Abnormal Psychology Butcher.pdf

Global edition Abnormal Psychology SEVENTEENTH edition Jill M. Hooley James N. Butcher Matthew K. Nock Susan Mineka  Abnormal Psychology Seventeenth Edition Global Edi...

Global edition Abnormal Psychology SEVENTEENTH edition Jill M. Hooley James N. Butcher Matthew K. Nock Susan Mineka  Abnormal Psychology Seventeenth Edition Global Edition Jill M. Hooley Harvard University James N. Butcher University of Minnesota Matthew K. Nock Harvard University Susan Mineka Northwestern University Bostonâ …Columbusâ …Indianapolisâ …New York Cityâ …San Francisco Amsterdamâ …Cape Townâ …Dubaiâ …Londonâ …Madridâ …Milanâ …Munichâ …Parisâ …Montréalâ …Toronto Delhiâ …Mexico Cityâ …São Pauloâ …Sydneyâ …Hong Kongâ …Seoulâ …Singaporeâ …Taipeiâ …Tokyo VP, Product Development: Dickson Musslewhite Senior Manufacturing Controller, Production, Global Senior Acquisitions Editor: Amber Chow  Edition: Trudy Kimber Director of Development: Brita Nordin Field Marketing Manager: Kate Mitchell Sponsoring Editor: Carrie Brandon Product Marketing Manager: Lindsey Prudhomme Gill Development Editor: Stephanie Ventura Marketing Assistant: Frank Alarcon Editorial Assistant: Stephany Harrington Operations Manager: Mary Fischer Director of Product Marketing: Maggie Moylan Senior Operations Specialist: Carol Melville Director of Field Marketing: Jonathan Cottrell Associate Director of Design: Blair Brown Director, Program and Project Management: Lisa Iarkowski Interior Design and Director: Kathryn Foot Project Management Team Lead: Denise Forlow Cover Designer: Lumina Datamatics, Inc. Senior Project Manager: Sherry Lewis Cover Art: © artcasta/Shutterstock Program Management Team Lead: Amber Mackey Digital Studio Team Lead: Peggy Bliss Program Manager: Cecilia Turner Digital Studio Project Manager: Christopher Fegan Project Manager, Global Edition: Vamanan Namboodiri Media Project Managers: Pamela Weldin and Elissa Senior Acquisitions Editor, Global Edition:  Senra-Sargent Sandhya Ghoshal Full-Service Project Management and Composition: Project Editor, Global Edition: Rahul Arora iEnergizer Aptara®, Ltd. Senior Project Editor, Global Edition: Daniel Luiz Manager, Media Production, Global Edition: M. Vikram Kumar Acknowledgements of third-party content appear on page 754, which constitutes an extension of this  copyright page. Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM20 2JE England and Associated Companies throughout the world Visit us on the World Wide Web at: www.pearsonglobaleditions.com © Pearson Education Limited 2017 The rights of Jill M. Hooley, James N. Butcher, Matthew K. Nock, and Susan Mineka to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Authorized adaptation from the United States edition, entitled Abnormal Psychology, 17th edition, ISBN 978-0-13- 385205-9, by Jill M. Hooley, James N. Butcher, Matthew K. Nock, and Susan Mineka, published by Pearson Education © 2016. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a license permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. All trademarks used herein are the property of their respective owners.The use of any trademark in this text does not vest in the author or publisher any trademark ownership rights in such trademarks, nor does the use of such trademarks imply any affiliation with or endorsement of this book by such owners. ISBN 10: 1-292-15776-3 ISBN 13: 978-1-292-15776-4 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 14 13 12 11 10 Typeset in Palatino LT Pro Roman by Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd. Printed and bound by Vivar in Malaysia. Brief Contents 1 Abnormal Psychology: Overview 10 Personality Disorders  365 and Research Approaches  25 11 Substance-Related Disorders  408 2 Historical and Contemporary Views of Abnormal Behavior  56 12 Sexual Variants, Abuse, and Dysfunctions  445 3 Causal Factors and Viewpoints  84 13 Schizophrenia and Other 4 Clinical Assessment and Diagnosis  130 Psychotic Disorders  483 5 Stress and Physical 14 Neurocognitive Disorders  527 and Mental Health  160 15 Disorders of Childhood 6 Panic, Anxiety, Obsessions, and Adolescence and Their Disorders  197 (Neurodevelopmental Disorders)  556 7 Mood Disorders and Suicide  244 16 Psychological Treatment  594 8 Somatic Symptom 17 Contemporary and Legal Issues and Dissociative Disorders  293 in Abnormal Psychology  631 9 Eating Disorders and Obesity  327 3 Contents Features 13 Unresolved Issuesâ … Are We All Becoming Mentally Ill? What’s New in DSM-5? A Quick Guide 15 The Expanding Horizons of Mental Disorder 53 Preface 17 Summary 54 Key Terms 55 About the Authors 23 1 Abnormal Psychology: Overview 2 Historical and Contemporary and Research Approaches 25 Views of Abnormal Behavior 56 What Do We Mean by Abnormality? 27 Historical Views of Abnormal Behavior 57 Indicators of Abnormality 27 Demonology, Gods, and Magic 58 Hippocrates’ Early Medical Concepts 58 The World Around Usâ … Extreme Generosity or Pathological Behavior? 30 Developments in Thinkingâ … Melancholia Through the Ages 59 Thinking Critically about DSM-5â … What Is the DSM and Why Was It Revised? 31 Early Philosophical Conceptions of Consciousness 60 Later Greek and Roman Thought 60 The DSM-5 and the Definition of Mental Disorder 31 Early Views of Mental Disorders in China 61 Classification and Diagnosis 32 Views of Abnormality During the Middle Ages 61 What Are the Disadvantages of Classification? 32 Toward Humanitarian Approaches 63 How Can We Reduce Prejudicial Attitudes Toward People Who Are Mentally Ill? 33 The Resurgence of Scientific Questioning in Europe 63 Culture and Abnormality 34 The Establishment of Early Asylums 64 Humanitarian Reform 65 How Common Are Mental Disorders? 36 Nineteenth-Century Views of the Causes Prevalence and Incidence 36 and Treatment of Mental Disorders 69 Prevalence Estimates for Mental Disorders 37 Changing Attitudes Toward Mental Health The Global Burden of Disease 39 in the Early Twentieth Century 69 Treatment 39 The World Around Usâ … Chaining Mental Health Mental Health Professionals 40 Patients 70 Research Approaches in Abnormal Psychology 40 Mental Hospital Care in the Twentieth Century 70 Sources of Information 41 The Emergence of Contemporary Views of Abnormal Case Studies 41 Behavior 72 Self-Report Data 42 Biological Discoveries: Establishing the Link Between Observational Approaches 42 the Brain and Mental Disorder 72 Forming and Testing Hypotheses 43 The Development of a Classification System 73 Sampling and Generalization 44 Development of the Psychological Basis of Mental Internal and External Validity 45 Disorder 74 Criterion and Comparison Groups 45 Developments in Researchâ … The Search Correlational Research Designs 46 for Medications to Cure Mental Disorders 74 Measuring Correlation 46 The Evolution of the Psychological Research Tradition: Statistical Significance 47 Experimental Psychology 77 Effect Size 48 Unresolved Issuesâ … Interpreting Historical Events 80 Meta-Analysis 48 Summary 82 Correlations and Causality 48 Key Terms 83 Retrospective versus Prospective Strategies 48 The Experimental Method in Abnormal Psychology 49 3 Causal Factors and Viewpoints 84 Studying the Efficacy of Therapy 50 Risk Factors and Causes of Abnormal Behavior 85 Single-Case Experimental Designs 51 Necessary, Sufficient, and Contributory Causes 85 Developments in Researchâ … Do Magnets Help Feedback and Bidirectionality in Abnormal with Repetitive-Stress Injury? 