Acute Kidney Disease PDF

Acute kidney faIlure Learning Objectives: 1. Define what is acute Kidney Disease. 2. Describe the key factors associated with the development of acute renal injury. 3. Compare and contrast the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, medical management, and nursing management fo...

Acute kidney faIlure Learning Objectives: 1. Define what is acute Kidney Disease. 2. Describe the key factors associated with the development of acute renal injury. 3. Compare and contrast the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, medical management, and nursing management for patients with acute renal injury. 4. Describe the nursing management of patients with acute renal failure. ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY (AKI) Is diagnosed if one of the criteria is met: ✓Increase in serum Creatinine (SCr) of at least.3 mg/dl within 48 hours , a 50% increase n baseline SCr within 7 days. ✓A urine output of less than.5ml /kg/hour for at least 5 hours Assessment and Diagnostic Method ✓ BUN, Creatinine, Electrolyte analyses ✓ Urine output measurements ✓ Renal ultrasonography, CT and MRI scans Clinical Stages ❖Initiation period: initial insult and oliguria ❖Oliguric Period:(urine volume is less than 400ml /day; uremic symptoms first appear and hyperkalemia may develop ❖Diuresis period: Gradual increase in urine output signaling beginning of glomerular filtration recover. Laboratory values stabilize and start to decrease. ❖Recovery Period: Improving renal function (may take 3 to 12 months) Problems affecting the flow of blood before it reaches the kidneys 1. Dehydration, vomiting, diarrhea, water pills or blood loss 2. Disruption of blood flow to the kidneys. ❖Major surgery with blood loss, severe injury or burns, or infection in the bloodstream ❖Blockage or narrowing of a blood vessel carrying blood to the kidneys. ❖Heart failure or heart attacks causing low blood flow. ❖Liver failure causing changes in hormones that affect blood flow and pressure to the kidney.