2024 Quick Revision Material: Ancient India PDF

2024 2022 Q U I C K R E V I S I O N M A T E R I A L DELHI JAIPUR PUNE HYDERABAD AHMEDABAD LUCKNOW CHANDIGARH GUWAHATI 1 AHMEDABAD | BHOPAL | CHANDIGARH | DELHI | GUWAHA...

2024 2022 Q U I C K R E V I S I O N M A T E R I A L DELHI JAIPUR PUNE HYDERABAD AHMEDABAD LUCKNOW CHANDIGARH GUWAHATI 1 AHMEDABAD | BHOPAL | CHANDIGARH | DELHI | GUWAHATI | HYDERABAD | JAIPUR JODHPUR | LUCKNOW | PRAYAGRAJ | PUNE | RANCHI | SIKAR  8468022022 www.visionias.in 1. Geographical Setting 1. As large as Europe without Russia. Indian Subcontinent 2. Divided into 3 countries – India, Pakistan and Bangladesh 3. Situated in the Tropical Zone 1. Protects India from Siberian Cold winds 2. Shields against the invasion from North 3. Important Ranges Sulaiman ranges in N-W of Himalayas with Kyber and Gomal Pass Magadha Kirthar Range with Bolan Pass Passes helps in terms of Trade, Culture contacts between India and West Asia 4. Both Nepal and Kashmir valleys became centre of Cultivation of Sanskrit and repositories of large no.of Sanskrit Manuscripts 1. Because of their small size they helped to cross from west to east of Himalayas during Pre-historic times. 2. Earliest agricultural settlements and States formed at these rivers of Himalayan foothills. 3. Rainfall Pattern Increases from West (25cm ) at Indus to East 250 CM at Brahmaputra Plains. 4. Indus and West Gangetic Vegetation with less rainfall could be cleared with Stone and Copper Implements. 5. East part with hard soil and thick vegetation was cleared with Iron implements happened in later stage. 6. Crops Indus and Western Gangetic Plains mainly Produced Wheat and Barley Lower and Middle Gangetic Plains – Rice and it became staple diet in Gujarat and South Of Vindhyas 7. Cultural development Harappa Culture – Originated and Flourished in Indus Valley. Vedic Culture:2ULJLQDWHGLQ3XQMDEDQGÁRXULVKHGLQ:HVWHUQ*DQJHWLF Rivers and their role basin. Post-Vedic Culture mainly based on Iron thrived in Gangetic basin. Guptas at Lower Gangetic and North Bengal 8. Stone Pillars made by Ashoka carried to different parts of the by Boat. 9. Important Towns and Capitals like Hastinapur, Prayag,Varanasi,Pataliputra settled on banks of rivers 10. Political and Cultural boundaries Kalinga situated between Mahanadi on North and Godavari on South. Andhra Pradesh – Godavari on North and Krishna on South Chola Power – in Kaveri delta ( between South of Penna river and North of Vaigai River). Port cities of Arikamedu, Kaveripattanam , Mahabalipuram were situated on Coramandal Coast. Maharastra – Between Tapti (Damanganga) on North and Bhima on South Malwa region – served as hinterland for Gujarat ports and battled ground between Deccan and Northern powers DELHI JAIPUR PUNE HYDERABAD AHMEDABAD LUCKNOW CHANDIGARH GUWAHATI 2 AHMEDABAD | BHOPAL | CHANDIGARH | DELHI | GUWAHATI | HYDERABAD | JAIPUR JODHPUR | LUCKNOW | PRAYAGRAJ | PUNE | RANCHI | SIKAR  8468022022 www.visionias.in a; Sakas and Satavahanas fought this area in 1st and 2nd century A.D. b; Marathas and Rajputs in 18th century. Vindhyas acted as barrier between North (Aryan languages ) and South (Dravidian Languages). a; Traders, Missionaries, Cultural leaders , Brahmins moved from north to south and vice-versa. 1. Timber -for houses (Ex: in Pataliputra) 2. Sandstone was widely found in India 3. India was known for its Copper, Iron reserves but lack of Tin reserves which is why Bronze age was less known in India (Bronze is made of Copper and Tin). 4. &RSSHU0LQHV&RSSHUZDVWKHÀUVWPHWDOWREHXVHG Khetri copper Mines in South East Rajasthan helped develop human settle ments during Chalcolithic Period. Copper mines at Chotanagpur Plateau (Singhbhum ) – Copper tools found in South Bihar and Madhya Pradesh Rich copper Deposits in Khetri Mines , Rajasthan (tapped by Pre-Vedic and Vedic People ). 5. Tin Natural Resources and Harappans used but imported from West Asia. their role From early years of Christian era, Bronze tools were prominent in South India because of Tin imports from Burma and Malaya Peninsula. 