51 Behavior 87 Animal Research 53 Diathesis–Stress Models 87 4  Contentsâ …5 Perspectives to Understanding the Causes Assessment Interviews 139 of Abnormal Behavior 90 The Clinical Observation of Behavior 140 The Biological Perspective 90 Psychological Tests 141 Genetic Vulnerabilities 91 Developments in Practiceâ … The Automated Practice: Developments in Thinkingâ … Nature, Nurture, Use of the Computer in Psychological Testing 142 and Psychopathology: A New Look at an Old Topic 95 The Case of Andrea C.: Experiencing Violence Brain Dysfunction and Neural Plasticity 96 in the Workplace 149 Imbalances of Neurotransmitters and Hormones 97 Developments in Practiceâ … Computer-Based Temperament 99 MMPI-2 Report for Andrea C. 150 The Impact of the Biological Viewpoint 100 The Integration of Assessment Data 152 The Psychological Perspective 100 Ethical Issues in Assessment 152 The Psychodynamic Perspective 101 Classifying Abnormal Behavior 153 Developments in Thinkingâ … The Humanistic Differing Models of Classification 153 and Existential Perspectives 106 Formal Diagnostic Classification of Mental The Behavioral Perspective 107 Disorders 154 The Cognitive-Behavioral Perspective 110 Unresolved Issuesâ … The DSM-5: Issues in What the Adoption of a Perspective Does Acceptance of Changed Diagnostic Criteria 157 and Does Not Do 113 Summary 158 The Social Perspective 114 Key Terms 159 Early Deprivation or Trauma 114 Problems in Parenting Style 117 Marital Discord and Divorce 119 5 Stress and Physical Low Socioeconomic Status and Unemployment 120 and Mental Health 160 Maladaptive Peer Relationships 121 What Is Stress? 161 Prejudice and Discrimination in Race, Gender, and Ethnicity 122 Stress and the DSM 162 The Impact of the Social Perspective 123 Factors Predisposing a Person to Stress 162 Characteristics of Stressors 163 The Cultural Perspective 123 Measuring Life Stress 164 Universal and Culture-Specific Symptoms of Disorders 123 Resilience 164 Culture and Over- and Undercontrolled Behavior 124 The World Around Usâ … Culture and Attachment Stress and Physical Health 165 Relationships 125 The Stress Response 166 The Mind–Body Connection 167 Unresolved Issuesâ … Theoretical Perspectives and the Causes of Abnormal Behavior 126 Understanding the Immune System 167 Summary 127 Stress and Immune System Functioning 169 Key Terms 128 Stress and Cytokines 169 Chronic Stress and Inflammation 170 4 Clinical Assessment Stress and Premature Aging 171 and Diagnosis 130 The World Around Usâ … Racial Discrimination and Cardiovascular Health in African Americans 171 The Basic Elements in Assessment 131 Emotions and Health 173 The Relationship Between Assessment Personality 173 and Diagnosis 131 Depression 174 Taking a Social or Behavioral History 132 Anxiety 175 Ensuring Culturally Sensitive Assessment Procedures 133 Social Isolation and Lack of Social Support 175 The Influence of Professional Orientation 133 Positive Emotions 175 Reliability, Validity, and Standardization 134 The Importance of Emotion Regulation 177 Trust and Rapport Between the Clinician Treatment of Stress-Related Physical Disorders 177 and the Client 134 Biological Interventions 177 Assessment of the Physical Organism 135 Psychological Interventions 177 The General Physical Examination 135 Stress and Mental Health 179 The Neurological Examination 135 Adjustment Disorder 179 The Neuropsychological Examination 138 Adjustment Disorder Caused by Unemployment 180 Psychosocial Assessment 139 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 180 6â …Contents Thinking Critically about DSM-5â … Changes Biological Causal Factors 215 to the Diagnostic Criteria for PTSD 181 Psychological Causal Factors 216 Acute Stress Disorder 182 Developments in Researchâ … Nocturnal Panic Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Causes and Risk Factors 182 Attacks 218 DSM-5 Criteria for…â … Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 183 Treatments 219 Prevalence of PTSD in the General Population 184 Generalized Anxiety Disorder 221 Rates of PTSD after Traumatic Experiences 184 DSM-5 Criteria for...â … Generalized Anxiety Disorder 222 Causal Factors in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 186 Prevalence, Age of Onset, and Gender Differences 223 Individual Risk Factors 186 Comorbidity with Other Disorders 223 Biological Factors 187 Psychological Causal Factors 223 Sociocultural Factors 188 Biological Causal Factors 225 Long-Term Effects of Posttraumatic Stress 189 Treatments 226 Prevention and Treatment of Stress Disorders 189 Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders 227 Prevention 189 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 227 The World Around Usâ … Does Playing Tetris After a Thinking Critically about DSM-5â … Why Is OCD Traumatic Event Reduce Flashbacks? 190 No Longer Considered to Be an Anxiety Disorder? 227 Treatment for Stress Disorders 191 DSM-5 Criteria for...â … Obsessive-Compulsive Trauma and Physical Health 192 Disorder 229 The World Around Usâ … Virtual Reality Exposure Prevalence, Age of Onset, and Gender Differences 230 Treatment for PTSD in Military Personnel 193 Comorbidity with Other Disorders 230 Unresolved Issuesâ … Why Is the Study of Trauma So Psychological Causal Factors 230 Contentious? 194 Biological Causal Factors 232 Summary 194 Treatments 234 Key Terms 196 Body Dysmorphic Disorder 236 DSM-5 Criteria for...â … Body Dysmorphic 6 Panic, Anxiety, Obsessions, Disorder 237 and Their Disorders 197 Hoarding Disorder 239 Trichotillomania 239 The Fear and Anxiety Response Patterns 198 Cultural Perspectives 240 Fear 198 The World Around Usâ … Taijin Kyofusho 240 Anxiety 199 Unresolved Issuesâ … The Choice of Treatments: Overview of the Anxiety Disorders Medications or Cognitive-Behavior Therapy? 241 and Their Commonalities 200 Summary 242 Specific Phobias 201 Key Terms 243 DSM-5 Criteria for...â … Specific Phobia 201 Prevalence, Age of Onset, and Gender Differences 203 Psychological Causal Factors Biological Causal Factors 203 205 7 Mood Disorders and Suicide 244 Treatments 205 Mood Disorders: An Overview 245 Social Phobia 207 Types of Mood Disorders 245 Prevalence, Age of Onset, and Gender Differences 207 DSM-5 Criteria for...â … Major Depressive Disorder 246 Psychological Causal Factors 208 The Prevalence of Mood Disorders 246 DSM-5 Criteria for...â … Social Anxiety Disorder DSM-5 Criteria for...â … Manic Episode 247 (Social Phobia) 208 Unipolar Depressive Disorders 248 Biological Causal Factors 209 Major Depressive Disorder 248 Treatments 210 Persistent Depressive Disorder 251 Panic Disorder 211 DSM-5 Criteria for...â … Persistent Depressive Disorder 252 DSM-5 Criteria for...â … Panic Disorder 212 Other Forms of Depression 252 Agoraphobia 212 Thinking Critically about DSM-5â … Was It Wise Prevalence, Age of Onset, and Gender Differences 213 to Drop the Bereavement Exclusion for Major DSM-5 Criteria for...â … Agoraphobia 213 Depression? 