ABPSY-CHAP-1_MIDTERMS-1ST-SEM-2ND-YR (1).pdf

ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY injection or see someone who is injured, chapter 1: Historical Context whether blood is visible or not. For people who react as severel...

ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY injection or see someone who is injured, chapter 1: Historical Context whether blood is visible or not. For people who react as severely as Judy, this phobia Scenario: can be disabling. They may avoid certain Judy, a 16-year-old, was referred to our anxiety careers, such as medicine or nursing, and, if disorders clinic after increasing episodes of fainting. they are so afraid of needles and injections About 2 years earlier, in Judy's first biology class, that they avoid them even when they need the teacher had shown a movie of a frog dissection them, they put their health at risk. to illustrate various points about anatomy. What is normal? This was a particularly graphic film, with vivid A man playing football (normal) images of blood, tissue, and muscle. About halfway A man refusing to eat for several days (not through, Judy felt a bit lightheaded and left the normal) room. But the images did not leave her. She Students Studying in a classroom (normal) continued to be bothered by them and occasionally A woman suddenly falls asleep at felt slightly queasy. She began to avoid situations in appropriate places (normal) which she might see blood or injury. She stopped A man refuses to acknowledge others' looking at magazines that might have gory pictures. emotions (not normal) She found it difficult to look at raw meat, or even A teenager buying a new trending item (not Band-Aids, because they brought the feared normal) images to mind. Eventually, anything her friends or A person who cheats on their partner (not parents said that evoked an image of blood or normal) injury caused Judy to feel lightheaded. It got so bad A person jaywalking (not normal) that if one of her friends exclaimed, "Cut it out!" she felt faint. What is a Psychological Disorder? A Psychological Dysfunction Beginning about 6 months before her visit to the ○ within an individual that is clinic, Judy actually fainted when she unavoidably associated with distress or encountered something bloody. Her family impairment in functioning and a physician could find nothing wrong with her, nor response that is not typical or could several other physicians. By the time she was culturally expected referred to our clinic, she was fainting 5 to 10 times a week, often in class. Clearly, this was problematic ○ 3 criteria to consider a person has for her and disruptive in school; each time Judy psychological disorder: distress, fainted, the other students flocked around her, impairment, not typical or culturally trying to help, and class was interrupted. Because expected no one could find anything wrong with her, the principal finally concluded that she was being Breakdown in function manipulative and suspended her from school, even ○ Cognitive though she was an honor student. ○ Behavioral ○ Emotional ➔ Judy was suffering from what we now call blood- injection-injury phobia. Her Example: if you are out on a date, it should reaction was quite severe, thereby meeting be fun. But if you experience severe fear all the criteria for phobia, a psychological evening and just want to go home, even disorder characterized by marked and though there is nothing to be afraid of, and persistent fear of an object or situation. the severe fear happens on every date, your But many people have similar reactions that emotions are not functioning properly. are not as severe when they receive an Personal Distress where the behavior is accepted and ➔ This criterion does not define problematic expected. abnormal behavior. It is often quite normal to be distressed-for example, if someone Other view of considering a behavior is disordered: close to you dies. ➔ Individual versus others ➔ For some disorders, suffering and distress ➔ Appropriateness to situation are absent. Defining psychological disorder ➔ Harmful dysfunction by distress alone doesn't work, Psychological Disorder Impairment ➔ DSM-5 describes behavioral, psychological, ➔ example: many people consider themselves or biological dysfunctions that are shy or lazy. This doesn't mean that they're unexpected in their cultural context and abnormal. But if you are so shy that you find associated with present distress and it impossible to date or even interact with impairment in functioning, or increased risk people and you make every attempt to of suffering, death, pain, or