6. Iron Large scale use of Iron in Avanti, capital of Ujjain (6th and 5th centuries B.C) 7. Lead Resources available in Andhra which made wide use of lead coins in Satavahanas period 8. Silver Early coins known as Punch Marked Coins made out of silver which was rarely found in India like at Kharagpur hills. 9. Gold in Kolar Fields of Karnataka. Precious metals came from Central India, Orissa and South India. 2. Stone Age 6WRQH$JHLVFODVVLÀHGLQWRWKUHHSKDVHV 1. Old Stone Age or Palaeolithic Age: Ice age 2. Late Stone Age or Mesolithic Age: Moderate climate 3. New Stone Age. Prehistoric Period DELHI JAIPUR PUNE HYDERABAD AHMEDABAD LUCKNOW CHANDIGARH GUWAHATI 3 AHMEDABAD | BHOPAL | CHANDIGARH | DELHI | GUWAHATI | HYDERABAD | JAIPUR JODHPUR | LUCKNOW | PRAYAGRAJ | PUNE | RANCHI | SIKAR  8468022022 www.visionias.in Phase I : Old Stone Age Greater part of Ice Industries are based on Climate was less Early or Lower Palaeolithic Age Flakes (Scrapers ) and humid and is Use of hand axes and Middle Palaeolithic found in different parts regarded as last phase Upper Palaeolithic Cleavers of India. of Ice Age. Found at Soan Found in Strata form 1HZÀQGLQGXVWULHV Valley in Punjab,Pak at Soan Valley, at across world. and Belan site of Narmada, Tungabadra. In India Blades and Mirzapur, U.P. Burins -at Andhra, Stone tools during MH,Bhopal and this period mostly Chotangpur plateau. used for chopping Caves and Rock Shelters at Bhimbedka 1. Palaeolithic tools as old as 100000 years found in the Chotanagpur plateau and 25,000 to 10,000 B.C tools found in Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh. 2. Animals remains and Bone implements found in Mirzapur district shows sheep, Cattle and goats domesticated around 25,000 B.C. 3. 7KHPRGHUQKXPDQ +RPR6DSLHQV ÀUVWDSSHDUHGGXULQJ8SSHU3DODHROLWKLFSHULRG,Q,QGLDSDODHROLWKLFVLWHV are found in all parts except Alluvial plains of Indus and Ganga. Phase 2 : Late Stone Age or Mesolithic Age 1. In India it lasted between 8000 B.C to 4000 B.C 2. Tools: Microliths 3. Found in Central India, Chotanagpur plateau and South of Krishna River 4. Northern Spurs of Vindhyas in Belan valley all the three phases Paleo, Meso and Neolithic sequence was found. Phase 3 : New Stone Age 1. In world context it started at 7000 B.C but in India evidences found from 6000 B.C. In some parts of South and East India they are as late as 1000 B.C. 2. Characteristics Tools : Polished. Settlements locations based on type of axes 1. Burzahom, Valley of Kashmir : Lived on a Plateau in pits ‡ +XQWLQJÀVKLQJ/HVVNQRZQDERXWDJULFXOWXUHRUGRPHVWLFDWLRQRI DQLPDOV DELHI JAIPUR PUNE HYDERABAD AHMEDABAD LUCKNOW CHANDIGARH GUWAHATI AHMEDABAD | BHOPAL | CHANDIGARH | DELHI | GUWAHATI | HYDERABAD | JAIPUR JODHPUR | LUCKNOW | PRAYAGRAJ | PUNE | RANCHI | SIKAR 4  8468022022 www.visionias.in Polished stone tools and Bone tools Used Coarse grey Pottery Burial pits of Domestic Dogs with their masters only found in this place of entire Neolithic period in India 2. South of Godavari River: Usually on top of Granite Hills. ‡)LUHEDNHGHDUWKHQÀJXULQHVVXJJHVWWKDWWKH\NHSWODUJHQRRI FDWWOHJRDWVDQGVKHHSV They knew producing grains. 3. Hill areas of Assam: Also in Garo hills in Meghalaya Neolithic sites from Allahabad known for Cultivation of Rice in 6th millennium B.C. Some of the important Neolithic sites 1. Pikhlihal in Andhra :.QRZQIRUVHWWLQJÀUHZLWK&RZ'XQJ Later Neolithic people lived in Circular or Rectangular houses made of mud and reed. Primitive people lived in Circular houses and owned common property. To cook cereals they produced Handmade Pottery at beginning which later developed with footwheels. Rice cultivation in Orissa hills indicates Neolithic settlements began little early here. Since people of Stone Age mostly depended on Stone tools they had to settle at hilly river valleys 3. Chalcolithic Age Important Sites in India : The following