AE CNS 2024 S1_24.pdf

‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪Brain Structures, Neurochemical systems‬‬ ‫‪& Functions‬‬ ‫‪Slide 1 of 76‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪The brain with the spinal cord makes up the central nervous‬‬ ‫‪system (CNS).‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪Slide 2 of 76‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫...

‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪Brain Structures, Neurochemical systems‬‬ ‫‪& Functions‬‬ ‫‪Slide 1 of 76‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪The brain with the spinal cord makes up the central nervous‬‬ ‫‪system (CNS).‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪Slide 2 of 76‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪ £‬ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺮ‪$‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺮ‪$‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪Introduction‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪hemispheres,‬‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫&\‬ ‫ﺮ‪$‬‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭﺍﻟ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‪.....‬ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺻ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺭ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﻘﺎﺩ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺪ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪£‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺭ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺭ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻘﺎﺩ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺪ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻘﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‪..‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‪..‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﻘﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺪ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‪..‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺮ‪$‬‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪PHA 112 – CNS : Brain Structures and Functions‬‬ ‫ﺭ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫‪PHA 112 – CNS : Brain Structures and Functions‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭﺩﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭﺪ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫&\‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪WEEK 29-32‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪WEEK 29-32‬‬ ‫‪The brain contains almost 98% of the body’s neural tissue.‬‬ ‫‪Average weight of a new-born human brain ~ 350-400 g, and‬‬ ‫‪adult human brain ~1300-1400 g.‬‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪cerebral‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪It is constituted of nerve cells, glial cells, blood vessels and‬‬ ‫‪cerebrospinal fluid.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪Dr Abdel Ennaceur‬‬ ‫)‪(Feb. 2024‬‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪The surface anatomy includes‬‬ ‫‪cerebellum, and brainstem.‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪The brain is the central organ of the nervous system,‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪MPharm Programme‬‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪2/12/2024‬‬ ‫ﺮ‪$‬‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭﺍﻟ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‪.....‬ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺻ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺭ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﻘﺎﺩ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺪ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪£‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺭ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺭ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻘﺎﺩ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺪ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻘﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‪..‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‪..‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﻘﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺪ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‪..‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫‪WEEK 29-32‬‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪Introduction‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭﺩﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭﺪ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪2/12/2024‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫&\‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪The CNS underlie all the activity of the nervous system‬‬ ‫‪ forms a communication network‬‬ ‫‪ coordinates all the systems of the body and enables them to function.‬‬ ‫‪ integrates the information that it receives from all parts of the body.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫&\‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺭ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫‪WEEK 29-32‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪Slide 4 of 76‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪ £‬ﻋﺒ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺮ‪$‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫ﺮ‪$‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪ Ganglion (ganglia, plural): collection of neuron‬‬ ‫‪cell bodies in the PNS (except, basal ganglia).‬‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪ Nucleus (nuclei, plural): collection of neuron‬‬ ‫‪cell bodies in the CNS.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨ‬ ‫ﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺮ‪$‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪ Tract a group of axons bundled together in‬‬ ‫‪the CNS.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪ Nerve is a group of axons bundled together in‬‬ ‫‪the PNS (Cranial nerves; Spinal nerves).‬‬ ‫‪ Nerve fascicle, or fasciculus is a bundle of‬‬ ‫‪funiculi. A funiculus is a bundle of axons.‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪WEEK‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪Terminology - Neurons‬‬ ‫‪Slide 3 of 76‬‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪PHA 112 – CNS : Brain Structures and Functions‬‬ ‫‪PHA 112 – CNS : Brain Structures and Functions‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪Neurons‬‬ ‫‪ are the primary constituents of the nervous system.‬‬ ‫‪ receive messages from other neurons through dendrites‬‬ ‫‪ dendrites carry message to the neuron's cell body.‬‬ ‫‪ axon carries outgoing messages.‬‬ ‫ﺮ‪$‬‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭﺍﻟ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‪.....