253 Comorbidity with Other Disorders 214 Developments in Thinkingâ … A New DSM-5 The Timing of a First Panic Attack 214 Diagnosis: Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder 253  Contentsâ …7 Causal Factors in Unipolar Mood Disorders 254 Developments in Researchâ … What Can Biological Causal Factors 254 Neuroimaging Tell Us about Conversion Disorder? 304 Psychological Causal Factors 259 Treatment of Conversion Disorder 304 Developments in Researchâ … Why Do Sex Developments in Practiceâ … Treatment of a Patient Differences in Unipolar Depression Emerge During Who Was Mute 305 Adolescence? 267 Factitious Disorder 305 Bipolar and Related Disorders 270 DSM-5 Criteria for...â … Factitious Disorder 306 Cyclothymic Disorder 270 Distinguishing Between Different Types of Somatic Bipolar Disorders (I and II) 270 Symptom and Related Disorders 307 Causal Factors in Bipolar Disorders 273 Dissociative Disorders: An Overview 307 Biological Causal Factors 273 Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder 308 Psychological Causal Factors 275 DSM-5 Criteria for...â … Depersonalization/ Sociocultural Factors Affecting Unipolar Derealization Disorder 310 and Bipolar Disorders 275 Dissociative Amnesia 310 Cross-Cultural Differences in Depressive Symptoms 276 DSM-5 Criteria for...â … Dissociative Amnesia 312 Cross-Cultural Differences in Prevalence 276 Thinking Critically about DSM-5â … Where Does Treatments and Outcomes 276 Conversion Disorder Belong? 313 Pharmacotherapy 277 Dissociative Identity Disorder 314 Alternative Biological Treatments 279 DSM-5 Criteria for...â … Dissociative Identity Psychotherapy 280 Disorder 315 Suicide: The Clinical Picture and the Causal Pattern 283 The World Around Usâ … DID, Schizophrenia, Who Attempts and Dies by Suicide? 284 and Split Personality: Clearing Up the Confusion 316 Psychological Disorders 285 Causal Factors and Controversies about DID 316 The World Around Usâ … Warning Signs for Suicide 286 Current Perspectives 320 Other Psychosocial Factors Associated with Suicide 286 Cultural Factors, Treatments, and Outcomes Biological Factors 287 in Dissociative Disorders 321 Theoretical Models of Suicidal Behavior 287 Cultural Factors in Dissociative Disorders 321 Suicide Prevention and Intervention 288 Treatment and Outcomes in Dissociative Treatment of Mental Disorders 288 Disorders 321 Crisis Intervention 288 Unresolved Issuesâ … DID and the Reality of Focus on High-Risk Groups and Other Measures 289 “Recovered Memories” 323 Unresolved Issuesâ … Is There a Right to Die? 289 Summary 324 Summary 290 Key Terms 326 Key Terms 292 9 Eating Disorders and Obesity 327 8 Somatic Symptom and Dissociative Clinical Aspects of Eating Disorders 328 Disorders 293 Anorexia Nervosa 328 DSM-5 Criteria for...â … Anorexia Nervosa 329 Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders: An Overview 294 Bulimia Nervosa 331 Somatic Symptom Disorder 295 DSM-5 Criteria for...â … Bulimia Nervosa 331 DSM-5 Criteria for...â … Somatic Symptom Disorder 295 Binge-Eating Disorder 332 Causes of Somatic Symptom Disorder 296 DSM-5 Criteria for...â … Binge-Eating Disorder 333 Treatment of Somatic Symptom Disorder 299 Age of Onset and Gender Differences 334 Illness Anxiety Disorder 300 Thinking Critically about DSM-5â … Other Forms DSM-5 Criteria for...â … Illness Anxiety Disorder 300 of Eating Disorders 335 Conversion Disorder (Functional Neurological Symptom Prevalence of Eating Disorders 335 Disorder) 300 Medical Complications of Eating Disorders 336 DSM-5 Criteria for...â … Conversion Disorder 301 Course and Outcome 337 Range of Conversion Disorder Symptoms 301 Diagnostic Crossover 337 Important Issues in Diagnosing Conversion Disorder 302 Association of Eating Disorders with Other Forms Prevalence and Demographic Characteristics 302 of Psychopathology 338 Causes of Conversion Disorders 303 Eating Disorders Across Cultures 339 8â …Contents The World Around Usâ … Ethnic Identity DSM-5 Criteria for...â … Schizoid Personality and Disordered Eating 340 Disorder 374 Risk and Causal Factors in Eating Disorders 341 Schizotypal Personality Disorder 375 Biological Factors 341 DSM-5 Criteria for...â … Schizotypal Personality Sociocultural Factors 342 Disorder 376 Family Influences 344 Cluster B Personality Disorders 376 Individual Risk Factors 344 Histrionic Personality Disorder 376 Treatment of Eating Disorders 348 DSM-5 Criteria for...â … Histrionic Personality Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa 348 Disorder 377 Treatment of Bulimia Nervosa 349 Narcissistic Personality Disorder 378 Developments in Practiceâ … New Options DSM-5 Criteria for...â … Narcissistic Personality for Adults with Anorexia Nervosa 350 Disorder 378 Treatment of Binge-Eating Disorder 351 Antisocial Personality Disorder 379 The Problem of Obesity 352 DSM-5 Criteria for...â … Antisocial Personality Medical Issues 353 Disorder 380 Definition and Prevalence 353 Borderline Personality Disorder 383 Weight Stigma 353 Thinking Critically about DSM-5â … Nonsuicidal Self- The World Around Usâ … Do Negative Messages Injury: Distinct Disorder or Symptom of Borderline about Being Overweight Encourage Overweight Personality Disorder? 384 People to Eat More or Less? 354 DSM-5 Criteria for...â … Borderline Personality Obesity and the DSM 354 Disorder 385 Risk and Causal Factors in Obesity 354 Cluster C Personality Disorders 388 The Role of Genes 354 Avoidant Personality Disorder 388 Hormones Involved in Appetite and Weight DSM-5 Criteria for...â … Avoidant Personality Regulation 355 Disorder 389 Sociocultural Influences 356 Dependent Personality Disorder 389 Family Influences 357 DSM-5 Criteria for...â … Dependent Personality Stress and “Comfort Food” 358 Disorder 390 Pathways to Obesity 358 Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder 391 Treatment of Obesity 359 DSM-5 Criteria for...â … Obsessive-Compulsive Lifestyle Modifications 359 Personality Disorder 392 Medications 360 360 General Sociocultural Causal Factors for Personality Bariatric Surgery Disorders 392 The Importance of Prevention 361 Treatments and Outcomes for Personality Disorders 393 Unresolved Issuesâ … The Role of Public Policy Adapting Therapeutic Techniques to Specific in the Prevention of Obesity 362 Personality Disorders 393 Summary 363 Treating Borderline Personality Disorder 394 Key Terms 364 The World Around Usâ … Marsha Linehan Reveals Her Own Struggle with Borderline Personality 10 Personality Disorders 365 Disorder Treating Other Personality Disorders 395 395 Clinical Features of Personality Disorders 366 Psychopathy 396 Challenges in Personality Disorders Research 368 Dimensions of Psychopathy 396 Difficulties in Diagnosing Personality Disorders 369 Developments in Researchâ … Are You Working Difficulties in Studying the Causes of Personality for a Psychopath? 399 Disorders 370 The Clinical Picture in Psychopathy 400 Thinking Critically about DSM-5â … Why Were No Causal Factors in Psychopathy 401 Changes Made to the Way Personality Disorders A Developmental Perspective on Psychopathy 403 Are Diagnosed? 371 Treatments and Outcomes in Psychopathic Personality 404 Cluster A Personality Disorders 372 Unresolved Issuesâ … DSM-5: How Can We Improve Paranoid Personality Disorder 372 the Classification of Personality Disorders? 