Chalcolithic sites are shown region-wise: 1- Indus System a; Mohenjo-daro b; Harappa c; Ropar d; Suratgarh e; Hanumangarh f; Chanhu-daro g; Jhukar h; Amri i; Jhangar 2- Ganges System a; Kausambi b; Alamgirpur 3- Brahamputra System 4- Mahanadi System 5- Chambal System a; Pesva b; Nagda c; Paramar-Kheri d; Tungni e; Metwa f; Takraoda g; Bhilsuri h; Maora i; Ghata-Bilod j; Betwa k; Bilawali l; Ashta 6- Rajputana- Saurashta a; Rangpur b; Ahar c; Prashas Patan d; Lakhabawal e; Lothal f; Pithadia g; Rojdi h; Adkot 7- Narnada System a; Navdatoli b; Maheshwar c; Bhagatrav d; Telod e; Mehgam f; Hasanpur 8- Tapi System a; Prakash b; Bahal 9- Godavari-Pravara System a; Jorwe b; Nasik c; Kopargaon d; Nevasa e; Daimabad 10- Bhima System a; Koregaon b; Chandoli c; Umbraj d; Chanegaon e; Anachi f; Hingni g; Nagarhalli 11- Karnataka a; Brahmagiri b; Piklihal c; Maski DELHI JAIPUR PUNE HYDERABAD AHMEDABAD LUCKNOW CHANDIGARH GUWAHATI AHMEDABAD | BHOPAL | CHANDIGARH | DELHI | GUWAHATI | HYDERABAD | JAIPUR JODHPUR | LUCKNOW | PRAYAGRAJ | PUNE | RANCHI | SIKAR 5  8468022022 www.visionias.in 7RZDUGVWKHHQGRI 1HROLWKLFSHULRGKXPDQEHLQJVVWDUWHGXVLQJ0HWDODQGWKHÀUVWPHWDOWREHXVHGZDV&RSSHU Cultures that used both Stone and Copper known as Chalcolithic. Earlier settlements of this period were : 1. South Eastern Rajasthan: Ahar and Gilund Sites 2. Western Madhya Pradesh: Malwa, Kayatha and Eran sites. 3. Western Maharastra: Jorwe , Nevasa, Inamgaon and these are in Semi-arid regions Characteristics of Chalcolithic Cultures: 1. Tools Microliths: Stone Blade in major and also axes Copper implements at Gilund and Ahar region of Rajasthan. At Ahar region stone axes and blades were completely absent. 2. Pottery Black and Red Pottery : On wheel and occasionally with white lines Channel-spouted pots , dishes-on-sand, bowls-on-sand. Pots were used for cooking, storing and eating. 3. Food 1. Animal Domestication Goat, sheeps, cows, buffaloes, pigs and hunted deer. Remains of Horse or donkey found but not having evidence of domestication and same for Camel as well. People ate beef but not pork on considerable scale 2. Food Grains Rice, Wheat, Bajra. Pulses like lentil(Masur), Black gram, green gram, grass pea were produced. Almost all these found at Navdatoli on banks of Narmada (MH). At Deccan – Ragi, bajra, Cotton Eastern India – Fish, rice West – Mostly Barley and Rice 4. Settlements Mostly houses are made of mud bricks. Burnt bricks are seldom used. Later phase (1000-300 B.C) houses with 5 rooms suggest of large families. This culture known as Jorwe because of location Jorwe village on the Pravara river. Jorwe culture with 30-35 houses which tells the economy was settled, Village economy. ‡ 6RPHVHWWOHPHQWVZHUHIRUWLÀHGEXWQRW8UEDQFLYLOLVDWLRQ 5. Art and Crafts Not much information rmation. But known evidence of the art of Spinning and Weaving Clothes – &RWWRQÁD[DQG6LON Didn’t know Art of writing. 6. Religion &Belief 1. Burial practices North – South direction in Maharashtra region. East-west in South Social Inequality – Some kinds buried with copper necklace. As many children burials found , it may be possibility of high Infant mortality rate. Burials within the house like in Harappa where also no separate cemeteries found. ‡ 7HUUDFRWWDÀJXUHVRI 0RWKHU*RGGHVVDW,QDPJDRQLQGLFDWHVUHOLJLRQEHJDQGXULQJWKLVSHULRG Also Stylised terracotta Bulls found at Malwa and Rajasthan. Some says, hindu religion may have started in Copper Age. DELHI JAIPUR PUNE HYDERABAD AHMEDABAD LUCKNOW CHANDIGARH GUWAHATI 6 AHMEDABAD | BHOPAL | CHANDIGARH | DELHI | GUWAHATI | HYDERABAD | JAIPUR JODHPUR | LUCKNOW | PRAYAGRAJ | PUNE | RANCHI | SIKAR  8468022022 www.visionias.in Some common points about Chalcolithic period : 1. Except for alluvial plains and thickly forested areas, Chalcolithic cultures found all over the country and Black-red-pottery found in some areas till 2nd Century B.C 2. 7KH\ZHUHÀUVWWREHXVHG3DLQWHGSRWWHU\ 3. First to establish villages in India. 