‬ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺻ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺭ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﻘﺎﺩ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺪ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪£‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺭ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺭ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻘﺎﺩ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺪ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻘﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‪..‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‪..‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﻘﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺪ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‪..‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫‪WEEK 29-32‬‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪White and Gray matter‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭﺩﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭﺪ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪2/12/2024‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫&\‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺭ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫‪WEEK 29-32‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪Slide 6 of 76‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪ £‬ﻋﺒ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨ‬ ‫ﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺮ‪$‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺮ‪$‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫ﺎﺻ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺮ‪$‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪The main nerve tracts in the CNS are of 3 types:‬‬ ‫‪ Association fibers: connect cortical areas within the same hemisphere.‬‬ ‫‪ Commissural fibers: connect corresponding cortical areas in the two hemispheres. They‬‬ ‫‪cross from one cerebral hemisphere to the other through bridges called commissures.‬‬ ‫‪ Projection fibers: connect the cerebral cortex with the corpus striatum, diencephalon,‬‬ ‫‪brainstem and the spinal cord.‬‬ ‫‪PHA 112 – CNS : Brain Structures and Functions‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪Nerve tracts‬‬ ‫‪Slide 5 of 76‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪PHA 112 – CNS : Brain Structures and Functions‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪Both the spinal cord and the‬‬ ‫‪brain consist of:‬‬ ‫‪White matter = bundles of‬‬ ‫‪axons each coated with a‬‬ ‫‪sheath of myelin‬‬ ‫‪Gray matter = masses of cell‬‬ ‫‪bodies and dendrites - each‬‬ ‫‪covered with synapses‬‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫&\‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪A myelin sheath, made up of glial cells, cover some neurons. It increases‬‬ ‫‪neuron efficiency and provides insulation.‬‬ ‫‪ Multiple sclerosis: CNS demyelinating disease.‬‬ ‫‪ Guillain-Barre syndrome demyelinating disease in the PNS.‬‬ ‫ﺮ‪$‬‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭﺍﻟ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‪.....‬ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺻ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺭ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﻘﺎﺩ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺪ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪£‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺭ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺭ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻘﺎﺩ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺪ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻘﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‪..‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‪..‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﻘﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺪ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‪..‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭﺩﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭﺪ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪2/12/2024‬‬ ‫‪WEEK 29-32‬‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪Terminology - ascending vs. descending‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪Nerves are categorized into 3 groups based on the direction of‬‬ ‫‪the signals:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫&\‬ ‫‪ Afferent nerves: signals from sensory neurons to the CNS.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪ Efferent nerves: signals from the CNS along motor neurons to‬‬ ‫‪their target muscles and glands.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫&\‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺭ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫‪WEEK 29-32‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪Slide 8 of 76‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪ £‬ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪Descending or Efferent pathway is made of one or a‬‬ ‫‪series of neurons projecting from the brain toward‬‬ ‫‪the periphery.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪Ascending or Afferent pathway is made of one or a‬‬ ‫‪series of neurons projecting from the periphery‬‬ ‫‪toward the brain.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨ‬ ‫ﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺮ‪$‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺮ‪$‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨ‬ ‫ﺎﺻ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫ﺮ‪$‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪Terminology - Ascending vs. Descending‬‬ ‫‪PHA 112 – CNS : Brain Structures and Functions‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪Slide 7 of 76‬‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪PHA 112 – CNS : Brain Structures and Functions‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪ Mixed nerves contain both afferent and efferent axons, and‬‬ ‫‪thus conduct both incoming sensory information and outgoing‬‬ ‫‪muscle commands in the same bundle. Example: spinal nerves‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪The dorsal horn is the first‬‬ ‫‪point of synapse of sensory‬‬ ‫‪neurons. Located inside the‬‬ ‫‪spinal cord.‬‬ ‫‪Slide 9 of 76‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪ £‬ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺮ‪$‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨ‬ ‫ﺮ‪$‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪Cranial and Spinal Nerves‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫&\‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺮ‪$‬‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭﺍﻟ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‪.....