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Questions and Answers
What is the primary medical use of Minoxidil?
What is the primary medical use of Minoxidil?
Which of the following lifestyle therapies is NOT recommended for managing hypertension?
Which of the following lifestyle therapies is NOT recommended for managing hypertension?
What indicates unstable angina compared to stable angina?
What indicates unstable angina compared to stable angina?
What is a critical nursing consideration when measuring blood pressure?
What is a critical nursing consideration when measuring blood pressure?
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How long can Nitroglycerin sublingual tablets remain effective after opening the pack?
How long can Nitroglycerin sublingual tablets remain effective after opening the pack?
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What is defined as a sustained systolic blood pressure greater than 140 mm Hg or a sustained diastolic blood pressure greater than 90 mm Hg?
What is defined as a sustained systolic blood pressure greater than 140 mm Hg or a sustained diastolic blood pressure greater than 90 mm Hg?
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Which drug class includes Hydrochlorothiazide and Furosemide?
Which drug class includes Hydrochlorothiazide and Furosemide?
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Which type of blood pressure represents the pressure in the arteries when the heart is at rest?
Which type of blood pressure represents the pressure in the arteries when the heart is at rest?
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Which of the following is a potential side effect of Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors?
Which of the following is a potential side effect of Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors?
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Which of these conditions is NOT classified as a common cardiovascular disease?
Which of these conditions is NOT classified as a common cardiovascular disease?
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Which antihypertensive agent may cause leg edema as a side effect?
Which antihypertensive agent may cause leg edema as a side effect?
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Which lifestyle factor is NOT a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases?
Which lifestyle factor is NOT a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases?
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Which of the following antihypertensive agents is categorized under selective renin inhibitors?
Which of the following antihypertensive agents is categorized under selective renin inhibitors?
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Study Notes
Cardiovascular System
- The cardiovascular system (CVS) includes the heart, arteries, arterioles, veins, venules, and capillaries.
- The heart is a four-chambered pump (two atria, two ventricles).
- Common cardiovascular diseases include hypertension, hyperlipidemia (atherosclerosis), angina pectoris (chest pain), congestive heart failure (CHF), myocardial infarction (coronary heart disease), and arrhythmia (irregular heartbeat).
- Other cardiovascular diseases include congenital and rheumatic heart disease, and stroke.
Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases
- Risk factors for cardiovascular diseases include hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, obesity, high dietary salt intake, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, insufficient physical activity, and stress.
Blood Pressure
- Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against artery walls.
- Normal systolic blood pressure is below 120 mmHg, and diastolic blood pressure is below 80 mmHg.
- Systolic blood pressure is the pressure when the heart pumps blood.
- Diastolic blood pressure is the pressure when the heart is at rest.
Hypertension
- Hypertension is defined as sustained systolic blood pressure above 140 mmHg or sustained diastolic blood pressure above 90 mmHg.
- Hypertension results from increased peripheral vascular arteriolar smooth muscle tone.
Antihypertensive Agents
- Diuretics: Thiazide, loop, and potassium-sparing diuretics.
- Adrenergic agents: Beta-blockers (propranolol, atenolol, metoprolol), alpha-blockers (prazosin, doxazosin, terazosin).
- Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors: Enalapril, captopril, lisinopril. Side effect: dry cough and angioedema.
- Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs): Losartan, candesartan, irbesartan. Side effect: less dry cough and angioedema.
- Calcium channel blockers: Verapamil, diltiazem, amlodipine, nifedipine. Side effect: leg edema.
- Central sympatholytics: Clonidine, methyldopa. Used in pregnant patients.
- Selective renin inhibitor: Aliskiren. Side effects: diarrhea, dry cough, and angioedema (especially at higher doses).
- Vasodilators: Hydralazine, minoxidil. Not typically used as primary hypertension treatment but can be used to stimulate hair growth topically.
Nursing Considerations for Hypertension
- High blood pressure increases the risk of ischemic heart disease and stroke. (40% attributed to HTN)
- Nurses need to accurately measure blood pressure using proper technique and equipment.
- Lifestyle changes (diet, exercise, stress reduction) are important.
- Ongoing monitoring and management of anti-hypertensive treatment are crucial.
Angina Pectoris
- Ischemia (decreased blood and oxygen supply) causes angina pectoris.
- Nitroglycerin (sublingual tablets) relaxes blood vessels to relieve pain.
- Nitroglycerin packs should be checked for expiry.
- Stable angina is worsened by exertion, unstable angina occurs at rest.
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Description
Test your knowledge on cardiovascular pharmacology and hypertension management. This quiz covers essential medications, lifestyle therapies, and critical nursing considerations related to blood pressure and cardiovascular diseases. Perfect for nursing students and healthcare professionals.