405 DSM-5 Criteria for...â … Paranoid Personality Disorder 373 Summary 405 Schizoid Personality Disorder 373 Key Terms 407  Contentsâ …9 11 Substance-Related Disorders 408 The World Around Usâ … Should Marijuana Be Marketed and Sold Openly as a Medication? 439 Alcohol-Related Disorders 409 Gambling Disorder 440 The Prevalence, Comorbidity, and Demographics DSM-5 Criteria for...â … Gambling Disorder 441 of Alcohol Abuse and Dependence 410 Unresolved Issuesâ … Exchanging Addictions: Is This DSM-5 Criteria for...â … Alcohol Use Disorder 412 an Effective Treatment Approach? 442 The Clinical Picture of Alcohol-Related Summary 442 Disorders 412 Key Terms 444 Developments in Researchâ … Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: How Much Drinking Is Too Much? 414 Causal Factors in the Abuse of and Dependence 12 Sexual Variants, Abuse, on Alcohol 416 and Dysfunctions 445 Biological Causal Factors in Alcohol Abuse and Dependence 416 Sociocultural Influences on Sexual Practices and Standards 446 Psychosocial Causal Factors in Alcohol Abuse and Dependence 418 Case 1: Degeneracy and Abstinence Theory 447 Case 2: Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia 448 The World Around Usâ … Binge Drinking in College 420 Case 3: Homosexuality and American Psychiatry 448 Sociocultural Causal Factors 421 Paraphilic Disorders 450 Treatment of Alcohol-Related Disorders 421 Fetishistic Disorder 450 Use of Medications in Treating Alcohol Abuse DSM-5 Criteria for...â … Several Different Paraphilic and Dependency 421 Disorders 451 Psychological Treatment Approaches 422 Transvestic Disorder 452 Controlled Drinking versus Abstinence 423 Voyeuristic Disorder 453 Alcoholics Anonymous 423 Exhibitionistic Disorder 453 Outcome Studies and Issues in Treatment 424 Frotteuristic Disorder 454 Relapse Prevention 425 Sexual Sadism Disorder 454 Drug Abuse and Dependence 426 Sexual Masochism Disorder 455 Opium and Its Derivatives 427 Causal Factors and Treatments for Paraphilias 456 Biological Effects of Morphine and Heroin 427 Gender Dysphoria 457 Social Effects of Morphine and Heroin 428 DSM-5 Criteria for...â … Gender Dysphoria Causal Factors in Opiate Abuse in Children 457 and Dependence 429 DSM-5 Criteria for...â … Gender Dysphoria in Neural Bases for Physiological Addiction 429 Adolescents and Adults 458 Addiction Associated with Psychopathology 430 Treatment for Gender Dysphoria 459 Treatments and Outcomes 430 Transsexualism 459 Stimulants 430 Treatment for Transsexualism 460 Cocaine 430 Sexual Abuse 461 Amphetamines 432 Childhood Sexual Abuse 461 Methamphetamine 433 Pedophilic Disorder 463 Caffeine and Nicotine 433 Thinking Critically about DSM-5â … Pedophilia Thinking Critically about DSM-5â … Can Changes and Hebephilia 464 to the Diagnostic Criteria Result in Increased Incest 464 Drug Use? 433 Rape 465 Sedatives 435 Treatment and Recidivism of Sex Offenders 468 Effects of Barbiturates 435 The World Around Usâ … Megan’s Law 468 Causal Factors in Barbiturate Abuse Sexual Dysfunctions 470 and Dependence 436 Sexual Dysfunctions in Men 471 Treatments and Outcomes 436 DSM-5 Criteria for...â … Different Sexual Dysfunctions 472 Hallucinogens 436 Sexual Dysfunctions in Women 476 LSD 436 Unresolved Issuesâ … How Harmful Is Childhood Mescaline and Psilocybin 437 Sexual Abuse? 479 Ecstasy 437 Summary 480 Marijuana 438 Key Terms 482 10â …Contents 13 Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Urban Living Immigration 516 516 Disorders 483 Cannabis Use and Abuse 517 Schizophrenia 484 A Diathesis–Stress Model of Schizophrenia 518 Origins of the Schizophrenia Construct 484 Treatments and Outcomes 519 Epidemiology 485 Clinical Outcome 519 Clinical Picture 486 Pharmacological Approaches 520 Delusions 486 Psychosocial Approaches 522 DSM-5 Criteria for...â … Schizophrenia 487 Unresolved Issuesâ … Why Are Recovery Rates Hallucinations 488 in Schizophrenia Not Improving? 524 The World Around Usâ … Stress, Caffeine, Summary 525 and Hallucinations 489 Key Terms 526 Disorganized Speech 489 Disorganized Behavior Negative Symptoms 490 490 14 Neurocognitive Disorders 527 Subtypes of Schizophrenia 491 Brain Impairment in Adults 528 Other Psychotic Disorders 491 Thinking Critically about DSM-5â … Is the Inclusion Schizoaffective Disorder 491 of Mild Neurocognitive Disorder a Good Idea? 529 DSM-5 Criteria for...â … Schizoaffective Disorder 491 Clinical Signs of Brain Damage 529 Schizophreniform Disorder 491 Diffuse Versus Focal Damage 530 The Neurocognitive/Psychopathology DSM-5 Criteria for...â … Schizophreniform Interaction 532 Disorder 492 Delirium 533 Delusional Disorder 492 Clinical Picture 533 Brief Psychotic Disorder 492 DSM-5 Criteria for...â … Delirium 534 DSM-5 Criteria for...â … Delusional Disorder 492 Treatments and Outcomes 534 DSM-5 Criteria for...â … Brief Psychotic Disorder 493 Major Neurocognitive Disorder 534 Genetic and Biological Factors 493 DSM-5 Criteria for...â … Major Neurocognitive Genetic Factors 493 Disorder 535 The World Around Usâ … The Genain Parkinson’s Disease 536 Quadruplets 495 Huntington’s Disease 536 Prenatal Exposures 500 Alzheimer’s Disease 536 Developments in Thinkingâ … Could Schizophrenia Clinical Picture 537 Be an Immune Disorder? 501 Prevalence 538 Genes and Environment in Schizophrenia: A Synthesis Causal Factors 539 501 A Neurodevelopmental Perspective 502 Developments in Researchâ … Depression Increases the Risk of Alzheimer’s Disease 541 Thinking Critically about DSM-5â … Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome 504 Neuropathology 541 Treatment and Outcome 543 Structural and Functional Brain Abnormalities 505 Early Detection 543 Neurocognition 505 Developments in Researchâ … New Approaches Social Cognition 506 to the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease 544 Loss of Brain Volume 507 The World Around Usâ … Exercising Your Way Affected Brain Areas 507 to a Healthier Brain? 545 White Matter Problems 508 Supporting Caregivers 545 Brain Functioning 509 Neurocognitive Disorder Resulting from HIV Infection Cytoarchitecture 510 or Vascular Problems 546 Brain Development in Adolescence 511 Neurocognitive Disorder Associated with HIV-1 Synthesis 511 Infection 546 Neurochemistry 512 Neurocognitive Disorder Associated with Psychosocial and Cultural Factors 514 Vascular Disease 547 Do Bad Families Cause Schizophrenia? 514 Neurocognitive Disorder Characterized by Profound Families and Relapse 515 Memory Impairment (Amnestic Disorder) 547  Contentsâ …11 Disorders Involving Head Injury 548 Intellectual Disability 580 Clinical Picture 549 Levels of Intellectual Disability 581 Treatments and Outcomes 551 Causal Factors in Intellectual Disability 582 The World Around Usâ … Brain Damage in Organic Intellectual Disability Syndromes 583 Professional Athletes 552 Treatments, Outcomes, and Prevention 586 Unresolved Issuesâ … Should Healthy People Use Special Considerations in the Treatment of Children Cognitive Enhancers? 553 and Adolescents 587 Summary 554 Special Factors Associated with Treatment Key Terms 555 of Children and Adolescents 587 The World Around Usâ … The Impact of Child Abuse on Psychological Disorders 589 15 Disorders of Childhood and Family Therapy as a Means of Helping Children 589 Child Advocacy Programs 590 Adolescence (Neurodevelopmental Unresolved Issuesâ … How Should Society Deal Disorders) 556 with Delinquent Behavior? 