impairment avoid interactions even though you would like to have friends, then your social functioning is impaired. The Science of Psychopathology Atypical response ➔ something is considered abnormal because Psychopathology it occurs infrequently; it deviates from the ➔ is the scientific study psychological average. The greater the deviation, the disorders more abnormal it is. ➔ Conducted by specially trained ➔ Many people are far from the average in professionals: their behavior, but few would be considered ◆ Clinical and counseling disordered. psychologists (PhD, PSyD) ◆ Psychiatrists (MD) ➔ example: it's not normal to wear a dress ◆ Psychiatric social workers (MSW) made entirely out of meat, but when Lady ◆ Psychiatric nurses (MN, MSN, PhD) Gaga wore this to an awards show, it only ◆ Marriage and family therapists (MA, enhanced her celebrity. MS, MFT) ➔ Therefore, "deviating from the average" ◆ Mental health counselors (MA, MS) doesn't work well as a definition for problematic abnormal behavior. The Scientist-Practitioner ➔ Mental health professional Violation of Social norms ➔ Another view is that your behavior is ➔ adoption of scientific methods to learn more disordered if you are violating social norms about the nature of psychological disorders, their causes, and their treatment. ➔ considering important cultural differences in psychological disorders. 3 functions of a scientist practitioner: ➔ Consumer of science ➔ example: to enter a trance state and ◆ Enhancing the practice believe you are possessed reflects a ◆ keep up with the latest scientific psychological disorder in most Western developments in their field and cultures but not in many other societies, therefore use the most current  diagnostic and treatment first step in determining her clinical procedures. description, which represents the unique combination of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings that make up a specific disorder. ➔ Evaluator of science ◆ Determining the effectiveness of the ➔ clinical refers both to the types of problems practice or disorders that you would find in a clinic or ◆ evaluate their own assessments or hospital and to the activities connected with treatment procedures to see whether assessment and treatment. they work. Course ➔ Creator of science ○ individual pattern of having different ◆ Conducting research that leads to symptoms, age of onset, and new procedures useful in practice possibly a different sex ratio and and produces new information about prevalence. disorders or their treatment ◆ Such data flow from research that Chronic course attempts three basic things: to ○ long illness/disorder describe psychological disorders, to ○ Ex: narcissism, dementia, determine their causes, and to treat schizophrenia them Episodic course Clinical Description ○ likely to recover within a few months ➔ specify what makes the disorder different only to suffer a recurrence of the from normal behavior or from other disorder at a later time. disorders. ○ may repeat throughout a person's life. ◆ prevalence: how many people in the population as a whole have the Time-limited course disorder? ○ disorder will improve without treatment in a relatively short period ◆ incidence: Statistics on how many with little or no risk of recurrence. new cases occur during a given period, such as a year, of the Acute Onset disorder. ○ they begin suddenly ◆ sex ratio: statistics on what Insidious percentage of males and females ○ develop gradually over an extended have the disorder, and the typical period age of onset, which often differs from one disorder to another. Prognosis ○ Good vs. guarded ➔ presenting problem ◆ a patient "presents" with a specific ○ "the prognosis is good," meaning the problem or set of problems individual will probably recover ➔ Presents is a traditional shorthand way of ○ "the prognosis is guarded," meaning indicating why the person came to the clinic. the probable outcome doesn’t look Describing Judy's presenting problem is the good. Developmental psychology Three models: the supernatural, the biological, and ➔ Studies the normal development/behavior the psychological ➔ study of changes in behavior over time Developmental psychopathology ➔ Studies the changes in abnormal behavior The Supernatural Tradition Life-span developmental psychopathology ➔ agents outside our bodies and environment ➔ Study of abnormal behavior across the influence our behavior, thinking, and entire age span emotions. ➔ Agents ◆ Driving forces Causation, Treatment, and Etiology Outcomes ◆ divinities, demons, spirits, or other phenomena such as magnetic fields Etiology or the moon or the stars - study of origins - why a disorder begins (what causes it) and Examples: includes biological, psychological, and 1. madasalin = mabait social dimensions. 