Brain Anatomy - PSY 432 Unit 1, Topic 4 PDF

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OO-A -A -AN NA NA AT TO TO OM MY MY Y E U U NNNEEUR RRO Mr. ALVIN JOSEPH D. MAPOY, MS, RPM, RPSY  STR T TRU RU UC CT CU T TUR UR RE ES ES S Y KKKEEEYYSS Fissures Sulcus Gyrus  S SU FFIFISIS SU UR RE RS E ESS Longitudinal Fissure. Divides the two cerebral hemispheres. Lateral (Sylvian) Fissure. Separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes.  UULC SSSU C LLCU US US S Central Sulcus. Separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe. Parieto-Occipital Sulcus. Separates the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe.  R U GGGYYYRRU US SS Precentral Gyrus. Involved in motor control. Postcentral Gyrus. Involved in sensory perception.  ER E CCCERE RB E EBR BR RU UM UM M Cerebral Hemispheres. The two halves of the cerebrum. Cerebral Cortex. The outer layer of gray matter responsible for processing information. White Matter. The inner layer consisting of myelinated fiber tracts that connect different parts of the brain.  EER EEEB BR BR RA AALL L CCC RR ERRREEESSS E EEM HHH MM E IS IS ISP PH PH H E E Longitudinal Fissure. Corpus Callosum. Cerebral Cortex. Basal Ganglia. Diencephalon.  E C CCEEERRREEB B EBR RA RA AL LL O OBB BE ES ES S OO OF FFTH T THHE E LLLO EMMMIISISSPPPHHHEEERRREEE HHHEE Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Temporal lobe Occipital lobe Insula Limbic Lobe  OON NT NA T TAL AL LLO L LOB OB BE EE R R FFFRO Precentral Gyrus. Primary motor area. Broca’s Area. Responsible for speech production in the dominant hemisphere. Olfactory Bulb and Tract. Involved in the sense of smell.  R IE IE IT EA T TAL AL LLO L LOB OB BE EE PPPAAARR Postcentral Gyrus. Primary somatosensory cortex. Supramarginal and Angular Gyri. Involved in integrating sensory information and in language processing.  PPO OR OR RA AL AL LLO L LOB OB BE EE M TTTEEEMMP Superior Temporal Gyrus. Contains the primary auditory cortex and Wernicke’s area, crucial for understanding language. Fusiform Gyrus. Involved in face and body recognition.  IP IPPIT IT IA TA AL LLL LO LO OB BE BE E C OOOCC CC I Striate Cortex (Calcarine Cortex). The primary visual cortex located along the calcarine fissure. Cuneus and Lingual Gyrus. Important for visual processing.  U IININNSSSU UL LA LA A Functions. Involved in taste, visceral sensation, and possibly emotional processes. Circular Sulcus. Surrounds the insula.  B LLILIMIMMB BIC IC ICL LO LO OB BE BE E Functions. Emotion, memory, and arousal. Cingulate Gyrus. Involved in processing emotions and behavior regulation. Parahippocampal Gyrus. Plays  VVE EN EN NT TR TR RIC IC ICL LE LS E ESS ER E CCCERE RB E EBR BR RA AL AL L V Lateral Ventricles. Each hemisphere has one, responsible for producing and circulating CSF. Choroid Plexus. Located within the ventricles, produces cerebrospinal fluid. Septum Pellucidum. Thin membrane separating the lateral ventricles.  B RRA RA ALL LWW WH HI HT IT IE TE E ER EE E BB CCC RR TTTTTEEERRR E E MMMAAA Commissural Fibers Projection Fibers Association Fibers  U R RA RA AL LLF FI FB IB IBE ER ER RS SS O M CCCOOM MIS IS I S SSU U Corpus Callosum Anterior Commissure Posterior Commissure Hippocampal Commissure  OORR RP CCCO MMP PU UUS SS S SUUUM FOUR DISTINCT AA CCCAL LLLO O LO S REGIONS Rostrum. The anterior-most part. Genu. The curved, anterior portion. Body. The central, relatively flat part. Splenium. The posterior-most part.  R OO OJ PPPRR SSSE JJEC C ECT TI TO IO ION NN E R IFFFIIBB R B EER Projection fibers are axonal pathways that connect the cerebral cortex with lower parts of the central nervous system, such as the brainstem and spinal cord. Internal Capsule. The primary structure containing projection fiber  P PRRROOOJJE E JC EC CT TI TO IO ION NN PPE ES ES SOO OF FF P TTTYYYP FIIBIBBEEERRRSSS FF CORTICOPETAL FIBERS (AFFERENT) CORTICOPETAL FIBERS (EFFERENT) Corticobulbar. Connects the cortex to the brainstem nuclei. Corticopontine. Connects the cortex to the pons. Corticospinal. Connects the cortex to the spinal cord (important for voluntary motor control). Corticothalamic. Connects the cortex to the thalamus, helping modulate sensory input.  S SOO OCC CIIA IA AT TI TO IO ION NN AAASS S RRSSS IFFFIBIBBEEER Association fibers connect different regions within the same cerebral hemisphere.  S SSS SO OOCC CIA IA IAT TI TO IO ION NN YYP PE PS E ESSO OF OF FAAA TTTY FFIIBIBBEEERRRSSS F SHORT ARCUATE FIBERS LONG ARCUATE FIBERS Uncinate Fasciculus. Frontal lobe to the temporal lobe. Cingulum. Encircles the corpus callosum. Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus. Frontal lobe to the occipital and parietal lobes. Inferior Longitudinal Fasciculus. Occipital lobe to the temporal lobe. Fronto-occipital Fasciculus. Frontal lobe to the occipital lobe.  S AA AL LLG GA GA AN NG NG GL LI LA IA IA BBBAAASS CAUDATE NUCLEUS LENTICULAR NUCLEUS Putamen Globus Pallidus SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS SUBSTANTIA NIGRA  NNC CE CP E EPH PH HA AL AO L LON ON N IE DDD N IE IE EPITHALAMUS Pineal Gland Stria Medullaris Habenular Trigone THALAMUS HYPOTHALAMUS SUBTHALAMUS  RR CCCEEERE EB EB BE EL EL LLU U LUM MM CEREBELLAR HEMISPHERES LOBES Anterior Lobe Posterior Lobe Flocculonodular Lobe FOLIA AND SULCI DEEP CEREBELLAR NUCLEI CEREBELLAR CORTEX Molecular layer Purkinje layer Granular layer  A A BBBRA RR IN IN INS ST SE T TEM M EM MEDULLA OBLONGATA Regulates autonomic functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure PONS Relays signals between the cerebrum and cerebellum and contributes to the regulation of breathing. MIDBRAIN (MESENCEPHALON) Involved in visual and auditory reflexes, eye movements, and motor coordination.  A A TTTHA HH NN NK KKY YO YO OU U! U!!