590 Special Considerations in Understanding Disorders of Summary 591 Childhood and Adolescence 558 Key Terms 593 Psychological Vulnerabilities of Young Children 558 The Classification of Childhood and Adolescent Disorders 558 16 Psychological Treatment 594 Anxiety and Depression in Children and Adolescents 559 An Overview of Treatment 595 Anxiety Disorders of Childhood and Why Do People Seek Therapy? 595 Adolescence 559 Who Provides Psychotherapeutic Services? 597 Childhood Depression and Bipolar Disorder 561 The Therapeutic Relationship 597 Developments in Researchâ … Bipolar Disorder Measuring Success in Psychotherapy 598 in Children and Adolescents: Is There Objectifying and Quantifying Change 598 an Epidemic? 563 Would Change Occur Anyway? 600 Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorder 564 Can Therapy Be Harmful? 600 Oppositional Defiant Disorder 565 The World Around Usâ … When Therapy Harms 600 Conduct Disorder 565 What Therapeutic Approaches Should Be Used? 601 DSM-5 Criteria for...â … Conduct Disorder 565 Evidence-Based Treatment 601 Causal Factors in ODD and CD 566 Medication or Psychotherapy? 602 Treatments and Outcomes 567 Combined Treatments 602 Elimination Disorders 568 Psychosocial Approaches to Treatment 603 Enuresis 568 Behavior Therapy 603 Encopresis 569 Cognitive and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy 606 Neurodevelopmental Disorders 569 Humanistic-Experiential Therapies 608 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder 569 Psychodynamic Therapies 611 DSM-5 Criteria for...â … Attention-Deficit/ Couples and Family Therapy 614 Hyperactivity Disorder 570 Eclecticism and Integration 615 Autism Spectrum Disorder 573 Rebooting Psychotherapy 615 DSM-5 Criteria for...â … Autism Spectrum Sociocultural Perspectives 616 Disorder 575 Social Values and Psychotherapy 616 Tic Disorders 576 Psychotherapy and Cultural Diversity 616 Developments in Practiceâ … Can Video Games Biological Approaches to Treatment 617 Help Children with Neurodevelopmental Antipsychotic Drugs 617 Disorders? 577 Antidepressant Drugs 618 Specific Learning Disorders 578 Antianxiety Drugs 621 Causal Factors in Learning Disorder 579 Lithium and Other Mood-Stabilizing Drugs 622 Treatments and Outcomes 579 Thinking Critically about DSM-5â … What Thinking Critically about DSM-5â … What Role Should Are Some of the Clinical Implications of the Cultural Changes Have in Developing Medical Recent Changes? 623 Terminology? 580 Nonmedicinal Biological Treatments 624 12â …Contents The World Around Usâ … Deep Brain Stimulation The World Around Usâ … Controversial Not Guilty Pleas: for Treatment-Resistant Depression 627 Can Altered Mind States or Personality Disorder Limit Unresolved Issuesâ … Do Psychiatric Medications Responsibility for a Criminal Act? 643 Help or Harm? 628 The Insanity Defense 646 Summary 629 Competence to Stand Trial 649 Key Terms 630 Does Having Mental Health Problems Result in Convicted Felons Being Returned to Prison After Being Released? 650 17 Contemporary and Legal Issues Organized Efforts for Mental Health 651 in Abnormal Psychology 631 U.S. Efforts for Mental Health 651 Perspectives on Prevention 632 International Efforts for Mental Health 653 Universal Interventions 633 Challenges for the Future 653 Selective Interventions 634 The Need for Planning 654 Indicated Interventions 637 The Individual’s Contribution 654 Inpatient Mental Health Treatment in Contemporary Unresolved Issuesâ … The HMOs and Mental Society 637 Health Care 655 The Mental Hospital as a Therapeutic Community 637 Summary 657 Aftercare Programs 639 Key Terms 658 Deinstitutionalization 639 Controversial Legal Issues and the Mentally Ill 641 Glossary 659 Civil Commitment 641 References 682 The World Around Usâ … Important Court Decisions Credits 754 for Patient Rights 641 Name Index 761 Assessment of “Dangerousness” 642 Subject Index 777 Features Developments in Research DID, Schizophrenia, and Split Personality: Clearing Up the Confusion 316 Do Magnets Help with Repetitive-Stress Injury? 51 Ethnic Identity and Disordered Eating 340 The Search for Medications to Cure Mental Disorders 74 Do Negative Messages about Being Overweight Nocturnal Panic Attacks 218 Encourage Overweight People to Eat More or Less? 354 Why Do Sex Differences in Unipolar Depression Marsha Linehan Reveals Her Own Struggle with Emerge During Adolescence? 267 Borderline Personality Disorder 395 What Can Neuroimaging Tell Us about Conversion Binge Drinking in College 420 Disorder? 304 Should Marijuana Be Marketed and Sold Openly Are You Working for a Psychopath? 399 as a Medication? 439 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: How Much Drinking Megan’s Law 468 Is Too Much? 414 Stress, Caffeine, and Hallucinations 489 Depression Increases the Risk of Alzheimer’s Disease 541 The Genain Quadruplets 495 New Approaches to the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease 544 Exercising Your Way to a Healthier Brain? 545 Bipolar Disorder in Children and Adolescents: Is There Brain Damage in Professional Athletes 552 an Epidemic? 563 The Impact of Child Abuse on Psychological Disorders 589 Developments in Thinking When Therapy Harms 600 Melancholia Through the Ages 59 Deep Brain Stimulation for Treatment-Resistant Nature, Nurture, and Psychopathology: A New Look at Depression 627 an Old Topic 95 Important Court Decisions for Patient Rights 641 The Humanistic and Existential Perspectives 106 Controversial Not Guilty Pleas: Can Altered Mind A New DSM-5 Diagnosis: Premenstrual Dysphoric States or Personality Disorder Limit Responsibility Disorder 253 for a Criminal Act? 643 Could Schizophrenia Be an Immune Disorder? 501 Unresolved Issues Developments in Practice Are We All Becoming Mentally Ill? The Expanding The Automated Practice: Use of the Computer in Horizons of Mental Disorder 53 Psychological Testing 142 Interpreting Historical Events 80 Computer-Based MMPI-2 Report for Andrea C. 150 Theoretical Perspectives and the Causes of Abnormal Treatment of a Patient Who Was Mute 305 Behavior 126 New Options for Adults with Anorexia Nervosa 350 The DSM-5: Issues in Acceptance of Changed Diagnostic Can Video Games Help Children with Criteria 157 Neurodevelopmental Disorders? 577 Why Is the Study of Trauma So Contentious? 194 The Choice of Treatments: Medications The World Around Us or Cognitive-Behavior Therapy? 241 Extreme Generosity or Pathological Behavior? 30 Is There a Right to Die? 289 Chaining Mental Health Patients 70 DID and the Reality of “Recovered Memories” 323 Culture and Attachment Relationships 125 The Role of Public Policy in the Prevention Racial Discrimination and Cardiovascular Health of Obesity 362 in African Americans 171 DSM-5: How Can We Improve the Classification Does Playing Tetris After a Traumatic Event Reduce of Personality Disorders? 405 Flashbacks? 190 Exchanging Addictions: Is This an Effective Virtual Reality Exposure Treatment for PTSD Treatment Approach? 442 in Military Personnel 193 How Harmful Is Childhood Sexual Abuse? 