7th Lect Cardiovascular System PDF

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GiftedUnderstanding

Uploaded by GiftedUnderstanding

Dr. Rana Aldahlawi

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cardiovascular system anatomy heart anatomy circulatory system medical education

Summary

This document provides a detailed explanation and diagrams of the important components of the cardiovascular system. The information includes explanations of how different parts work together to ensure the maintenance of the body's health. Key terms are defined and shown along with relevant anatomical diagrams.

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The Cardiovascular System By: Dr. Rana Aldahlawi The Cardiovascular System A closed system of The function of the the heart and cardiovascular system is blood vessels to deliver oxygen and The heart pumps blood...

The Cardiovascular System By: Dr. Rana Aldahlawi The Cardiovascular System A closed system of The function of the the heart and cardiovascular system is blood vessels to deliver oxygen and The heart pumps blood nutrients and to remove Blood vessels allow carbon dioxide and other blood to circulate to all parts of the body waste products 01 Cariac system The Heart Location About the size 01 02 of human fist Thorax between the Less than 1 lb lungs Pointed apex directed toward left hip At the level of 5th intercostal space The Heart: Coverings Pericardium – a double serous membrane 01 02 Visceral Parietal pericardium pericardium Next to heart (epicardium) Outside layer Serous fluid fills the space between the layers of pericardium Heart Muscle Epicardium Outside layer Connective tissue layer Myocardium Middle layer Mostly cardiac muscle Endocardium Inner layer Endothelium External Heart Anatomy The Heart: Chambers Right and left side act as separate pumps Four chambers Atria 01 02 Ventricles Receiving chambers Discharging chambers Right atrium Right ventricle Left atrium Left ventricle Two important circulation processes Pulmonary circulation System circulation Blood Circulation The Heart: Valves Allow blood to Four valves flow in only one direction Semilunar valves between ventricle Atrioventricular and artery valves – between Pulmonary semilunar atria and ventricles valve Bicuspid valve (left) Aortic semilunar valve Tricuspid valve (right) The Heart: Valves Valves open as Held in place by Close to prevent blood is chordae backflow pumped tendineae through (heart strings) Associated Great Vessels Aorta Pulmonary Leaves left ventricle arteries Leave right ventricle Vena cava Pulmonary veins (four) Enters right atrium Enter left atrium Coronary Circulation Blood in the Coronary arteries heart chambers does not nourish Cardiac veins the myocardium The heart has its Blood empties own nourishing into the right circulatory atrium via the system coronary sinus Conduction System Heart muscle cells contract, without nerve impulses, in a regular, continuous Sinoatrial node SA way (right atrium) Special tissue sets the pace Pacemaker Atrioventricular Interventricular node AV (junction septum (Bundle of His) of R & L atria and Bundle branches ventricles) (right and left) Purkinje fibers Cardiac Cycle Atria contract Systole = contraction simultaneously Atria relax, then ventricles contract Diastole = relaxation Electrocardiograms (EKG/ECG) P wave: impulse across atria (atrial contraction) QRS complex: spread of impulse down septum, around ventricles (ventricular contraction) T wave: end of electrical activity in ventricles (ventricular relaxation Filling of Heart Chambers – the Cardiac Cycle Electrocardiograms (EKG/ECG) Heart Rate Normal heart rate Tachycardia = at rest: 60-100 more than 100 beats per min beats/min In children: 70- 110 beats per min Bradycardia = less than 60 beats/min Pathology of the Heart Fibrillation = lack of blood flow to the heart Cardiac Output Cardiac Output (CO): Stroke Volume: CO = (heart rate [HR]) x Amount of blood Volume of blood (stroke volume [SV]) pumped by each pumped by each side of the heart in ventricle in one one minute contraction Cardiac Output 01 02 03 CO = HR x SV 75 beats/min x 70 Normal = 5000 ml/beat = 5250 ml/min ml/min 04 05 06 Entire blood CO varies with Factors affecting supply passes demands of the the cardiac output through body body ?? once per minute Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) Progressive, caused Decline in pumping by coronary efficiency of heart atherosclerosis, high blood pressure and Inadequate history of multiple circulation Myocardial Infarctions Right side fails = Left side fails = pulmonary peripheral congestion congestion and and edema suffocation 02 Vascular system Blood Vessels: The Vascular System Taking blood to the tissues and back Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venules Veins The Vascular System Blood Vessels: Anatomy Three layers (tunics) Tunica intima 01 Endothelium 03 Tunica externa Tunica media 02 Smooth muscle Mostly fibrous connective tissue Controlled by sympathetic nervous system Differences between arteries and veins Differences Between Blood Vessel Types Walls of arteries Skeletal muscle are the thickest “milks” blood in veins toward the heart Lumens of veins are Walls of capillaries larger are only one cell layer thick to allow for exchanges between blood and tissue Movement of Blood Through Vessels Most arterial blood is pumped by the heart Veins use the milking action of muscles to help move blood Capillary Beds Capillary beds consist of two types of vessels Vascular shunt – directly connects an arteriole to a venule Capillary Beds True capillaries – exchange vessels Oxygen and nutrients cross to cells Carbon dioxide and metabolic waste products cross into blood 03 Vital signs Vital signs Arterial pulse Blood Respiratory Body pressure Rate Temperature All indicate the efficiency of the system Pulse Pulse – pressure wave of blood Monitored at “pressure points” where pulse is easily palpated Blood Pressure Measurements made on the pressure in large arteries Systolic – pressure at the peak of ventricular contraction Diastolic – pressure at ventricular relaxation Pressure in blood vessels decreases as the distance away from the heart increases Variations in Blood Pressure Normal range is variable Normal 90-120 mmHg systolic 60-80 mmHg diastolic Hypotension Low systolic (below 90 mmHg) Often associated with illness Hypertension High systolic (above 130 mmHg) Can be dangerous if it is chronic Factors Affecting Blood Pressure Neural factors Temperature Autonomic nervous Heat has a vasodilation effect system adjustments (lowering BP) (sympathetic division) Cold has a vasoconstricting effect (increasing BP) Renal factors Chemicals Regulation by altering Various substances can blood volume (if BV BP ) Diet cause increase or decrease Renin – hormonal control Thank you Any questions?

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