Chapter 16: Abnormal Psychology Terms PDF

**Chapter 16** Abnormal (distressing, dysfunctional, deviant) - Distressing - The condition must cause pain/distress - Dysfunctional - The set of symptoms should interfere with your ability to function normally - Deviant - The set of symptoms should be rare Di...

**Chapter 16** Abnormal (distressing, dysfunctional, deviant) - Distressing - The condition must cause pain/distress - Dysfunctional - The set of symptoms should interfere with your ability to function normally - Deviant - The set of symptoms should be rare Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) - Official book with all the major mental disorders, created by the APA International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Eleventh Edition (ICD-11) - Internation classification of all diseases, including mental disorders Trephining - If someone displayed abnormal behaviour, ancient civilizations used to chisel holes in their heads to let evil spirits out Hippocrates - Proposed that we treat behavioural disorders as medical illness that were no different from physical illnesses and should be treated with compassion Vulnerability stress model (diathesis-stress model) - View that psychological disorders are caused by two variables: vulnerability (some kind of genetic or developmental risk factor) and a stressor (some traumatic event that triggers the disorder) Reliability - Is the condition clear enough to create consistent diagnoses? Validity - Does the DSM-5 definition capture the core features of the disorder? Categorical approach - You either have the disorder, or you don't Dimensional approach - Disordered thinking or behaviour exists on a spectrum David Rosenhan study - He and his colleagues reported hallucinations and no other symptoms to a psychiatric hospital, they were held in the hospital for a long time and given the diagnosis: schizophrenia in remission. Competency (legal term) - Your mental state during trial, not during the crime, if you're deemed competent you can stand trial Insanity (legal term) - Whether you can be held criminally responsible for your actions. If you committed a crime while being insane (you don't know what you're doing), you are deemed not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder Anxiety disorders - a feeling of worry, [nervousness](https://www.google.com/search?sca_esv=7f62e3115b109870&q=nervousness&si=ACC90nwZrNcJVJVL0KSmGGq5Ka2YcVIoXv8wKwPMNOYtunUhfszninPbMPNk7p5vPsb90ckD2S17yhyLUksy2BNSIkWKpQvXwr9ZdhXvrE9CUCLFRr1e6Ww%3D&expnd=1&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=2ahUKEwic-vLLwOmJAxWwHjQIHf39HnwQyecJegQIHBAO), or unease, typically about an [imminent](https://www.google.com/search?sca_esv=7f62e3115b109870&q=imminent&si=ACC90nx67Z8g0WkBmnrPB4IqtqGvh-DrWsxvhASoj_HiWak0HX1CtMHYJZ5Db7tzVENNV3QjURPHWCU_t-X3vz_73azH31mN2UKnVLl_yAN-1K_-3XYPPHw%3D&expnd=1&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=2ahUKEwic-vLLwOmJAxWwHjQIHf39HnwQyecJegQIHBAP) event or something with an uncertain outcome. PTSD - Post traumatic stress disorder Incidence - Number of NEW cases during a defined period of time Prevalence - Number of people with a disorder during a defined period of time Phobic disorder, phobias - A strong and irrational fear of something Agoraphobia - Fear of open/public spaces (they stay inside) Social anxiety disorder - Fear of social evaluation Specific phobias - Fear of specific animals, airplanes, injections, etc. Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) - Long term anxiety condition with constant anxiety that is not caused by something specific Panic disorder - Having random sudden intense attacks of anxiety Obsessive-compulsive disorder - Combination of obsessions and compulsions. Obsessions are repetitive unwanted thoughts that take over your mind; could be about cleanliness, religion, the future, etc. Compulsions are repetitive behaviours done to reduce the obsessions; e.g. making sure the door is locked or the stove is off. GABA - A neurotransmitter that slows/calms the brain Neurotic anxiety - Consists of unacceptable impulses overwhelming the ego's defenses Catastrophizing - If something bad happens, your mind goes straight to the worst case scenario Classical conditioning - Learning through associations between stimuli Operant conditioning - Learning through consequences of behaviour Culture-bound disorders - Disorders that seem to only immerge in certain cultures Anorexia nervosa - Starving themselves to become more slim Bulimia nervosa - People who over eat Mood disorders - Mental conditions characterized by disturbance of mood Comorbidity - The simultaneous presence of two or more diseases or medical conditions Major depression - Brief but intense period of low mood, loss of motivation, often accompanied by suicidal thoughts, and changes in sleep or weight Chronic depressive disorder - Longer lasting but less intense depression Bipolar disorder (bipolar I and bipolar II) - Bipolar 1: Alternating between mania and depression. Manic period are generally shorter than depressive period. Bipolar II: same but less intense mania Mania - Fast thinking, fast talking, little to no sleep, impulsive spending, risky sexual decisions, etc. Hypomania - Less intense mania Behavioral inhibition system - That system the motivates you to avoid things Behavioral activation system - The system that motivates you to do things Serotonin - Linked to mood regulation Evolutionary explanation of depression ("analytical rumination") - View that depression is a reaction we have to significant change or increased complexity. It forces us to slow down and think carefully Aaron Beck - Discussed the depressive cognitive triad Depressive cognitive triad - The world, oneself, the future. Thinking to yourself, "The world sucks, I suck, my future will suck" Depressive attributional style - When something goes badly, you say that it is your fault. When