479 Taijin Kyofusho 240 Why Are Recovery Rates in Schizophrenia Not Warning Signs for Suicide 286 Improving? 524 13 14â …Features Should Healthy People Use Cognitive Enhancers? 553 DSM-5 Criteria for… Gambling Disorder 441 How Should Society Deal with Delinquent Behavior? 590 DSM-5 Criteria for… Several Different Paraphilic Do Psychiatric Medications Help or Harm? 628 Disorders 451 The HMOs and Mental Health Care 655 DSM-5 Criteria for… Gender Dysphoria in Children 457 DSM-5 Criteria for… Gender Dysphoria in Adolescents DSM-5 Boxes and Adults 358 DSM-5 Criteria for… Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 183 DSM-5 Criteria for… Different Sexual Dysfunctions 472 DSM-5 Criteria for… Specific Phobia 201 DSM-5 Criteria for… Schizophrenia 487 DSM-5 Criteria for… Social Anxiety Disorder DSM-5 Criteria for… Schizoaffective Disorder 491 (Social Phobia) 208 DSM-5 Criteria for… Schizophreniform Disorder 492 DSM-5 Criteria for… Panic Disorder 212 DSM-5 Criteria for… Delusional Disorder 492 DSM-5 Criteria for… Agoraphobia 213 DSM-5 Criteria for… Brief Psychotic Disorder 493 DSM-5 Criteria for… Generalized Anxiety Disorder 222 DSM-5 Criteria for… Delirium 534 DSM-5 Criteria for… Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 229 DSM-5 Criteria for… Major Neurocognitive Disorder 535 DSM-5 Criteria for… Body Dysmorphic Disorder 237 DSM-5 Criteria for… Conduct Disorder 565 DSM-5 Criteria for… Major Depressive Disorder 246 DSM-5 Criteria for… Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity DSM-5 Criteria for… Manic Episode 247 Disorder 570 DSM-5 Criteria for… Persistent Depressive Disorder 252 DSM-5 Criteria for… Autism Spectrum Disorder 575 DSM-5 Criteria for… Somatic Symptom Disorder 295 Thinking Critically About DSM-5 DSM-5 Criteria for… Illness Anxiety Disorder 300 DSM-5 Criteria for… Conversion Disorder 301 What Is the DSM and Why Was It Revised? 31 DSM-5 Criteria for… Factitious Disorder 306 Changes to the Diagnostic Criteria for PTSD 181 DSM-5 Criteria for… Depersonalization/Derealization Why Is OCD No Longer Considered to Be an Anxiety Disorder 310 Disorder? 227 DSM-5 Criteria for… Dissociative Amnesia 312 Was It Wise to Drop the Bereavement Exclusion DSM-5 Criteria for… Dissociative Identity Disorder 315 for Major Depression? 253 DSM-5 Criteria for… Anorexia Nervosa 329 Where Does Conversion Disorder Belong? 313 DSM-5 Criteria for… Bulimia Nervosa 331 Other Forms of Eating Disorders 335 DSM-5 Criteria for… Binge-Eating Disorder 333 Why Were No Changes Made to the Way Personality Disorders Are Diagnosed? 371 DSM-5 Criteria for… Paranoid Personality Disorder 373 Nonsuicidal Self-Injury: Distinct Disorder or Symptom DSM-5 Criteria for… Schizoid Personality Disorder 374 of Borderline Personality Disorder? 384 DSM-5 Criteria for… Schizotypal Personality Disorder 376 Can Changes to the Diagnostic Criteria Result in DSM-5 Criteria for… Histrionic Personality Disorder 377 Increased Drug Use? 433 DSM-5 Criteria for… Narcissistic Personality Disorder 378 Pedophilia and Hebephilia 464 DSM-5 Criteria for… Antisocial Personality Disorder 380 Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome 504 DSM-5 Criteria for… Borderline Personality Disorder 385 Is the Inclusion of Mild Neurocognitive Disorder DSM-5 Criteria for… Avoidant Personality Disorder 389 a Good Idea? 529 DSM-5 Criteria for… Dependent Personality Disorder 390 What Role Should Cultural Changes Have in DSM-5 Criteria for… Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Developing Medical Terminology? 580 Disorder 392 What Are Some of the Clinical Implications of the DSM-5 Criteria for… Alcohol Use Disorder 412 Recent Changes? 623 What’s New in DSM-5? A Quick Guide M any changes occurred from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder has been promoted Here is a summary of some of the most impor- from the appendix of DSM-IV-TR and is now listed as tant revisions. Many of these changes are high- a new diagnosis. lighted in the “Thinking Critically about DSM-5” boxes A new diagnosis of persistent depressive disorder now throughout this edition. subsumes dysthymia and chronic major depressive The chapters of the DSM have been reorganized to disorder. reflect a consideration of developmental and lifespan The bereavement exclusion has been removed in the issues. Disorders that are thought to reflect develop- diagnosis of major depressive episode. mental perturbations or that manifest early in life (e.g., The diagnosis of phobia no longer requires that the per- neurodevelopmental disorders and disorders such as son recognize that his or her anxiety is unreasonable. schizophrenia) are listed before disorders that occur Panic disorder and agoraphobia have been unlinked later in life. and are now separate diagnoses in DSM-5. The multiaxial system has been abandoned. No distinc- Obsessive-compulsive disorder is no longer classi- tion is now made between Axis I and Axis II disorders. fied as an anxiety disorder. DSM-5 contains a new DSM-5 allows for more gender-related differences to be chapter that covers obsessive-compulsive and related taken into consideration for mental health problems. disorders. It is extremely important for the clinician to understand New disorders in the obsessive-compulsive and related the client’s cultural background in appraising mental disorders category include hoarding disorder and exco- health problems. DSM-5 contains a structured inter- riation (skin-picking) disorder. view that focuses on the patient’s cultural background Posttraumatic stress disorder is no longer considered and characteristic approach to problems. to be an anxiety disorder. Instead, it is listed in a new The term intellectual disability is now used instead of the chapter that covers trauma- and stressor-related term mental retardation.  disorders. A new diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder now The diagnostic criteria for posttraumatic stress disor- encompasses autism, Asperger’s disorder, and other der have been significantly revised. The definition of forms of pervasive developmental disorder. The diag- what counts as a traumatic event has been clarified nosis of Asperger’s disorder has been eliminated from and made more explicit. DSM-5 now also recognizes the DSM. four-symptom clusters rather than the three noted in Changes to the diagnostic criteria for attention deficit DSM-IV-TR. disorder now mean that symptoms that occur before Dissociative fugue is no longer listed as a separate age 12 (rather than age 7) have diagnostic significance. diagnosis. Instead, it is listed as a form of dissociative A new diagnosis, called disruptive mood dysregula- amnesia. tion disorder, has been added. This will be used to The DSM-IV-TR diagnoses of hypochondriasis, somato- diagnose children up to age 18 who show persistent form disorder, and pain disorder have been removed irritability and frequent episodes of extreme and and are now subsumed into the new diagnosis of uncontrolled behavior. somatic symptom disorder. The subtypes of schizophrenia have been eliminated. Binge-eating disorder has been moved from the The special significance afforded to bizarre delusions with appendix of DSM-IV-TR and is now listed as an offi- regard to the diagnosis of schizophrenia has been removed. cial diagnosis. Bipolar and related disorders are now described in a The frequency of binge-eating and purging episodes separate chapter of the DSM and are no longer listed has been reduced for the diagnosis of bulimia with depressive disorders.  