2. Doing wrong things = a demon is controlling you Treatment - help clients regain a sense of control over Deviance their lives is effective with a certain disorder ➔ Battle of "Good" vs."Evil" ➔ (Etiology) in the Great Persian Empire from Psychopathology is rarely simple. This is because 900 to 600 B.C., all physical and mental the effect does not necessarily imply the cause. disorders were considered the work of the devil Example: you might take an aspirin to relieve a tension headache you developed during a grueling ➔ Demons and witches day of taking exams. If you then feel better, that ➔ (Etiology) 14th and 15th century Europe does not mean that the headache was caused by a ➔ society as a whole began to believe lack of aspirin. more strongly in the existence and power of demons and witches. ➔ The Church fought back against the Historical Conceptions of Abnormal Behavior evil in the world that it believed must have been behind this heresy. ➔ Major psychological disorders have existed across time and cultures ➔ People increasingly turned to magic ➔ Causes and treatment of abnormal behavior and sorcery to solve their problems. varied widely, depending on context ➔ People afflicted with psychological Era of ancient Greece disorders were seen as the work of - The mind has often been called the soul or the devil and witches. the psyche and considered separate from the body. ➔ individuals possessed by evil spirits: were probably responsible for any  misfortune experienced by people in Modern Mass hysteria the local community ➔ Emotion contagion or Mob psychology ◆ experience of an emotion seems to ➔ Treatments spread to those around us ◆ exorcism, torture, and crude ◆ If someone nearby becomes surgeries frightened or sad, chances are that, ◆ shaving the pattern of a cross in the for the moment, you also will feel hair of the victim's head and fear or sadness. securing sufferers to a wall near the front of a church so that they might The moon and the stars benefit from hearing Mass. ➔ Paracelsus, a Swiss physician ◆ rejected notions of possession by ➔ (Etiology) Salem witch trials in the U.S. the devil, suggesting instead that the ➔ The conviction that sorcery and movements of the moon and stars witches are causes of madness and had profound effects on people's other evils continued into the 15th psychological functioning. century, and evil continued to be ◆ the gravitational effects of the moon blamed for unexplainable behavior, on bodily fluids might be a possible even after the founding of the United cause of mental disorders States, as evidenced by the Salem, ◆ theory inspired the word lunatic, Massachusetts, witch trials in the which is derived from the Latin word late 17th century, which resulted in luna, meaning "moon." the hanging deaths of 20 women. ➔ Modern examples Stress and Melancholy ◆ Astrology ➔ Even during the 14th & 15th century, it reflected the view that insanity was a natural phenomenon, caused by mental or emotional stress, and that it was curable The Biological Tradition ➔ Mental depression and anxiety were Hippocrates recognized as illnesses ➔ Father of modern Western medicine. ➔ although symptoms such as despair and ➔ Hippocratic Corpus: Disorders could be lethargy were often identified by the church treated like any other disease with the sin of acedia, or sloth ➔ Mental illness caused by brain pathology, ➔ treatments: rest, sleep, a healthy and happy head trauma, and can be caused by environment, baths, ointments, and various heredity and genetics potions. ➔ Hippocrates considered the brain to be the Mass hysteria seat of wisdom, consciousness, and ➔ St. Vitus's dance emotion. ➔ Tarantism ➔ groups of people were simultaneously ➔ Recognized the importance of psychological compelled to run out in the streets, dance, and interpersonal contributions to shout, rave, and jump around in patterns as psychopathology, such as the if they were at a particularly wild party late sometimes-negative effects of family stress; at night  on some occasions, he removed patients ◆ Phlegmatic (from humor phlegm) from their families. relaxed & thoughtful; unemotional; calm Galen ➔ Roman physician 2 treatments developed: 1. Bloodletting ➔ Humoral theory of disorders - carefully measured amount of blood was removed from the body often with leeches ➔ Normal brain functioning was related to four bodily fluids or humors: blood, black