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Questions and Answers
The data flow from research attempts to describe psychological disorders, determine their ______, and to treat them.
The data flow from research attempts to describe psychological disorders, determine their ______, and to treat them.
causes
A ______ course refers to a disorder that is likely to recover within a few months, often recurring at a later time.
A ______ course refers to a disorder that is likely to recover within a few months, often recurring at a later time.
episodic
The term ______ refers to how many people in the population have a specific disorder.
The term ______ refers to how many people in the population have a specific disorder.
prevalence
The term ______ indicates how many new cases of a disorder occur during a specific period.
The term ______ indicates how many new cases of a disorder occur during a specific period.
A good prognosis implies that an individual will probably ______.
A good prognosis implies that an individual will probably ______.
An acute onset of a disorder means that symptoms begin ______.
An acute onset of a disorder means that symptoms begin ______.
An insidious course of a disorder develops ______ over an extended period.
An insidious course of a disorder develops ______ over an extended period.
The ______ problem refers to the specific issues a patient presents when seeking help.
The ______ problem refers to the specific issues a patient presents when seeking help.
Insulin was occasionally given to stimulate ______ in psychotic patients who were not eating.
Insulin was occasionally given to stimulate ______ in psychotic patients who were not eating.
Asylums were more like ______ than hospitals.
Asylums were more like ______ than hospitals.
Moral therapy made asylums ______ and even therapeutic.
Moral therapy made asylums ______ and even therapeutic.
Asylum reform led to the decline of ______ therapy.
Asylum reform led to the decline of ______ therapy.
A mild electric shock could produce a brief ______ and memory loss.
A mild electric shock could produce a brief ______ and memory loss.
After the Civil War, patient loads in hospitals increased to ______ or 2,000.
After the Civil War, patient loads in hospitals increased to ______ or 2,000.
Plato identified the causes of maladaptive behavior as social and cultural influences, and learning in that ______.
Plato identified the causes of maladaptive behavior as social and cultural influences, and learning in that ______.
Dix made it her life's work to inform the American public about the deplorable conditions imposed on patients with __________.
Dix made it her life's work to inform the American public about the deplorable conditions imposed on patients with __________.
Dorothea Dix campaigned for reform in the treatment of ______.
Dorothea Dix campaigned for reform in the treatment of ______.
The work of Dix became known as the mental hygiene __________.
The work of Dix became known as the mental hygiene __________.
Breuer observed that patients often became extremely __________ as they talked during hypnosis.
Breuer observed that patients often became extremely __________ as they talked during hypnosis.
The unforeseen consequence of Dix's efforts was a substantial increase in the number of mental __________.
The unforeseen consequence of Dix's efforts was a substantial increase in the number of mental __________.
The id is considered the source of our strong sexual and aggressive feelings, or __________.
The id is considered the source of our strong sexual and aggressive feelings, or __________.
The libido is the energy or drive within the __________.
The libido is the energy or drive within the __________.
Psychoanalytic theory emphasizes the role of the __________ mind in shaping behavior.
Psychoanalytic theory emphasizes the role of the __________ mind in shaping behavior.
In psychoanalytic theory, the __________ instinct is also known as thanatos.
In psychoanalytic theory, the __________ instinct is also known as thanatos.
The four personality types include Sanguine, Choleric, Melancholic, and ______.
The four personality types include Sanguine, Choleric, Melancholic, and ______.
John P. Grey was a champion of the biological tradition in the United States and advocated that insanity is always due to ______ causes.
John P. Grey was a champion of the biological tradition in the United States and advocated that insanity is always due to ______ causes.
According to Grey, treatment for mental illness should include rest, diet, and proper ______ temperature and ventilation.
According to Grey, treatment for mental illness should include rest, diet, and proper ______ temperature and ventilation.
Grey invented the rotary fan to improve ______ in his large hospital.
Grey invented the rotary fan to improve ______ in his large hospital.
Aristotle emphasized the influence of social ______ and early learning on later psychopathology.
Aristotle emphasized the influence of social ______ and early learning on later psychopathology.
Moral therapy focuses on treating patients normally and encouraging ______ interaction.
Moral therapy focuses on treating patients normally and encouraging ______ interaction.
