Cardiovascular System PDF

The Cardiovascular System The CVS include: the heart, arteries, arterioles, veins, venules and capillaries. The heart include: 4 Muscular chambered pump (2 atria, 2ventricles). Types of common Cardiovascular Disease: Hypertension, Hyperlipidemia (Atherosclerosis) Angina pecto...

The Cardiovascular System The CVS include: the heart, arteries, arterioles, veins, venules and capillaries. The heart include: 4 Muscular chambered pump (2 atria, 2ventricles). Types of common Cardiovascular Disease: Hypertension, Hyperlipidemia (Atherosclerosis) Angina pectoris (Chest pain) Congestive heart failure (CHF) Myocardial infarction (Coronary heart disease) Arrhythmia (Irregular heartbeat) Congenital and rheumatic heart disease, Stroke……. Risk Factors of CV diseases: Hypertension, Hyperlipidemia, Diabetes, Obesity, High dietary salt, Alcohol and Cigarette consumption, insufficient physical activities and Stress. Blood Pressure: the force of blood pushing against the wall of arteries as the heart pump out the blood, normal range of systolic p. < 120 mm hg, diastolic p< 80 mm hg (by using sphygmomanometer). Hypertension: is defined as either a sustained systolic blood pressure of greater than 140 mm Hg or a sustained diastolic blood pressure of greater than 90 mm Hg. Hypertension results from increased peripheral vascular arteriolar smooth muscle tone, in between normal blood pressure and hypertension called. *Systolic blood pressure= when heart pump the blood to the body. *Diastolic bl. pressure= when heart at rest, peripheral vascular resistance. Antihypertensive Agents:.Dr.Mustafa Alnori / 2021  Diuretics// Thiazide diuretics (Hydrochlorothiazide), loop diuretics (Furosemide), Potassium-sparing diuretics (Amiloride Adrenergic agents **-B-blocker// Propranolol, Atenolol, Metoprolol, **-α- blocker// Prazosin, Doxazosin , and Terazosin. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors//The ACE inhibitors, such as Enalapril, Captopril, and Lisinopril. It produces dry cough and angioedema due to the bradykinine secretion in lung. Angiotensin II receptor blockers// as Losartan, Candesartan and Irbesartan, are alternatives to the ACE inhibitors. It produces less dry cough and angioedema. Calcium channel blockers// Verapamil, Diltiazem, Amlodipin, Nifedipine, it recommended treatment option in hypertensive patients with diabetes or angina.(amlodipin may cause leg edema). Central sympatholytics as// Clonidin, Methyldopa, methyldopa used in pregnant hypertensive patients, it pregnancy category B. Selective renin inhibitor// Aliskiren, it can cause diarrhea, especially at higher dose, and can also cause dry cough and angioedema. Vasodilators// The direct-acting smooth muscle relaxants, as Hydralazine and Minoxidil, are not used as primary drugs to treat hypertension, (minoxidil stimulate hair growth so used topically in alopecia). Nursing consideration for Hypertension:.Dr.Mustafa Alnori / 2021  1- High blood pressure increases the risk of ischemic heart disease and 40% of cases of acute MI or stroke are attributable to hypertension. 2- Nurses will… Take appropriate process to assess BP to facilitate early detection of hypertension. Utilize correct technique, appropriate cuff size and properly maintained equipment. 3- Lifestyle Therapies: specific diet recommendations Low Dietary sodium Weight loss Regular Physical activity Alcohol and Smoking cessation Avoid stress. 4- Monitoring anti-hypertensive treatment received in appropriate time. 5- Nurses will Document and share information regarding hypertension management and follow up with the health care team. Angina Pectoris Ischemia – reduction of the heart’s blood and oxygen supply The more serious the oxygen deprivation the more severe the pain Nitroglycerin – sub lingual tablets used to relax (dilate) the veins Nitroglycerin plastic or glass pack expired after -1- month of opening the pack due to deactivation. Beta blockers control potential overactivity of the heart muscle Stable angina exaggerated by exercise, unstable angina occurs even at rest and it is more dangerous..Dr.Mustafa Alnori / 2021