bile, 2. induced vomiting yellow bile, and phlegm. - Robert Burton recommended eating tobacco and a half-boiled cabbage to induce ➔ Blood came from the heart, black bile from vomiting the spleen, phlegm from the brain, and choler or yellow bile from the liver. ➔ believed that disease resulted from too The Development of Biological Treatments much or too little of one of the humors Mental Illness = Physical Illness ➔ Ex: too much black bile was thought to Louis Pasteur's germ theory of disease (19th cause melancholia (depression) century) ➔ Mental illness can be caused by a bacterial ➔ Etiology = brain chemical imbalances infection (syphilis/ STD with psychotic-like symptoms) ➔ Four humors were related to the Greeks' conception of the four basic qualities: heat, ➔ Syphilis: sexually transmitted disease dryness, moisture, and cold. caused by a bacterial microorganism entering the brain, include believing that ➔ Excesses of one or more humors were everyone is plotting against you (delusion of treated by regulating the environment to persecution) increase or decrease heat, dryness, moisture, or cold, depending on which ➔ facilitated the identification of the specific humor was out of balance. bacterial microorganism that causes syphilis. ➔ Theory: the 4 personality types ➔ Biological basis for madness ◆ Sanguine ("red, like blood") pleasure seeking; sociable; John P. Grey optimistic; positive; cheerful ➔ champion of the biological tradition in the United States was the most influential ◆ Choleric (yellow bile) American psychiatrist of the time bad tempered; irritable ➔ Insanity is always due to physical causes ◆ Melancholic (depressive) and patients suffering from mental illness expressing sadness; should be treated as physically ill depression was thought to be caused by black bile flooding ➔ Treatment: rest, diet, and proper room the brain temperature and ventilation  ➔ Grey invented the rotary fan to ventilate his ➔ focus not only on psychological factors but large hospital also on social and cultural ones. Under Grey's leadership, the conditions in hospitals ➔ Aristotle, emphasized the influence of greatly improved. they also became so large and social environment and early learning on impersonal that individual attention was not later psychopathology. possible. Recommended that they be downsized. The community mental health movement was Moral Therapy successful in reducing the population of mental ➔ "Moral" = emotional or psychological hospitals. Unfortunately, this practice has as many negative consequences as positive ones, including ➔ Treating patients normally a large increase in the number of chronically disabled patients homeless on the streets of our ➔ Encouraging social interaction cities. ➔ Focus on relationships ➔ Individual attention clearly emphasized The Development of Biological Treatments positive consequences for appropriate interactions and behavior, and restraint and The 1930s Insulin shock therapy and Brain seclusion were eliminated. surgery ECT ➔ insulin was occasionally given to stimulate ➔ Asylums: more like prisons than hospitals. appetite in psychotic patients who were not It was the rise of moral therapy in Europe eating, but it also seemed to calm them and the United States that made asylums down. habitable and even therapeutic. ➔ Manfred Sakel, began using increasingly Asylum Reform and the Decline of Moral higher dosages until, finally, patients Therapy convulsed and became temporarily ➔ Declines in the Mid-19th Century comatose ➔ It was abandoned because it was too ➔ humane treatment declined because of a dangerous, often resulting in prolonged convergence of factors. coma or even death. a. recognized that moral therapy ➔ Benjamin Franklin (1750s), confirmed a worked best when the number of mild and modest electric shock to the head patients in an institution was 200 or produced a brief convulsion and memory fewer, allowing for a great deal of loss (amnesia). individual attention. After the Civil ➔ A Dutch physician who was a friend and War, enormous waves of immigrants colleague of Franklin tried it on himself and arrived in the United States, yielding discovered that the shock also made him their own populations of mentally ill. "strangely elated" and wondered if it might Patient loads in existing hospitals be a useful treatment for depression. increased to 1,000 or 2,000, and even more. psychosocial treatment ➔ Plato: the two causes of maladaptive b. Dorothea Dix (1802-1887) behavior were the social and cultural campaigned endlessly for reform in influences in one's life and the learning that the