The individual attention emphasized in treatment plans led to positive consequences for appropriate ______ and behavior.
The individual attention emphasized in treatment plans led to positive consequences for appropriate ______ and behavior.
Insulin shock therapy and brain ______ were significant developments in biological treatments during the 1930s.
Insulin shock therapy and brain ______ were significant developments in biological treatments during the 1930s.
Refusing to acknowledge the unpleasant reality of life is known as ______.
Refusing to acknowledge the unpleasant reality of life is known as ______.
The first stage of psychosexual development, where the focus is on the need for food, is called the ______ stage.
The first stage of psychosexual development, where the focus is on the need for food, is called the ______ stage.
If a child does not receive appropriate gratification in the oral stage, they may develop a fixation that influences their ______ in adulthood.
If a child does not receive appropriate gratification in the oral stage, they may develop a fixation that influences their ______ in adulthood.
In the Anal Stage, children learn to control their ______ and bladder.
In the Anal Stage, children learn to control their ______ and bladder.
Freud's students, including Carl Jung and Alfred Adler, ______ many of Freud's ideas about sexuality.
Freud's students, including Carl Jung and Alfred Adler, ______ many of Freud's ideas about sexuality.
The notion that wisdom accumulated by society is stored in the deep ______ of individuals is referred to as the collective unconscious.
The notion that wisdom accumulated by society is stored in the deep ______ of individuals is referred to as the collective unconscious.
The child becomes attached to parents during the ______ stage.
The child becomes attached to parents during the ______ stage.
In the Phallic Stage, the Oedipus complex involves a boy who is fated to kill his ______ and marry his mother.
In the Phallic Stage, the Oedipus complex involves a boy who is fated to kill his ______ and marry his mother.
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Study Notes
Psychological Disorders and Their Characteristics
- Chronic Course: Long-lasting disorders such as narcissism, dementia, and schizophrenia.
- Episodic Course: Disorders may improve and recur over time, affecting an individual's life sporadically.
- Time-limited Course: Disorders often resolve without treatment in a short span with low recurrence risk.
- Acute Onset: Disorders appear suddenly.
- Insidious Onset: Disorders develop gradually over extended periods.
Epidemiological Terms
- Prevalence: Proportion of a population with a specific disorder.
- Incidence: Frequency of new cases occurring within a year.
- Sex Ratio: Distribution of disorders between males and females, along with typical age of onset.
Prognosis Indicators
- Good Prognosis: Implies a high likelihood of recovery.
- Guarded Prognosis: Indicates an uncertain or poor outcome.
Historical Perspectives on Mental Illness
- Theory of Personality Types: Four traditional types impacting behavior: Sanguine, Choleric, Melancholic, and Phlegmatic.
- John P. Grey: Promoted the biological basis of mental illness and advocated for humane treatment focusing on physical causes.
Biological Treatments Development
- Insulin Shock Therapy: Used to stimulate appetite and calm psychotic patients, but was dangerous and eventually discontinued.
- Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT): Introduced as a treatment for depression, producing convulsions to alleviate symptoms.
- Asylum Reform: Movement towards moral therapy improved hospital conditions but also led to increased homelessness among mentally ill populations.
Moral Therapy
- Emotional Treatment: Focused on normalizing patient interactions, encouraging socialization, and providing individual attention.
The Structure of the Mind: Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory
- Id: Source of primal drives, including sexual and aggressive energies; operates on the pleasure principle.
- Defense Mechanisms:
- Denial: Refusal to acknowledge reality.
- Rationalization: Justifying unacceptable feelings to mask true motivations.
Psychosexual Development Stages
- Oral Stage: Infancy focus on food and sucking; fixation leads to adult behaviors like thumb-sucking or chewing.
- Anal Stage: Bowel and bladder control; influences personality based on coping with parental expectations.
- Phallic Stage: Involves the Oedipus complex, shaping future relationships and identity.
Contributions from Freud's Students
- Carl Jung: Introduced the concept of the collective unconscious, reflecting shared cultural wisdom beyond personal experiences.
- Alfred Adler: Critiqued Freud’s emphasis on sexuality, highlighting social influences and individual drive for superiority.
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