something goes well, you say that it is a fluke or due to something other than you Learned helplessness theory - A state that occurs after a person has experienced a stressful situation repeatedly Somatic symptom disorders - When a psychological condition gets expressed as a physical symptom Illness anxiety disorder (hypochondriasis) - Constant worrying that you will become very ill Pain disorder - Chronic pain caused by psychological stress Functional neurological symptom disorder (conversion disorder) - A condition where mental health issues disrupt how your brain worksE Dissociative disorders - Involve some kind of failure of integration Dissociative amnesia - A person responds to a stressful event by forgetting parts of it Dissociative fugue - A person will forget their identity and move to a new area, where they develop a new identity and claim to remember nothing from before. Dissociative identity disorder (DID) - A person has multiple distinct identities and personalities. Trauma-dissociation theory - Posits that trauma leads to people making multiple personalities as a coping mechanism Iatrogenic - Caused by therapy/treatment Psychosis - Break from reality: delusions, hallucinations Schizophrenia - "Split from reality" Positive symptoms - A new change in behaviour or thoughts, such as hallucinations or delusions Delusions (including delusions of persecution and delusions of grandeur) - Delusions of persecution: Believing someone is out to get you - Delusions of grandeur: Believing you're amazing Hallucinations - Perceiving stuff that's not there. It could be visual, auditory, tactile, etc. Hearing voices is the most common type Word salad - A mess of words, no logical progression Inappropriate affect - Respond using an emotion that isn't appropriate given context Negative symptoms - Something is being taken away Flat affect - Little to no emotional experience Catatonia (waxy flexibility) - Body stays completely still, you can move their limbs and they'll stay in whatever place you move them to Type I vs Type II schizophrenia - Type I: More positive symptoms than negative - Type II: More negative symptoms than positive Genetic predisposition - More likely to encounter something due to inherited genes Twin studies - Indicate that schizophrenia is very heritable Brain atrophy - Associated with schizophrenia Enlarged ventricles - Associated with schizophrenia Dopamine hypothesis - An excess of dopamine linked to the positive symptoms of schizophrenia Expressed emotion - Measure of the family environment based on how family members talk about a psychiatric patient Social causation hypothesis - Economic hardship increases risk of mental illness Social drift hypothesis - Clinical features of disorder lead to gradual downward socioeconomic trajectory Personality disorders - Lifelong patterns of seeing themselves and reacting to others in ways that cause problems Antisocial personality disorder (psychopathy) - Disregard for and violation of the rights of other Empathy - Ability to understand others' feelings Autonomic nervous system - Component of nervous system regulating involuntary psychological processes Prefrontal cortex - Responsible decision making Amygdala - Processes emotions MAOA gene - Associated with psychopathy only if one ALSO has a history of being abused Borderline personality disorder - The main symptom is emotion disregulation Emotion dysregulation - Individual has difficulty regulating their emotions Splitting - They fail to integrate good and bad elements of another's behaviour Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) - Difficult in childhood paying attention. Excessive energy. More common in young boys. Autism spectrum disorder - The central deficits have to do with social difficulties. They have trouble learning from social cues, they have impaired ability to understand others (impaired theory of mind). Savant syndrome - A condition in which people have serious deficits, but also have one extremely advanced ability. Savants are usually also autistic. Theory of mind - Understanding others by ascribing mental states to them Dementia - A class of disorders that emerge in old age wherein your cognitive abilities (primarily memory) deteriorate Alzheimer's disease - Associated with atrophy of brain regions Acetylcholine - Neurotransmitter that plays a role in involuntary psychological processes Amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles - Biomarkers of Alzheimer\'s disease **Chapter 17** Insight therapies - Oriented towards people having an 'aha' moment or having an understanding of what causes their condition Symptom-oriented therapies - Therapies reducing negative symptoms Psychodynamic therapies - Encourages clients to develop awareness of their emotions and process unresolved feelinh Psychoanalysis - Freud's therapeutic technique, aimed at getting the patient to be aware of the unconscious sources of conflict Symptom substitution - If someone struggles with two issues, one gets better and the other gets worse Hypnosis - Treating disorders using a trance of deep relaxation Repressed memories - Occurs when trauma is too severe to be kept in the conscious memory and is then repressed Free association - Patients lie down and are told to say whatever comes to their mind, aiming to discover patterns Dream interpretation - For Freud, dreams contain two types of content: manifest content (what literally happens in the dream) and latent content Latent content - The hidden symbolic meaning of a dream Resistance - When patients engage in defense and don't want to talk about certain things Transference - Patients impose feelings about someone in their life (e.g. parent) onto a therapist Interpersonal therapy - One example of brief psychodynamic therapy Humanistic therapies - Talk therapy focusing on a person's individual nature Client-centered therapy (person-centered therapy) - Talk therapy where the