treatment of insanity. She had took place in that environment. firsthand knowledge of the  deplorable conditions imposed on While his patients were in the highly patients with insanity, and she made suggestible state of hypnosis, Breuer asked it her life's work to inform the them to describe their problems, conflicts, American public and their leaders of and fears in as much detail as they could. these abuses. Her work became Breuer observed two extremely important known as the mental hygiene phenomena during this process. First, movement. patients often became extremely emotional as they talked and felt quite relieved and Dix worked hard to make sure that improved after emerging from the hypnotic everyone who needed care received state. Second, seldom would they have it, including the homeless. gained an understanding of the relationship between their emotional problems and their Unfortunately, an unforeseen psychological disorder. consequence of Dix's heroic efforts was a substantial increase in the ➔ material seemed to be beyond the number of mental patients. awareness ➔ Staffing problems The Structure of the Mind ➔ Outcome = decreased treatment efficacy Id ➔ source of our strong sexual and aggressive feelings or energies. Psychoanalytic Theory ➔ it would make us all rapists or killers. The ➔ Personality development & psychotherapy energy or drive within the id is the libido. ➔ Role of unconscious mind to behavior ➔ three major facets ➔ death instinct, or thanatos. ◆ the structure of the mind and the ◆ less important source of energy distinct functions of personality that sometimes clash with one another; ➔ operates according to the pleasure principle ◆ the defense mechanisms with which ◆ goal of maximizing pleasure and the mind defends itself from these eliminating any associated tension clashes, or conflicts or conflicts. ◆ the stages of early psychosexual ➔ primary process development that provide grist for ◆ This type of thinking is emotional, the mill of our inner conflicts. irrational, illogical, filled with fantasies, and preoccupied with sex, psychoanalysis aggression, selfishness, and envy. ➔ Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) ➔ elaborate theory of the structure of the mind Ego ➔ the role of unconscious processes in ➔ operates according to the Reality principle determining behavior. ➔ ensures that we act realistically unconscious mind ➔ thinking styles of the ego are characterized ➔ Breuer and Freud had "discovered" by logic and reason and are referred to as ➔ Freud teamed up with Josef Breuer the secondary process (1842-1925), who had experimented with a somewhat different hypnotic procedure. ➔ executive or manager of our minds. Superego through elaborate reassuring or ➔ conscience, represents the moral self-serving but incorrect principles instilled in us by our parents and explanations our culture. Ex: you got rejected from your ➔ the voice within us that nags at us when we dream school but you tell your know we're doing something wrong. friends that you prefer studying at a less competitive school than your ➔ Balances Id and Ego dream school. ➔ Type of thinking: conscience ❖ Reaction formation Express the opposite of their true intrapsychic conflicts feelings ➔ If ego mediates successfully, we can go on to the higher intellectual and creative ❖ Projection pursuits of life. If it is unsuccessful and the Unwanted feelings are displaced id or superego becomes too strong, conflict onto another person will overtake us and psychological disorders Falsely attributes own unacceptable will develop. feelings, impulses, or thoughts to another individual or object Catharsis ❖ rapid and sudden release of emotional Ex: a jealous person may accuse tension others of being jealous of them. ❖ Defense mechanisms ❖ Ego fights to stay on top of the Id and ❖ Repression Superego Unconscious denial of the existence ❖ Loss = anxiety of something that cause anxiety Blocks disturbing wishes, thoughts, Defense Mechanisms or experiences from conscious ❖ Displacement awareness Transfers a feeling about, or a response to, an object that causes ❖ Sublimation discomfort onto another, usually Substituting unwanted feelings to less-threatening, object or person productive outlets such as turning your feelings to art, music, & Ex: the professor was unfair in the literature. grading and then when you got Directs potentially maladaptive home you yelled at your younger feelings or impulses into socially brother acceptable behavior ❖ Denial Stages of Psychosexual Development Refusing to acknowledge the ➔ Patterns oft gratifying basic needs