nervosa. 15 16â … What’s New in DSM-5? A Quick Guide Amenorrhea is no longer required for the diagnosis of Substance-related disorders are divided into two sepa- anorexia nervosa. rate groups: substance use disorders and substance- The DSM-IV-TR diagnoses of dementia and amnestic induced disorders. disorder have been eliminated and are now sub- A new disorder, gambling disorder, has been included sumed into a new category called major neurocogni- in substance-related and addictive disorders. tive disorder. Included for the first time in Section III of DSM-5 are Mild neurocognitive disorder has been added as a new several new disorders regarded as being in need of fur- diagnosis. ther study. These include attenuated psychosis syn- No changes have been made to the diagnostic  criteria drome, nonsuicidal self-injury disorder, Internet for personality disorders, although an alternative gaming disorder, and caffeine use disorder. model is now offered as a guide for future research. Preface W e are so excited about this course and hope that wide range of treatment approaches and permits more in- you are too! We (the authors) all took this depth coverage than is possible in specific disorder–based course when we were undergraduate students chapters. because we were curious about abnormal aspects of Abnormal Psychology has a long and distinguished tra- human behavior. Why do some people become so dition as an undergraduate text. Ever since James Coleman depressed they can’t get out of bed? Why do others have wrote the first edition many years ago, this textbook has been trouble controlling their use of alcohol and drugs? Why considered the most comprehensive in the field. Along the do some people become violent toward others, and in way there have been many changes. This is very much the other cases toward themselves? We continue to be case with this new edition. Perhaps the most exciting intensely curious about, and fascinated by, the answers to change, however, is the addition of Harvard Professor these and many other questions about abnormal human Matthew Nock to the author team. Matt, a recent MacArthur behavior. The purpose of this book is to provide a compre- Award (aka, “Genius Grant”) recipient, brings his bril- hensive (and hopefully engaging) introduction to the pri- liance, scholarship, and wry sense of humor to the book, mary psychological disorders studied within abnormal providing fresh approaches and new perspectives. We are psychology. delighted that he has joined the author team and welcome As you will learn, there are many different types of him with great enthusiasm! psychological disorders, and each is caused by the interac- The Hooley-Butcher-Nock-Mineka author team is in a tion of many different factors and can be considered from unique position to provide students with an integrated many different perspectives. We thought a lot about how and comprehensive understanding of abnormal psychol- best to present this information in a way that will be clear ogy. Each author is a noted researcher, an experienced and engaging and will allow you to gain a solid, funda- teacher, and a licensed clinician. Each brings different areas mental understanding of psychological disorders. As such, of expertise and diverse research interests to the text. We we use a biopsychosocial approach to provide a sophisti- are committed to excellence. We are also committed to cated appreciation of the total context in which abnormali- making our text accessible to a broad audience. Our ties of behavior occur. This means that we present and approach emphasizes the importance of research as well as describe the wide range of biological, psychological, and the need to translate research findings into informed and social factors that work together to lead to the develop- effective clinical care for all who suffer from mental disor- ment of psychological disorders. In addition, we discuss ders. In this new edition, we seek to open up the fascinat- treatment approaches that target each of these different ing world of abnormal psychology, providing students factors. with comprehensive and up-to-date knowledge in a clear For ease of understanding we also present material on and engaging way. We hope that this newest edition con- each disorder in a logical and consistent way. More spe- veys some of the passion and enthusiasm for the topic that cifically, we focus on three significant aspects: (1) the clini- we still experience every day. cal picture, where we describe the symptoms of the disorder and its associated features; (2) factors involved in the development of the disorder; and (3) treatment approaches. In each case, we examine the evidence for Why Do You Need This biological, psychosocial (i.e., psychological and interper- sonal), and sociocultural (the broader social environment New Edition? of culture and subculture) influences. Because we wish The book you are reading is the seventeenth edition of never to lose sight of the person, we try to integrate as Abnormal Psychology. Why so many revisions? And why much case material as we can into each chapter. An addi- not just use an old copy of the fifteenth or sixteenth edi- tional feature of this book is a heavy focus on treatment. tion? The reason is that our field is constantly making Although treatment is discussed in every chapter in the advances in our understanding of abnormal psychology. context of specific disorders, we also include a separate New research is being published all the time. As authors, it chapter that addresses issues in treatment more broadly. is important to us that these changes and new ways of This provides students with increased understanding of a thinking about the etiology, assessment, and treatment of 17 18â …Preface psychological disorders are accurately presented in this reorganized to provide a more logical and coherent text. Although many of the ideas and diagnostic concepts narrative. in the field of abnormal psychology have persisted for 7. Finally, at the beginning of each chapter, clearly de- hundreds of years, changes in thinking often occur. And, at fined learning objectives provide the reader with an some point, events occur that force a rethinking of familiar overview of topics and issues that will be included topics. A major example here is the revision of the manual in the chapter. These learning objectives also ap- that is used to classify mental disorders (called the DSM-5). pear again in the specific sections to which they ap- This new edition of Abnormal Psychology includes the most ply. This makes it easier for readers to identify what up-to-date information about DSM-5 diagnostic categories, they should be learning in each section. At the end of classifications, and criteria. each chapter a summary of the learning objectives is Every time we work on a revision of Abnormal Psy- also provided. In Review questions at the end of ma- chology we are reminded of how dynamic and vibrant our jor sections within chapters also provide additional field is. Developments in areas such as genetics, brain opportunities for self-assessment and increased imaging, behavioral observation, and classification, as  learning. well changes in social and government policy and in legal decisions, add to our knowledge base and stimulate new treatments for those whose lives are touched by mental disorders. What’s New If you’re wondering what exactly is so new in this edi- This new edition of Abnormal Psychology has been rede- tion of Abnormal Psychology, here are seven big revisions signed to reflect the newest and most relevant research that we have made. findings, presented in a way that is engaging to the new- est generation of students. We’ve done a lot of updating! 