4. Bronze Age (Harappan Culture) Time period: Between 2500 B.C and 1750 B.C. Nomenclature:+DUDSSDQ&LYLOLVDWLRQEHFDXVHRI GLVFRYHU\RI ÀUVWVLWHDW+DUDSSDDW:HVW3XQMDELQ3DNLVWDQLQ 1921. 1. Extend from Jammu in North to Narmada Estuary in South, Makram Coast in Baluchistan in West to Meerut in N-E. 2. Size bigger than Egypt and Mesopotamia. No other culture in 2nd and 3rd millennium B.C is bigger than Harappa. 3. Out of 250 Harappa sites 6 are regarded as Cities Geographical setting Harappa and Mohenjo-daro are important. Both are connected by Indus river. Chanhu-daro south of Mohenjo-daro Lothal in Gujarat at head of Gulf of Cambay Kalibangan in Rajasthan Banawali in Haryana. 1. Harappan Mud-brick Platforms Streets and Drains &ODVVLÀFDWLRQ 2. Mature phase: in Coastal cities of Sutkagendor and Surkotada each of which is marked by Citadel. 3. Later Harappan: Rangpur and Rojdi in Kathiawar peninsula of Gujarat. 1. Harappa and Mohenjo-daro had its own Citadel – having Ruling class 2. Below Citadel with brick-houses inhibited by common people 3. Houses were in Grid patten. Roads cut across right angle. 4. Mohenjo-daro Great Bath at citadel. Built with Burn Bricks a; Rooms for Changing Cloths. Water supply form adjacent well. Granary – Largest building in Mohenjodaro. 5. Harappa Town Planning and 6 Granaries Structures 6. Kalibangan Brick Platforms indicates Granaries are common in Harappan Settlements. Houses had wells 7. In Harappa, burnt bricks were widely used. But at contemporary Egypt had used Mainly dried bricks for building. In Mesopotamia Backed bricks were used 8. Every small and large house had Courtyard and Bathrooms. DELHI JAIPUR PUNE HYDERABAD AHMEDABAD LUCKNOW CHANDIGARH GUWAHATI 7 AHMEDABAD | BHOPAL | CHANDIGARH | DELHI | GUWAHATI | HYDERABAD | JAIPUR JODHPUR | LUCKNOW | PRAYAGRAJ | PUNE | RANCHI | SIKAR  8468022022 www.visionias.in 1. Unlike less fertile and rainless now, ancient period these regions were fertile. 2. Natural vegetation was cleared for Grazing , agriculture and fuel (for burning bricks). 3. Just Nile created alluvial plains and supported Egypt , Indus Created Sindh and fed its people. 4. Indus people sowed seeds in November , harvested barley and wheat in April. 5. Furrows at Kalibangan indicated Ploughing but probably with Wooden Ploughshare. 6. Channel or canal irrigation seems to be absent but dams were present to store Agriculture water. 7. Harappans produce excess food grains for themselves and for the town people. 8. Crops Wheat, barley, sesamum, mustard, Peas etc. Two types of Wheat and Barley. Good quality barley discovered at Banawali. Rice at Lothal 9. Cereals received as Taxes from Peasants and stored at Granaries which they paid as salaries to artisans. 10. Mesopotamians paid Barley as salaries. 1. Oxen, buffaloes, goats, sheep, cats and pigs. Humped bull was favoured by Harappans. 2. $VVHVV DQG &DPHOV WR FDUU\ OXJJDJH (YLGHQFH RI  +RUVH VXSHUÀFLDOO\ IURP 0RKHQMRGDURDQGIURPDGRXEWIXOWHUUDFRWWDÀJXULQHIURP/RWKDO5HPDLQVRI  Domestication of Horse found dated to 2000 B.C found in Surkotada but was not widely used. Animals 3. Known for Elephants and Rhinoceros. 4. Mesopotamians also produced and domesticated same food grains and animals respectively as Harappans did. But People in Gujarat Produced rice and domesticated Elephants which was not happened in Mesopotamia. 1. Harappan People belong to Bronze Age. 2. Bronze Made by mixing of Copper (from Khetri copper mines of Rajasthan) and tin (Initially imported from Afghanistan and later found in Hazaribagh , Bihar). 