100H - 11AM 2300H - 11PM 1200H - 12 NOON 2400H - 12midnight Airport IATA Codes - is a three-letter code designating many airports around the world. The characters prominently displayed on baggage tags attached at airport check- in desks are an example of a way these codes are used.  TUG TUGUEGARAO Airport IATA Codes CYZ CAUAYAN LAOAG LAO WNP NAGA CLARK CRK VRC VIRAC MANILA MNL MBT MASBATE SAN JOSE SJI DRP LEGAZPI (DARAGA) CORON USU CYP CALBAYOG CATICLAN MPH RXS ROXAS KALIBO KLO BCD BACOLOD ILOILO ILO TAC TACLOBAN PUERTO PRINCESA PPS IAO SIARGAO CEBU CEB SUG SURIGAO DUMAGUETE DGT TAG TAGBILARAN DIPOLOG DPL BXU BUTUAN ZAMBOANGA ZAM CGM CAMIGUIN TAWI-TAWI TWT CGY CAGAYAN DE ORO OZAMIZ OZC DVO DAVAO PAGADIAN PAG CBO COTABATO GES GENERAL SANTOS  Airport IATA Codes ICN INCHEON NRT NARITA DUBAI DXB NGO NAGOYA KIX OSAKA XIAMEN XMN GUANXHOU CAN FUK FUKUOKA PVG SHANGHAI HANOI HAN TPE TAIPEI DANANG DAD HKG HONGKONG BANGKOK BKK MFM MACAU HO CHI MINH SGN KUALA LUMPUR KUL SYD SYDNEY SINGAPORE SIN MEL MELBOURNE JAKARTA CGK BWN BRUNEI BALI DPS Thank You!