‬ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺻ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺭ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﻘﺎﺩ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺪ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪£‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺭ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺭ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻘﺎﺩ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺪ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻘﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‪..‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‪..‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﻘﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺪ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‪..‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺮ‪$‬‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪PHA 112 – CNS : Brain Structures and Functions‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭﺩﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭﺪ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫&\‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪WEEK 29-32‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪PHA 112 – CNS : Brain Structures and Functions‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪Cranial nerves innervate parts of‬‬ ‫‪the head, and connect directly to‬‬ ‫‪the brain (especially to the‬‬ ‫‪brainstem).‬‬ ‫‪WEEK 29-32‬‬ ‫‪Slide 10 of 76‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪They are typically assigned‬‬ ‫‪Roman numerals from 1 to 12 and‬‬ ‫‪descriptive names.‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪The dorsal root ganglia‬‬ ‫‪(plural of ganglion) contain‬‬ ‫‪the cell bodies of sensory‬‬ ‫‪neurons. Located outside the‬‬ ‫‪spinal cord.‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪Dorsal root ganglion and dorsal horn‬‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪2/12/2024‬‬ $‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭﺍﻟ‬. ‫ﺻ‬.. ‫ﺮ‬. ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬.....‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺻ‬. ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬.. ‫ﻟ‬.... ‫ﺭﺍ‬.... ‫ﺭ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬.... ‫ﻘﺎﺩ‬.... ‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬..... ‫ﺪ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬........ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ £...... ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺪ‬.. ‫ﺒ‬. ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﻋ‬........ ‫ﺻﺮ‬.... ‫ﺻﺮ‬. ‫ﺎ‬..... ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﺮ‬.... ‫ﺭ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬..... ‫ﺭ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻘﺎﺩ‬...... ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬.... ‫ﺪ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻘﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬..... ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺎ‬. ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬..‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬..‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬... ‫ﻋﺒ‬. ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬. ‫ﺮ‬......... ‫ﻨﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬.... ‫ﺻﺮ‬. ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍ‬. ‫ﺍﻟﻨ‬.... ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﻘﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬. ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺪ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬.... ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬.... ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬.... ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬.... ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬.... ‫ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺩﺭ‬..‫ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬.. ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬.... ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬........ ‫ﺻﺮ‬.... ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬.. ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭﺩﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭﺪ‬... ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ 2/12/2024 WEEK 29-32 ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ Spinal & Cranial Nerves ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ Spinal nerves: there are 31 pairs in humans. ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬......... ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ \& arise from the spinal cord supply the rest of the body connect CNS to the periphery ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬...... ‫ﻨﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬.... $‫ﺮ‬.... ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬... ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬......... ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬..... ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬..... ‫ﺻﺮ‬ \&.... ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬... ‫ﺭ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬.... ‫ﺩﺭ‬.... ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻨﺎ‬.............. ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬.... ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬...... ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬......... ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬....... ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬..... ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬.... ‫ﺻﺮ‬... ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬...... ‫ﻋﺒ‬.... ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬............ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ ﻋﺒ‬£ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨ‬ ‫ﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ $‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬. ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ Dendrites: treelike branches extending from the soma of a neuron. receive incoming signals from other neurons. make up most of the receptive zone of a neuron. have membrane receptors.... ‫ﻋﺒ‬..... ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬... ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬...... ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬....... ‫ﺻﺮ‬...... ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ Cell body (soma) is the factory of the neuron. produces all the proteins for the dendrites, axons and synaptic terminals contains organelles: mitochondria, golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, secretory granules, ribosomes and polysomes..... ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬......... ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬...... ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ A neuron comprises a cell body, an axon and dendrites. ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬.. ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬......... ‫ﺻﺮ‬... ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬... ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ Neuron - Soma, dendrites & Axons ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ WEEK 29-32 ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ PHA 112 – CNS : Brain Structures and Functions...... ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨ‬......... ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬... ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬..... ‫ﺻﺮ‬..... ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺎﺻ‬.. ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬......... ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬...... ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ Slide 11 of 76 ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬... ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ Each spinal nerve branches into two roots: anterior or ventral relays sensory information posterior or dorsal root relays motor information. $‫ﺮ‬................. ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬... ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬... ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ Letter-number designations based on the vertebra through which they connect to the spinal column. ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬..... ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬... ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬... ‫ﺻﺮ‬...... ‫ﻋﺒ‬ PHA 112 – CNS : Brain Structures and Functions ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬... ‫ﺩﺭ‬... Slide 12 of 76 ‫ﺪﺍ‬ Axon: is a projection of a nerve cell, or neuron. conducts action potentials away from the neuron cell body. has knob-like swellings at the very end called synaptic knobs or end buttons. Neurotransmitters are released from the axon terminal buttons. ‫ﻋﺒ‬ 6 ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪Slide 13 of 76‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪Synapse‬‬ ‫‪ site of transmission of electric nerve impulses between two nerve cells or between a‬‬ ‫‪neuron and a gland or a muscle cell.‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪ £‬ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺮ‪$‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨ‬ ‫ﺮ‪$‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪Neuron & Dendrites‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫&\‬ ‫ﺮ‪$‬‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭﺍﻟ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‪.....‬ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺻ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺭ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﻘﺎﺩ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺪ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪£‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺭ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺭ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻘﺎﺩ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺪ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻘﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‪..‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‪..‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﻘﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺪ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‪..‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺮ‪$‬‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪PHA 112 – CNS : Brain Structures and Functions‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪Neuron – Terminal buttons & Synapses‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭﺩﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭﺪ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫&\‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪WEEK 29-32‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪PHA 112 – CNS : Brain Structures and Functions‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪WEEK 29-32‬‬ ‫‪Slide 14 of 76‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪Neurotransmitters‬‬ ‫‪ carry the signal across the synapse.‬‬ ‫‪ released into the synaptic gap.‬‬ ‫‪ bind and activate receptors on the other nerve cells.‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪WEEK‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪Terminal buttons‬‬ ‫‪ located at the end of the neuron‬‬ ‫‪ responsible for sending the signal to other neurons.‬‬ ‫‪ contain vesicles holding the neurotransmitters‬‬ ‫‪ terminal buttons convert electrical impulses into chemical signals‬‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪2/12/2024‬‬ ‫ﺮ‪$‬‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭﺍﻟ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‪.....‬ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺻ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺭ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﻘﺎﺩ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺪ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪£‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺭ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺭ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻘﺎﺩ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺪ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻘﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‪..‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‪..‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﻘﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺪ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‪..‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫‪WEEK 29-32‬‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪Neuron – Axonal transport‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭﺩﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭﺪ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪2/12/2024‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫&\‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪Kinesin transport substances from cell body to axon terminal, toward the plus end of the‬‬ ‫‪microtubule (anterograde transport).‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫&\‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺭ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫‪WEEK 29-32‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪Slide 16 of 76‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪ £‬ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫)‪Neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs‬‬ ‫‪ They consist of insoluble twisted fibres.‬‬ ‫‪ They form inside the neuron and these are‬‬ ‫‪composed of abnormally processed tau.‬‬ ‫‪ They primarily consist of a protein called tau,‬‬ ‫‪which forms part of a structure called a‬‬ ‫‪microtubule.‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪In AD, however, the tau protein is abnormal and the microtubule structures collapse.