3. Crafts Bronze Smits made – Images, utensils, tools and weapons. Dancing Girl made of Bronze. One Steatite statue with the ornaments. Spinning – Woven cotton piece found in Mohenjo-daro. Weavers wove cloth of cotton and wool. Brick Laying, boat -making , Seal Making , terracotta manufacturing. Gold Smits made of Silver, Gold (both imported from Afghanistan) and Technology and Crafts Precious stones (From S.India). Pottery – Glossy and shining Pots. Designs of Trees, Men images , Circles. ‡ 7HUUDFRWWDÀJXUHV²)LJXUHVPDGHRI ÀUHEDNHGHDUWKHQFOD\ a; Objects of worship, Toy b; Birds, dogs, Sheep, Cattle and Monkeys , Men and Women (more than men in number) c; Seals were made with High skills and used by Upper class whereas Terracotta made with less skills and used by Lower class people. Poor in Stone art unlike in Egypt and Mesopotamia DELHI JAIPUR PUNE HYDERABAD AHMEDABAD LUCKNOW CHANDIGARH GUWAHATI 8 AHMEDABAD | BHOPAL | CHANDIGARH | DELHI | GUWAHATI | HYDERABAD | JAIPUR JODHPUR | LUCKNOW | PRAYAGRAJ | PUNE | RANCHI | SIKAR  8468022022 www.visionias.in 1. No Metallic Money or Currency 2. %DUWHU6\VWHP([FKDQJHRI )RRGJUDLQVDQGÀQLVKHGJRRGVIRU0HWDOV 3. They known use of Wheel. Trade 4. Commercial link with Rajasthan, Afghanistan ,Iran, Tigris and Euphrates. 5. Mesopotamians used to call Indus region as Meluha. 1. In contrast to Egypt and Mesopotamia no temples have been found in Harappan site. But religious structures like Great Bath in Mohenjo-daro and Fire cults in Political Organisation Lothal. 2. Harappans were possibly ruled by Class of Merchants 1. 7HUUDFRWWD ÀJXUH RI  ZRPHQ ZLWK SODQW JURZLQJ RXW RI  :RPHQ HPEU\R ² represents goddess of Earth same like Nile goddess Isis of Egyptians (Who were Matriarchal People). 2. Male deity with 3 heads and one horn. Sitting posture of Yogi. Surrounded by Elephant, Rhinoceros, Tiger and buffalo. At his feet two deer which reminds Pasupati Mahadeva. Religious Practices 3. Numerous symbols of Phallus and female sex organs made of stone found at Harappa (Rig-veda speaks of non-Aryan people who were Phallus worshippers). 4. Tree and Animal Worship – Pipal tree and Animals like Bull on Seals. 5. Amulets – against the Ghosts and Evil forces (Athava Veda a Non-aryan work contains Many Charms, spells and recommends Amulets. 1. Harappan invented Art of Writing like Mesopotamia. 2. Earliest Specimen of Harappa noticed in 1853 but complete script discovered in 1923 but not deciphered yet. 3. Unlike Mesopotamians there were no long inscriptions in Harappa. Writings were Art of Writing in Short and on seals. These seals used by propertied people to mark and identify their private property. 4. Script not alphabetic but pictographic 1. For trade and other transactions 2. Weighing mostly 16 and its multiples (till recently 16 annas made 1 rupee). Weights and Measures 3. Sticks with measure marks for measurement. One such stick is made of Bronze. Seals 1. With images like One-horned Bull, buffalo, tiger, elephant, rhinoceros & goat. Decline of harappan Civilisation : 1. Around 1750 B.C Harappa and Mohenjo-daro were faded away but the rest of the regions like Rajasthan, Gujarat and W. Uttar Pradesh. 2. Different Causes attributed are: Decreasing fertility and Increasing Salinity of soil. 6XEVLGHQFHRUXSOLIWRI ODQGDQGWKXVÁRRGV Hoard of Skulls, New Jewellery , Axes etc at Mohenjo-daro indicates entry of new people and violence. Harappan Civilisation DELHI JAIPUR PUNE HYDERABAD AHMEDABAD LUCKNOW CHANDIGARH GUWAHATI 9 AHMEDABAD | BHOPAL | CHANDIGARH | DELHI | GUWAHATI | HYDERABAD | JAIPUR JODHPUR | LUCKNOW | PRAYAGRAJ | PUNE | RANCHI | SIKAR  8468022022 www.visionias.in 5. Advent of Aryans (Age of the Rig Veda) Basic aspects about Indo-Aryans 1. Language : Indo-Eurasian 2. Evidences of Aryan entry in to India Initially lived on the west of Alps. ‡ +DGFRPPRQQDPHVIRUÁRUDDQG)DXQDOLNH3LQH0DSOHHWFDQG*RDWVGRJVKRUVHVUHVSHFWLYHO\ They practiced mainly Pastoral and agriculture being secondary occupation. They lead Pastoral life. Rig Veda which is early specimen of Indo-Eurasian language had information about these people. Important texts a; Rig-veda - India b; Avesta – Iran c; Kassite and Mirani Inscriptions – Iraq d; All these 3 having some common names of gods. Region in which Aryan settled know as “ Land of Seven Rivers”. Rig Veda 1. Mentioned about Kubha river (Afghanistan) , Indus and its 5 branches 2. Also about Sravastu