client takes the reins and is guided by the therapist Carl Rogers - Developed client-centered therapy Unconditional positive regard - The therapist cares for and accepts the client without judgment (no matter what they say) Empathy - Seeing the world through the client's eyes Reflective listening - Repeat back what you hear Genuineness - The quality of truly being what something is said to be Non-directive - Therapist refrains from interpretation of explanation but encourages the client speaks freely Gestalt - "Organized whole" Gestalt therapy - Integrated aspects of a person's memories and mental life into a coherent whole Existential therapy (Logotherapy) - Family of therapies that fall under the humanist bucket, must find meaning in suffering Viktor Frankl - Wrote "Man's Search for Meaning", he argued that we must try to find meaning in suffering Albert Ellis - Believed that being upset is a natural reaction that is unavoidable. But becoming depressed or miserable results from how we interpret events Rational-emotive therapy (RET) - Challenging beliefs which turn ordinary upsetness into depression or misery ABCD model - A -- Activating event (e.g. you get fired), B -- Beliefs (e.g. "I must have a job", "If I don't have one my life is over"), C -- Consequences (e.g. you're depressed because of B), D -- disputing B MUSTerbation (3 main "musts") - The worst beliefs are ones that include must, should, ought; instead we should use prefer Aaron Beck - Emphasizes the importance of targeting irrational beliefs Cognitive therapy - Tried to challenge beliefs that were causal factors in depression Behaviour therapies - Treatments used to change one's responses to specific situations Classical conditioning - Behaviour is learned by connecting a neutral stimulus with a positive one (sound of a bell, gift time) Exposure therapy - Takes advantage of principles from classical conditioning. It assumed that anxiety or fear originate with some kind of bad associations Response prevention - Making a choice not to do a compulsive behaviour once the anxiety or obsessions have been triggered Exposure and response prevention for OCD Systematic desensitization - Suppose someone is afraid of spiders; 1. Train with meditation, 2. Create an anxiety hierarchy (from imagining them to being covered in them), 3. Expose yourself to the easiest part and make your way up, 4. Work your way up to the top Flooding - Go straight for the thing at the top of the hierarchy Stimulus hierarchy - Client-created list of situations that trigger fear or anxiety. Aversion therapy - Designed to make you dislike something more, e.g. repeatedly pairing nail biting with a foul taste, eventually the thought of nail biting is disgusting Operant conditioning - Reward and punishment Behaviour modification - Uses operant conditioning to modify behaviour. Often used for people who are difficult to teach Positive reinforcement - Rewarding desirable behaviour Token economy - Having a system of tokens that are rewards for good behaviour, tokens can be used for goods such as tv time Social skills training - Therapeutic approach used to improve interpersonal relations Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) - Combination of challenging negative beliefs (cognitive) with some kind of behavioral aspects Mindfulness - Meditation techniques, including ACT Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) Dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) - A type of CBT designed for borderline personality disorder, which is associated with a high suicide rate Cultural congruence - Process of effective interaction between the provider and client levels Cultural competence - Appropriate communication with people of other cultures Gender competence - Appropriate communication with people of other genders Evidence-based practice - Creating characteristic based on the best available research and clinical expertise Hans Eysenck - Argued psychotherapy is ineffective Spontaneous remission - A symptom will be spontaneously reduced or disappear without therapy Randomized clinical trials - Study where participants are divided by chance into separate groups that compare different treatments or other interventions Meta-analysis - Combining results from multiple studies Effect size - Tells you how meaningful the relationship between variables is Dodo bird verdict - The claim that all empirically validated therapies, regardless of their components, produce equivalent outcomes Dose-response effect - The magnitude of the response of an organism Common factors of therapies - Faith in therapist, plausible explanation for problems, protective setting, opportunity to practice new behaviors, increased optimism and self-efficacy Eclectic - Therapy tailored to fit the exact needs of the client Attrition - When a group gets smaller in number because of members dropping out Psychopharmacology - The study of the use of medications in treating mental disorders Anxi-anxiety drugs - Benzodiazepines (e.g. Valium, Xanax) Antidepressant drugs - MAO inhibitors Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors/SSRIs (e.g. Prozac, Celexa) Antipsychotic drugs (e.g. Thorazine) - Decrease the activity of dopamine Tardive dyskinesia - A syndrome that encompasses movement disorders caused by the antagonism of dopamine receptors Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) - Used from treatment resistant depression, an electric current is ran through your head Psychosurgery - Only for treatment resistant depression Deinstitutionalization - Mental institutions we shut down following the invention of various psychotropic drugs Situation-focused prevention - Decreasing environmental factor (e.g. poverty) that may increase risk of developing a disorder Competency-focused prevention - Providing coping skills and other resources that will decrease their chance of developing a disorder. E.g. increase self-esteem