‬‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪Microtubules are like a train tracks involved in transport of nutrients, proteins and other‬‬ ‫‪important substances from the neuron cell body to other parts of the nerve cell.‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨ‬ ‫ﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺮ‪$‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺮ‪$‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨ‬ ‫ﺎﺻ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫ﺮ‪$‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪Neuron – Axonal transport‬‬ ‫‪PHA 112 – CNS : Brain Structures and Functions‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪PHA 112 – CNS : Brain Structures and Functions‬‬ ‫‪Slide 15 of 76‬‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪Dynein transport substances from the axon terminal to the cell body, toward the minus end‬‬ ‫‪of the microtubule (retrograde transport).‬‬ ‫ﺮ‪$‬‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭﺍﻟ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‪.....‬ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺻ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺭ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﻘﺎﺩ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺪ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪£‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺭ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺭ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻘﺎﺩ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺪ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻘﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‪..‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‪..‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﻘﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺪ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‪..‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫‪WEEK 29-32‬‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪Synapse‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭﺩﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭﺪ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪2/12/2024‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫&\‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺭ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫‪WEEK 29-32‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪Slide 18 of 76‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪ £‬ﻋﺒ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨ‬ ‫ﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺮ‪$‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺮ‪$‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨ‬ ‫ﺎﺻ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺮ‪$‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪ Interneurons connect various‬‬ ‫‪within the brain and spinal cord.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪neurons‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪ Motor neurons (motoneurons) carry signals‬‬ ‫‪from the CNS to the outer parts (muscles,‬‬ ‫‪skin, glands) of the body.‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪ Sensory neurons carry signals from the‬‬ ‫‪outer parts of the body (periphery) into‬‬ ‫‪the CNS.‬‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫‪There are 3 different types of neurons, each‬‬ ‫‪with a different function:‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪Slide 17 of 76‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪Types of neurons‬‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪PHA 112 – CNS : Brain Structures and Functions‬‬ ‫‪PHA 112 – CNS : Brain Structures and Functions‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪Neurotransmitter receptors:‬‬ ‫‪o integral membrane glycoproteins.‬‬ ‫‪o drugs bind receptor, reproduce (agonists) or‬‬ ‫‪block (antagonist) action of neurotransmitter.‬‬ ‫‪o receptor subtypes identified for most‬‬ ‫‪neurotransmitters.‬‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫&\‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪The synapse is a small gap separating neurons.‬‬ ‫‪It consists of:‬‬ ‫‪ a presynaptic ending‬‬ ‫‪ a postsynaptic neuron‬‬ ‫‪ a synaptic cleft or space‬‬ $‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭﺍﻟ‬. ‫ﺻ‬.. ‫ﺮ‬. ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬.....‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺻ‬. ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬.. ‫ﻟ‬.... ‫ﺭﺍ‬.... ‫ﺭ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬.... ‫ﻘﺎﺩ‬.... ‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬..... ‫ﺪ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬........ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ £...... ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺪ‬.. ‫ﺒ‬. ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﻋ‬........ ‫ﺻﺮ‬.... ‫ﺻﺮ‬. ‫ﺎ‬..... ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﺮ‬.... ‫ﺭ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬..... ‫ﺭ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻘﺎﺩ‬...... ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬.... ‫ﺪ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻘﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬..... ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺎ‬. ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬..‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬..‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬... ‫ﻋﺒ‬. ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬. ‫ﺮ‬......... ‫ﻨﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬.... ‫ﺻﺮ‬. ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍ‬. ‫ﺍﻟﻨ‬.... ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﻘﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬. ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺪ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬.... ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬.... ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬.... ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬.... ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬.... ‫ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺩﺭ‬..‫ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬.. ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬.... ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬........ ‫ﺻﺮ‬.... ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬.. ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ Types of neurons ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭﺩﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭﺪ‬... ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ WEEK 29-32 2/12/2024 ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ Neural transmission can be slow as 0.5 meters/sec or fast as 120 meters/sec (431km/hr). \& ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬...... ‫ﻨﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬.... $‫ﺮ‬.... ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬... ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬......... ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬..... ‫ﺩﺭ‬..... ‫ﺻﺮ‬.... ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬... ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬........ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬.............. ‫ ﻋﺒ‬£ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬...... ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨ‬ ‫ﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬...... ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬.... ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬.... ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬... ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭ ﺍﻟ‬ $‫ﺮ‬....... ‫ﻋﺒ‬.... ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬... ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬......... ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬.. ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ Sensory receptors... ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬......... \& ‫ﺍﻟﻨ‬............ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬... ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬............ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬...... ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ PHA 112 – CNS : Brain Structures and Functions Sensory receptors - May be external (cutaneous), internal (visceral/somatic) or both - Type and density vary according to location - Contribute to variations in sensitivity ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ $‫ﺮ‬.. ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬..... ‫ﺻﺮ‬... ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ WEEK 29-32 ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ The thickness of a nerve fiber is correlated to the speed with which information travels in it -- the thicker the nerve fiber, the faster information travels in it.......... ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬.. ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬.... ‫ﺩﺭ‬.......... ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬..... ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬... ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬... ‫ﺻﺮ‬...... ‫ﺩﺭ‬.... ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬...... ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬......... ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬....... ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬..... ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬.... ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ PHA 112 – CNS : Brain Structures and Functions ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬... ‫ﺩﺭ‬... Slide 20 of 76... ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ Sensory receptors are - either specialized endings of afferent neurons or separate cells (e.g. hair cells in the inner ear or taste receptor cells). - detect and respond to physical and/or chemical stimuli. - highly sensitive to specific inputs or sensory modalities, such as movement, odor chemicals or visible light photons. - convert one form of energy (e.g. heat, pressure, chemical) into another form (e.g. electrical energy or depolarization) ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬... ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬.......... ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬... ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬... ‫ﺩﺭ‬...... ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬......... ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬....... ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ Slide 19 of 76 ‫ﺻﺮ‬ Primary afferent axons transmit info about touch and pain to the spinal cord and brain. - A-, A- and A- nerve fibers → myelinated. - C-nerve fibers → unmyelinated. - A- nerve fibers (motor neurons)→myelinated. ‫ﻋﺒ‬ 10 $‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭﺍﻟ‬. ‫ﺻ‬.. ‫ﺮ‬. ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬.....‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺻ‬. ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬.. ‫ﻟ‬.... ‫ﺭﺍ‬.... ‫ﺭ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬.... ‫ﻘﺎﺩ‬.... ‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬..... ‫ﺪ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬........ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ £...... ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺪ‬.. ‫ﺒ‬. ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﻋ‬........ ‫ﺻﺮ‬.... ‫ﺻﺮ‬. ‫ﺎ‬..... ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﺮ‬.... ‫ﺭ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬..... ‫ﺭ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻘﺎﺩ‬...... ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬.... ‫ﺪ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻘﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬..... ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺎ‬. ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬..‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬..‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬... ‫ﻋﺒ‬. ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬. ‫ﺮ‬......... ‫ﻨﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬.... ‫ﺻﺮ‬. ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍ‬. ‫ﺍﻟﻨ‬.... ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﻘﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬. ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺪ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬.... ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬.... ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬.... ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬.... ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬.... ‫ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺩﺭ‬..‫ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬.. ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬.... ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬........ ‫ﺻﺮ‬.... ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬.. ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ Types of sensory receptors ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭﺩﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭﺪ‬... ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ Sensory receptors are: Photoreceptors: to visible wavelengths of light Mechanoreceptors: mechanical changes in the environment such as movement, tension, and pressure (e.g. stretch receptors in skeletal muscle; baroreceptors sensitive to changes). Thermoreceptors: changes in temperature Osmoreceptors: changes in osmotic pressure (e.g. detect changes in ECF osmolality). Chemoreceptors: chemical composition (e.g. O2, CO2, and chemicals linked to taste and smell) Proprioceptors: joint position sense Polymodal receptors: to more than one type of stimulus Nociceptors: damage or distortion of tissues ( “pain”) ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ WEEK 29-32 2/12/2024 \& ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬...... ‫ﻨﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬.... $‫ﺮ‬.... ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬... ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬..... ‫ﺩﺭ‬..... ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬......... ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬... ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬........ ‫ﺭ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬.................. ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬.. ‫ﻋﺒ‬... ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬.... ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬.... ‫ ﻋﺒ‬£ ‫ﺻﺮ‬... ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ There are 3 types of membrane-bound receptors: 1. Ligand-gated ion channel (LGIC) receptors: located on the cell membrane and have a channel through which ions can move inside and outside the cells (e.g. nicotinic or NMDA receptors). ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬... ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬...... ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬... ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬.... ‫ﺻﺮ‬...... ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨ‬ ‫ﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ $‫ﺮ‬................. ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬...... ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬.. ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬............ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬... \& ‫ﺎﺻ‬............ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬...... ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ $‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬..... ‫ﺻﺮ‬... ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ WEEK 29-32 ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬.. ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬......... ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬.. ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ PHA 112 – CNS : Brain Structures and Functions Neurotransmitters and hormone receptors ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬........... ‫ﻋﺒ‬.... ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬. ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬.... ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ 2.G-protein–coupled (GPCRs) receptors: act through both LGIC and also enzyme-linked pathways (e.g. muscarinic or adrenergic receptors). ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬. ‫ﺪﺍ‬.... ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬.... ‫ﺩﺭ‬......... ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ 3.Kinase-linked receptors: transmembrane receptors. The binding of an extracellular ligand causes enzymatic activity on the intracellular (e.g. Cytokine receptors, epidermal growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, and fibroblast growth factors...... ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬... ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬.......... ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬... ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬... ‫ﺩﺭ‬...... ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬......... ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬....... ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ Slide 21 of 76..... ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬... ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬... ‫ﺻﺮ‬...... ‫ﺩﺭ‬...... ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ PHA 112 – CNS : Brain Structures and Functions ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬... ‫ﺩﺭ‬... Slide 22 of 76 ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ Non membrane-bound receptors Nuclear receptors: located in the nucleus of cells. Activated when ligand molecules enter the nuclear membrane. Examples: estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, cortisol, and aldosterol, thyroid hormone. ‫ﻋﺒ‬ 11 ‫‪Slide 23 of 76‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪ £‬ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺮ‪$‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨ‬ ‫ﺮ‪$‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪Autoreceptor‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫&\‬ ‫ﺮ‪$‬‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭﺍﻟ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‪.....‬ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺻ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺭ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﻘﺎﺩ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺪ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪£‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺭ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺭ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻘﺎﺩ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺪ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻘﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‪..‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‪..‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﻘﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺪ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‪..‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺮ‪$‬‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪PHA 112 – CNS : Brain Structures and Functions‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭﺩﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ ‪ to‬ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭﺪ‬ ‫‪IUPHAR/BPS‬‬ ‫‪Guide‬‬ ‫‪PHARMACOLOGY‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫&\‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪WEEK 29-32‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪PHA 112 – CNS : Brain Structures and Functions‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪WEEK 29-32‬‬ ‫‪Slide 24 of 76‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪Common autoreceptors:‬‬ ‫‪– dopamine D2 receptor,‬‬ ‫‪– alpha 2a and alpha 2c adrenoreceptors,‬‬ ‫‪– 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B serotonin receptors‬‬ ‫‪– M2 and M4 muscarinic receptors,‬‬ ‫‪– H3 receptors.‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪An autoreceptor is a receptor located on the neuron (terminals, soma, and/or dendrites), and‬‬ ‫‪bind a specific ligand released by that same neuron.‬‬ ‫‪ Most autoreceptors are inhibitory.‬‬ ‫‪ Autoreceptors are generally G-protein coupled receptors.‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪Neurotransmitters and hormone receptors‬‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪2/12/2024‬‬