river , now it lost. Was in Rajasthan. Area represented by it covered with Ghaggar river 3. About Advent of Aryan : Came in several Waves Early wave around 1500 B.C mentioned by Rig veda and confronted with inhabitants called Dasa, Dasyus etc. Aryans defeated Indra (Purandara) as they were better equipped with Horse Chariots. Aryans: Fought with Pre-Aryans and fought among themselves. ‡ $U\DQVGLYLGHGLQWRÀYHWULEHVPanchajana a; Bharatas and Tritsu were Ruling Class – supported by Priest Vasishtha. Bharatavarsha country named after Bharata. b; Bharata ruling clan opposed by 10 kings (5 aryan heads and 5 pre-Aryans). c; Battle of Ten Kings fought between Bharatas and ten kings on Parushni River (identical to River Ravi) and won by Sudas(Bharatas) d; Later Bharatas joined with one of the Defeated tribes Purus and established ruling tribe called Kurus. e; Kurus combined with Panchalas and together established ruling tribe at upper Gangetic basin. 4. About material life of Aryans: Used Copper Supplied by Khetri Mines of rajasthan Known about Agriculture- Sowing, harvesting, Thrashing, about seasons. Practiced Ploughing (made of wood). Pastorals thus battle for Cows. Rig veda mentioned War as Gavishi or search for Cows. Gifts made to priests – Cows and Women Slaves. Not Lands. Land may be held occasionally but not well-established type of Private Property. Artisans: Mentioned about Carpenters, Chariot-maker, Weaver, leather worker etc. Term Ayas used for copper or Bronze and thus presence of Metal -Working. Not mentioned about Trade and Cities.7KH\OLYHGLQIRUWLÀHGPXGVHWWOHPHQWV Recent discovery of Bhagawanpura (Haryana) and 3 sites in Punjab had Painted Grey Ware coincide with Late-Harappa and Rig veda time Period. At Bhagawanpura 13 room mud-house has been discovered. DELHI JAIPUR PUNE HYDERABAD AHMEDABAD LUCKNOW CHANDIGARH GUWAHATI 10 AHMEDABAD | BHOPAL | CHANDIGARH | DELHI | GUWAHATI | HYDERABAD | JAIPUR JODHPUR | LUCKNOW | PRAYAGRAJ | PUNE | RANCHI | SIKAR  8468022022 www.visionias.in 5. Tribal Polity: Tribal chief who won at war stood at Centre of administration. King is hereditary post. He was protector of Tribe. Elections do held but for tribal Assembly called Samiti. Several Tribal assemblies: Deliberative, military and Religious Exercises a; Sabha – Women allowed (during Rig Veda) b; Samiti c; Vidatha – Women allowed (During Rig Veda) d; Gana e; Sabha and Samiti were important and king sought their support Day to Day administration: a; Important functionary – Purohit (During Rig veda Vasishta and Viswamitra were 2 important priests). b; Next in importance- Senani. c; 1RLQIRUPDWLRQUPDWLRQDERXWRIÀFHUIRU7D[FROOHFWLRQDQGDGPLQLVWHULQJ-XVWLFH d; Society was not ideal as thefts do happened and Spies employed. e; 7LWOHVWRRIÀFHUVGRQRWLQGLFDWHWKHLUDGPLQLVWUDWLRQRI WHUULWRU\EXWVRPHRIÀFHUVZHUHDWWDFKHG with territory. Vrajapati -Authority over Pasture grounds. Kulapas– head of families. Vrajapati leads Kulapas. ‡ *UDPDQLVKHDGRI ÀJKWLQJKRUGHV(YHQWXDOO\KHFDQEHFRPH9UDMDSDWL No standing army but military support during wars offered by tribes like Gana, Grama, Sardha. No Civil system or territorial administration because of migration. Tribes and family: a; Kinship was the basis of social structureDQGPDQZDVLGHQWLÀHGE\KLVFODQ b; Jana (tribe) was mentioned 275 times and Janapada or territory is not used even once. c; Vis(tribe) mentioned in Rigveda. Vis divided into Grama or smaller tribes. When gramas clashed with one another known as Sangrama. d; Kula (Family): also called with the term Griha. Family was Large Joint unit and Patriarchal like in Roman Society. Desire for Sons and cows was mentioned in Rigveda but not about daughters. e; Women: Could attend assemblies and compose Hymns (Only oral during Rigveda). Polyandry was mentioned. Rare Matrilineal cases like with Mamateya. Levirate and Widow remarriage present. No examples of Child-Marriage. Marriage age during Rigveda (16 or 17). Social Division: a; Varna – used for colour