1. We have a new author! Matt Nock brings a fresh and Our focus has been on streamlining material throughout new perspective to this authoritative and established the book to decrease the length of each chapter while text. retaining all of the important information that students 2. The seventeenth edition of Abnormal Psychology in- should be learning. cludes the most up-to-date and in-depth information We have also done our best to include the most excit- about biological influences on the entire spectrum ing changes and advances occurring in our field. For of behavioral abnormalities, while still maintaining example, throughout the text, we have significantly a comprehensive and balanced biopsychosocial ap- increased the focus on the manifestation and treatment of proach to understanding abnormal behavior. psychological disorders around the globe, using data from 3. As a result of the publication of DSM-5, the diagnostic a recently completed cross-national series of studies in criteria for many disorders have changed. This edition more than 20 different countries. In Chapter 3, we have includes detailed boxes listing the current DSM-5 diag- added a new and more accessible description of why cor- nostic criteria for all the disorders covered in the book. relation does not equal causation—and what does! In Specific highlight boxes and discussions in the text Chapter 5, we now adopt a more broad and integrative also alert you to some of the most important changes approach to the health consequences of stress, including a in DSM-5. focus on the mechanisms through which stress is thought to cause physical health problems. Chapter 7 has been 4. Other feature boxes provide opportunities for critical updated substantially and now includes more information thinking by illustrating some of the controversies asso- about some of the problems most relevant to college stu- ciated with the changes that were (or were not) made. dents, such as suicide and self-injury. Throughout the text we also provide readers with dif- New case studies have also been added throughout ferent perspectives on the likely implications that these the book. Chapter 8, for example, has four new case stud- changes will have (or are having) for clinical diagnosis ies, as well as two new highlight boxes. These illustrate and research in psychopathology. recent neuroimaging research on patients with conver- 5. Reflecting the ever-changing field of abnormal psy- sion disorder, as well as a very creative new approach to chology, hundreds of new references have been added, the treatment of this fascinating disorder. Chapter 11 has highlighting the newest and most important research significant new material on how alcohol and drugs affect findings. the brain, what causes hangovers, and information on 6. Changes have been made in many chapters to improve new synthetic drugs that have recently hit the streets. In the flow of the writing and enhance learning. The pre- Chapter 13, the most current genetic findings concerning sentation of material in many chapters has also been schizophrenia are described, and new developments in  Prefaceâ …19 our understanding of the nature of dopamine abnormal- in Practice, and The World Around Us, highlight topics of ity in schizophrenia are discussed. A new Developments particular interest, focusing on applications of research to in Thinking highlight box also presents new ideas about everyday life, current events, and the latest research meth- the possibility that schizophrenia might be an immune odologies, technologies, and findings. function disorder. Chapter 15 has been reorganized and CRITICAL THINKINGâ … Many of the revisions to DSM-5 updated throughout; for instance, it now includes cut- were highly contentious and controversial. A feature box ting-edge findings on the potential causes and most effec- called “Thinking Critically about DSM-5” introduces stu- tive treatments for autism spectrum disorders. And dents to the revised DSM and encourages them to think throughout the book we have included information about critically about the implications of these changes. some of the newest ways in which researchers and clini- cians are treating psychological disorders, such as via the UNRESOLVED ISSUESâ … All chapters include end-of- use of new smartphone apps, brain stimulation treat- chapter sections that demonstrate how far we have come ments, and assistive therapeutic robots! These are just a and how far we have yet to go in our understanding of handful of the many changes we have made to give read- psychological disorders. The topics covered here provide ers the most current perspectives possible. We want stu- insight into the future of the field and expose students to dents to stay ahead of the curve and to provide them with some controversial topics. the most up-to-date information we can. We also want to give students a sense of how and in what ways various fields are likely moving. Pedagogy This edition also retains features that were very well LEARNING OBJECTIVESâ … Each chapter begins with received in the last edition. To assist both instructors and learning objectives. These orient the reader to the material students, we continue to feature specialized boxes, high- that will be presented in each specific chapter. Learning lighting many of the key changes that were made in DSM-5. objectives are also repeated by the section they apply to In this edition, however, we also provide a detailed but and summarized at the end of each chapter. This provides accessible description of the RDoC approach. students with an excellent tool for study and review. In As before, chapters begin with learning objectives. this edition, sections of many chapters have also been re- These orient the reader to the material that will be pre- organized and material has been streamlined whenever sented in each specific chapter. Learning objectives are also possible. All the changes that have been made are de- repeated by the section they apply to and summarized at signed to improve the flow of the writing and enhance the end of each chapter. Most chapters also begin with a pedagogy. case study (many of which are new) that illustrates the mental health problems to be addressed in the chapter. This CASE STUDIESâ … Extensive case studies of individuals serves to capture students’ interest and attention right from with various disorders are integrated in the