unpleasant reality of life. ➔ Infancy to early childhood ❖ Rationalization Oral Stage Justify unacceptable feelings with ➔ focus on the need for food. In the act of logical reasons sucking, necessary for feeding, the lips, Conceals the true motivations for tongue, and mouth become the focus of actions, thoughts, or feelings libidinal drives  ➔ not receive appropriate gratification = Adult personality reflects childhood experience fixation Freud's students de-emphasize sexuality ➔ Example: fixation at the oral stage might Carl Jung (1875-1961) and Alfred Adler result in excessive thumb sucking and (1870-1937) emphasis on oral stimulation through eating, ➔ Reject Freud’s ideas chewing pencils, or biting fingernails. Carl Jung (1875-1961) ➔ Example for adult: dependency and ➔ Collective unconscious passivity, rebelliousness and cynicism ◆ wisdom accumulated by society and culture that is stored deep in Anal Stage individual memories and passed ➔ Bowel and bladder control down from generation to generation. Phallic Stage ◆ spiritual and religious drives are as ➔ Child becomes attached to parents much a part of human nature as are sexual drives ➔ Oedipus Rex (boy) ◆ fated to kill his father and, ➔ importance of enduring personality traits unknowingly, to marry his mother. such as introversion (the tendency to be ◆ strong feelings of envy and perhaps shy and withdrawn) and extroversion (the anger toward their fathers tendency to be friendly and outgoing). ➔ castration anxiety ➔ setting goals, looking toward the future, and ◆ strong fears develop that the father realizing one's fullest potential. may punish that lust by removing the son's penis Alfred Adler (1870-1937) ◆ helps the boy keep his lustful ➔ feelings of inferiority and the striving for impulses toward his mother in superiority check. ➔ believed that human nature reaches its ➔ Electra complex (girl) fullest potential when we contribute to the ◆ wanting to replace her mother and welfare of other individuals and to society as possess her father a whole. ➔ penis envy ➔ He believed that we all strive to reach ◆ desire for a penis, so as to be more superior levels of intellectual and moral like her father and brothers development. Latency Stage ➔ Inferiority complex ➔ Libido active ◆ Constant feeling of insecurity ➔ Time of relative calm between more turbulent stages ➔ Striving for superiority Genital Stage ➔ Self-actualization ➔ Reemergence of sexual impulses of phallic ➔ Realization of one’s potential stage ➔ Self-fulfillment needs ➔ Maturing sexual interest  Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy 2. an exploration of patients topics or engage in activities that hinder the progress of ➔ Emphasizes conflicts and unconscious therapy ➔ Trauma and active defense mechanisms 3. the identification of patterns in patients' ➔ Focus on: actions, thoughts, feelings, experiences, ◆ Affect and rela-tionships ◆ Avoidance 4. an emphasis on past experiences ◆ Patterns 5. a focus on patients' interpersonal ◆ Past experience experiences ◆ Interpersonal experience 6. an emphasis on the therapeutic relationship ◆ Therapeutic relationship 7. an exploration of patients' wishes, dreams, ◆ Wishes, dreams, fantasies or fantasies Techniques: Humanistic Theory ➔ Self-actualizing ❖ Free Association ◆ all of us could reach our highest Patient says whatever comes to potential, in all areas of functioning, mind if only we had the freedom to grow. Daydreaming out loud ➔ Psychological growth, free will, personal ❖ Dream Analysis awareness Interpretation of dreams to uncover unconscious conflicts ➔ Theoretical constructs ◆ Intrinsic goodness Manifest content: actual events in ◆ Striving for self-actualization the dream Latent content: symbolic meaning ➔ Hierarchy of Needs of the dream events ◆ Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) Transference/Countertransference ➔ Carl Rogers (1902-1987) Transference: when someone redirects ◆ Person-centered therapy their feelings about one person onto ◆ The therapist takes a passive role, someone else, specifically to their therapist making as few interpretations as possible. The point is to give the Countertransference: when a therapist individual a chance to develop transfers feelings onto the patient during the course of therapy, unfettered by threats to the self. psychoanalyst - relationship between the therapist ◆ Unconditional positive regard ◆ The complete and almost unqualified psychodynamic psychotherapy acceptance of most of the client's ➔ therapists use an eclectic mixture of tactics, feelings and actions, is critical to the with a social and interpersonal focus humanistic approach. Seven tactics that characterize psychodynamic ◆ Empathy: understanding of the 1. a focus on affect and the expression individual's particular view of the emotions world.  ◆ The hoped-for result of ❖ Classical conditioning - concepts person-centered therapy is that clients will be more straightforward and honest with themselves and will access their innate tendencies toward growth. The Behavioral Model ❖ Stimulus generalization ❖ Extinction ➔ known as the cognitive-behavioral model or ❖ Introspection social learning model Behaviorism Classical conditioning John B. Watson (1878-1958) Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849-1936) ➔ founder of behaviorism ➔ type of learning in which a neutral stimulus ➔ focuses on how learning and adaptation is paired with a response until it elicits that affect the development of psychopathology. response. ➔ Objective: "Little Albert" experiment ➔ Pavlov was really talking about a response ◆ one of the first examples ever that occurred only on the condition of the recorded in a laboratory of producing presence of a particular event or situation fear of an object not previously (stimulus) feared. ➔ Conditioning is one way in which we acquire ◆ Albert was not afraid of the small new information animal and enjoyed playing with it. Every time Albert reached for the rat, ➔ (Stimuli) a parents disapproval and a however, the experimenters made a specific behavior can lead to conditioned loud noise behind him. After only five response like avoiding that behavior trials, Albert showed the first signs of fear if the white rat came near. The ➔ Conditioned responses can become experimenters then determined that ingrained personality traits Albert displayed mild fear of any white furry object, even a Santa ❖ Ubiquitous form of learning Claus mask with a white fuzzy Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) beard. Unconditioned response (UCR) Conditioned stimulus (CS) ➔ Control of behavior Conditioned response (CR) ➔ Conditioning process ◆ Training a person to respond to a unconditioned response (UCR) stimulus in a certain way - a natural or unlearned response to this stimulus ➔ Scientific emphasis Mary Cover Jones (1896-1987) frequently) or weakened (likely to ➔ student of Watson occur less frequently) depending on ➔ if fear could be learned or classically the consequences of that behavior. conditioned in this way, perhaps it could also be unlearned or extinguished. Additional infos: ➔ She worked with a boy named Peter, who at 2 years, 10 months old was already quite Several days = almost one week afraid of furry objects. Jones decided to Few days = 2-3 days bring a white rabbit into the room where Peter was playing for a short time each day. A person who cheats on their partner She also arranged for other children, whom ○ In Filipino culture, a person who she knew did not fear rabbits, to be in the cheats on their partner an abnormal same room. She noted that Peter's fear behavior gradually diminished. Each time it diminished, she brought the rabbit closer. Personal distress or impairment Eventually Peter was touching and even ○ Losing loved ones is not a personal playing with the rabbit and years later the distress unless you are constantly fear had not returned. mourning for like a year. Burrhus Frederic (B.F.) Skinner (1904-1990) Psychological dysfunction ○ Pag di maka-attend ng date ang ➔ Operant conditioning isang tao it doesn’t mean na may ◆ Personality is shaped by the psychological dysfunction sya. We consequences of our behavior need to know the reason. ◆ Reward = repeat behavior ◆ Punishment = less likely to repeat ○ If may tatlo syang date at lahat yun behavior di sya maka-attend then something’s wrong wrong. ◆ type of learning in which behavior changes as a function of what ○ If sa tatlo nyang date at sa isa lang follows the behavior. sya umattend then there’s nothing wrong. It only means na picky lang ➔ Behavior "operates" on environment sya. ➔ Reinforcements ➔ Punishments Personality disorder ➔ Behavior "shaping" ○ Untreatable because it is intact with their personality ➔ Also believed that using punishment as a consequence is relatively ineffective in the PhD: more on research long run and that the primary way to PsyD: more on practice develop new behavior is to positively Psychiatry social worker: handles cases reinforce desired behavior. Forensic psychology: handles psychological autopsy Edward L. Thorndike (1874-1949) ➔ also influenced Skinner ➔ law of effect ◆ behavior is either strengthened (likely to be repeated more