indicated division based on colour. b; Most important factor for division is conquest of indigenous. Aryans after conquest Dasas and Dasyus treated them as Slaves. c; Tribal chiefs and Priests maintained large possessions. As a Pastoral society -rarely seen about Cereals as Gifts. This led to gradual division of society into 3 groups – Warriors, Priests and People (Same like then Iran) & 4th group Sudras appeared towards the end of Rig Vedic Period. d; Women slaves used for domestic purpose not for the agriculture or producing activities. e; Beginning of Division based on Occupation began in Rigvedic Period f; Social division based on Collection of tax and landed property was absent. DELHI JAIPUR PUNE HYDERABAD AHMEDABAD LUCKNOW CHANDIGARH GUWAHATI 11 AHMEDABAD | BHOPAL | CHANDIGARH | DELHI | GUWAHATI | HYDERABAD | JAIPUR JODHPUR | LUCKNOW | PRAYAGRAJ | PUNE | RANCHI | SIKAR  8468022022 www.visionias.in Rig Vedic Gods: a; $U\DQVSHUVRQLÀHG1DWXUDOIRUFHVOLNHUDLQVXQPRRQHWFDQGFRQVLGHUHGWKHPDV/LYLQJ%HLQJV b; Rigveda mentioned about Indra (Purandara or breaker of ports) as rain god. Agni ÀUHJRG ²UHJDUGHGDV intermediary between People and Gods. Varuna – Who upholds the Natural order. Soma – God of Plants Maruts – Personify the storms c; Some female divinities like Aditi and ushas represented the appearance of the dawn. d; Dominant mode of worshipping – Recitation of Prayers (collective and individual prayers) and 2IIHULQJRI 6DFULÀFHV e; Prayers not for Spiritual Uplift or end of Misery but for the Praja (Children ), Pasu (Cattle), food, wealth, health etc. 6. Later Vedic Period Transition to State and Social Formation (1000 to 600 B.C) 1. History of LVP based on hymns or mantras were known as Samhitas. 2. Samhitas Rigvedic Samhita – about early vedic age. Hymns were sung in praise of gods like Agni, Indra etc. Sama Veda Samhita – Collection of melodies and Chants. Two Upanishads embedded in this are Chandogya Upanishad and Kena Upanishad. Later Vedic. Yajur veda Samhita – Ritual Offering Mantras/ Chants. Later Vedic. Atharva Veda Samhita – Charms and Spells to ward off Evil and Diseases. Later Vedic. 3. Vedic Samhitas followed by Series of Texts known as Brahmanas. Later Vedic. Social and Religious aspects of Rituals. 4. All the Later Vedic texts composed in Upper Gangetic during 1000-600 B.C. Expansion in Later During same period Painted Grey Ware (bowls and dishes) , Iron Weapons Vedic Period (1000 to found Western U.P, Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan. 600 B.C) 5. Kurus initially lived between Sarasvati and Drishadvati moved to Ganga -yamuna Doab and Delhi - area called Kurukshetra. 6. Kurus combined with Panchalas and setup capital Hastinapur at Meerut. (Kauravas and Pandavas both belong to Kurus. Mahabharata believed to happened around 950 B.C)  'XHWRÁRRGV5HPQDQWVRI .XUXFODQPRYHGIURP+DVWLQDSXUWR.DXVDPEL near Allahabad. 8. Contact with Late Harappan In eastern UP and North Bihar they confronted against People using Copper and Black -and red earthern pots. In Western UP – with People Using Copper implements and Ochre or red colour pots. And in some places where people using Black -and -red ware DELHI JAIPUR PUNE HYDERABAD AHMEDABAD LUCKNOW CHANDIGARH GUWAHATI 12 AHMEDABAD | BHOPAL | CHANDIGARH | DELHI | GUWAHATI | HYDERABAD | JAIPUR JODHPUR | LUCKNOW | PRAYAGRAJ | PUNE | RANCHI | SIKAR  8468022022 www.visionias.in 1. From 1000 B.C Iron Used in Gandhara ,Pakistan. Dead bodies buried with Iron Implements also found. 2. Sametime Iron used in Eastern Punjab, Western U.P, Rajasthan. 3. Iron implements used in Clearing Forests, in wars. 4. Iron called as Syama or Krishna Ayas in Later vedic texts. 