NCMB 418 ADJUNCTIVE MIDTERMS POINTERS PDF

NCMB 418 ADJUNCTIVE MIDTERMS POINTERS PROF. ESPIRITU Patient with Altered Elimination: RIFLE Criteria The definition of AKI has been standardized by a multinational group of nephrologists using the acronym RIFLE: Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, and, End-stage renal disease. The RIFLE system classifie...

NCMB 418 ADJUNCTIVE MIDTERMS POINTERS PROF. ESPIRITU Patient with Altered Elimination: RIFLE Criteria The definition of AKI has been standardized by a multinational group of nephrologists using the acronym RIFLE: Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, and, End-stage renal disease. The RIFLE system classifies AKI in three categories of increasing severity (R, I, F) and two outcome criteria and two outcome criteria (L, E) based on GFR status reflected by the change in urine output or loss of kidney function. If AKI is superimposed on a kidney that is already compromised, the term chronic may be added to the RIFLE criteria to denote the cause as acute-on-chronic kidney failure. Renal Failure ➔ Acute Renal Failure (Acute Kidney Injury - AKI) A sudden loss of kidney function, leading to the accumulation of waste products in the blood. Causes: ○ Pre-renal: Decreased blood flow to the kidneys (e.g., dehydration, heart failure). ○ Intrinsic: Damage to kidney tissue (e.g., glomerulonephritis, acute tubular necrosis). ○ Post-renal: Obstruction of urine flow (e.g., kidney stones, enlarged prostate). Symptoms: ○ Decreased urine output ○ Fluid retention (swelling) ○ Fatigue ○ Confusion ○ Nausea and vomiting Management: ○ Identify and treat the underlying cause ○ Supportive care (e.g., IV fluids) ○ Dialysis may be needed in severe cases. ➔ Chronic Renal Failure (Chronic Kidney Disease - CKD) A gradual and progressive loss of kidney function over time, often asymptomatic in the early stages. Causes: ○ Diabetes mellitus ○ Hypertension ○ Glomerulonephritis ○ Polycystic kidney disease NCMB 418 ADJUNCTIVE MIDTERMS POINTERS PROF. ESPIRITU ○ Prolonged use of certain medications (e.g., NSAIDs). Symptoms: ○ Fatigue ○ Swelling in the legs and ankles ○ Persistent itching ○ Changes in urination (frequency, color) ○ Anemia ○ Bone disease Stages: CKD is classified into five stages based on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR): ○ Stage 1: Normal or high GFR (≥90) ○ Stage 2: Mild decrease in GFR (60-89) ○ Stage 3: Moderate decrease in GFR (30-59) ○ Stage 4: Severe decrease in GFR (15-29) ○ Stage 5: End-stage renal disease (ESRD; GFR