5. Economy Mainly agriculture Ploughing with wooden ploughshare. Less bullocks due to prevalence of Cow Slaughter (So, agriculture was Primitive). Satapatha Brahmana – about Ploughing rituals. Tells that King and Queen Painted Grey were not hesitant to take manual agriculture labor. Crops:KHDWEDUOH\ULFH ÀUVWWLPHSURGXFHGULFHLQGRDE OHQWLOV Ware – Iron Phase Culture and Later Vedic 6. Arts and Crafts Economy Smiths and Smelters. Copper Smelters (both in Vedic and non-vedic societies). ‡ :HDYLQJZDVFRQÀQHGWRZRPHQEXWLQODUJHVFDOH Pottery: 4 types a; Black-and-red ware. b; Black-slipped ware. c; Painted Grey ware (most distinctive) and d; Red ware. Specialised Crafts like Bangles etc. Jewel Workers also present. Later vedic hardly known of Burnt Bricks. 7. Nagara term mentioned in Later vedic texts but Towns began only at the end of Later Vedic Period (Hastinapur and Kausambi). 8. Seas and Sea Voayages were also mentioned. 1. Popular assemblies lost importance and Royal Power increased. Vidatha completely disappeared. Sabha and Samiti continued but their character changed as they dominated by Princes and rich noble. Women not allowed for Sabhas as Sabhas began to dominated by Nobles and Brahmins. 2. Name of tribe became the name of the territory ex: Panchala. 3. 5LWXDOVZKLFKLQFUHDVHGNLQJVLQÁXHQFH Political Organisation ‡ 5DMDVX\DVDFULÀFH Asvamedha Vajapeya  &ROOHFWLRQRI 7D[HVDQGWULEXWHVZDVFRPPRQDQGGHSRVLWHGZLWKRIÀFHUFDOOHG Sangrahitri. 5. King assisted by Priest, Commander, Chief Queen and other functionaries. 6. At lower-level Villages assemblies – controlled by Chiefs of Dominant tribes. 7. No Standing Army. DELHI JAIPUR PUNE HYDERABAD AHMEDABAD LUCKNOW CHANDIGARH GUWAHATI 13 AHMEDABAD | BHOPAL | CHANDIGARH | DELHI | GUWAHATI | HYDERABAD | JAIPUR JODHPUR | LUCKNOW | PRAYAGRAJ | PUNE | RANCHI | SIKAR  8468022022 www.visionias.in 1. Four Varnas: Brahmanas – Rituals for clients, themselves ‡ 5DMDQ\DVRU.VKDWUL\DV²,QLWLDOO\LQFRQÁLFWZLWK%UDKPDQDVRYHUVXSUHPDF\ but by the end of Later vedic period both agreed to show supremacy over rest Vaisyas- Common people. Tasks of Producing functions i.e., Agriculture and Cattle-breeding, artisans, traders. Later they also became Tribute payers to kshatriya. Common among 1,2,3 classes is they entitled to Upanayana i.e., Sacred thread. Sudras. 2. But Social distinction not rigid. As at the end of Later Vedic Period , Social Organisation sections like Rathakara or Chariot maker entitled for Upanayana and some Sudras participated in rituals. 3. Family Father became stronger , he could even Disinherit his Son. Women in Ordinary families considered as inferior to men. Institution of Gotra emerged and practiced Exogamy. 4. Ashramas were not well established in Vedic times. Brahmana or Student Grihastha or householder Vanaprastha or Partial retirement Samyasa or Complete Retirement ‡ 2QO\ÀUVWWKUHHDUHPHQWLRQHGLQODWHU9HGLFWH[WV 1. Whole of Vedic culture compiled in this era in the land of Kuru-Panchala. 2. Indra and Agni lost importance. 3. Prajapati or Creator occupied Supreme Position. 4. New gods like Rudra (god of animals) and Vishnu (preserver and protector) came into picture. 5. Worshipping symbolic objects or Idolatry began. Gods, Rituals and 6. Pushan – cattle herder became God of Sudras. Philosophy 7. Worshipping – For materialistic purpose, same as Rig Vedic period. Both at Public (by king and community as whole) and Private places (homes). 8. 6DFULÀFHVZHUHSURPLQHQW. (Goghna or guest was fed on cattle ). 9. Yajamana6DFULÀFHU 10. 6DFULÀFLDOJLIWVWR%UDKPDQDV – Cows, Gifts, gold, cloth and Horses. Satapatha Brahmana – states in Ashvamedha East,west,north and south should be given to priest which shows the greed of priest 1. Territorial Kingdoms Important changes 2. Wars not only for cattle but also for territories. seen in Later Vedic 3. Pastoral society of early Vedic period became Agricultural. Period 4. Tribal Society into Varna-divided Society. 1. At the end around 600 B.C in the land of Panchalas and Videha, Upanishads were compiled. 2. Upanishads criticised the rituals and stressed on the importance of right belief Criticism against rituals and knowledge. 3. Brahma emerged as supreme god compared to king. DELHI JAIPUR PUNE HYDERABAD AHMEDABAD LUCKNOW CHANDIGARH GUWAHATI 14