PRELIM.pdf

MAGELLAN’S VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD paghahanap ng kayamanan, mga lupaing sagana sa pampalasa at upang sakupin. Ang mga The journey of circumnavigation… lupain na sagana sa...

MAGELLAN’S VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD paghahanap ng kayamanan, mga lupaing sagana sa pampalasa at upang sakupin. Ang mga The journey of circumnavigation… lupain na sagana sa mga pampalasa at ginto ay matatagpuan sa Asya or Orient bilang tawag nila noon, kaya naman nagkaroon mga iba’t ibang ruta ng paglalakabay ang makarating lamang What are happening before their voyage? sa mga lupaing ito. Historical Context: Portuguese were few years ahead of the Spaniards in the discovery of new trade  AGE OF EXPLORATION (1492-1682) routes. Inspired by Prince Henry (The Navigator), Portuguese navigators, sailed down the The Age of Exploration/Discovery (Panahon ng Pagtuklas/Paggalugad) began in 1400s & African Coast to reach the east. In 1487, led by Bartolome Dias, the Portuguese rounded the 1600s. The 15th and 16th centuries brought an era of worldwide exploration and expansion Cape of Good Hope. A few years later, in 1498, Vasco Da Gam reached the Calicut, India by that resulted from the desire to gain new lands, power and wealth for the explorers and sailing eastward from the Cape. Portuguese really dominated the eastward sailing. their countries. It was a period of time when the European nations began exploring the Spain was challenged because of the achievements of the Portuguese. Spain paved world. During this period, they discovered new routes to Asia: in India and much of the way for great voyages also through Christopher Columbus, when he discovered the New World far east (Orient). (America). Christopher Columbus was a Portuguese but he had failed to convince the king of Portugal that he could reach the East by Sailing westward that’s why he went the King of Spain What motivated the European to explore and discover beyond their regions??? and successfully got a support. Thus, he sailed for Spain and successfully discover the Ang Panahon ng Eksplorasyon (1492-1682) ay panahon kung saan ang mga Americas (New World). After these remarkable voyages, Portugal became the keen rivals in makakapangyarihang bansa sa Europa ay nagsagawa ng mga ilang ekspedisyon (paglalakbay colonizing new lands because of gold, spices and other merchandise found in the Orient (Asia). sa dagat) na may magkakaibang ruta upang tumuklas ng mga bagong lupain dahil sa tatlong To avoid, wars and conflicts that may between the two, Pope Alexander VI, issued a Papal pangunahing mga rason: ito po ang tinatawag nating 3Gs (God, Gold, Glory) or sa Filipino ay Bull known as Inter Caetera. 3Ks (Kaliwanagan, Kayamanan at Kapangyarihan). Ito ang kanilang mga pangunahing Upang maiwasan ang gulo at agawan ng teritoryo sa pagitan ng 2 bansa ay nagbaba layunin, ang pagpapalaganap ng Roman Katolika, ang paghahanap ng mga ginto, hilaw na mga ng kautusan (Papal Bull) ang Santo Papa na si Pope Alexander VI noong Mayo 3, 1493 na materyales at pampalasa dahil salat ang Europa sa ganito at higit sa kompetisyon sa tinatawag na Inter Caetera. Hinati ng Santo Papa ang mundo sa dalawang direksiyon sa pamamagitan ng bansang kanilang natutuklasan at nasasakop, ito’y simbolo ng pamamagitan ng imahinaryong linya na tinawag na Linya ng Demarkasiyon (Line of kapangyarihan/katanyagan. Demarcation). The demarcation line was drawn to identify Spanish and Portuguese spheres of Exploration and conquest. Ang Linya ng Demarkasiyon ang nagtatakda kung saan puwedeng *Crusade: each of a series of medieval military expeditions made by Europeans to recover the tumuklas at sumakop ang dalawang bansa. Ang kanluran ay binigay sa Espanya at ang Silangan Holy Land from the Muslims in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries. ay binigay naman sa Portugal (see the map). The following year, the 2 countries agreed in the Treaty of Tordesillas to move the demarcation line about 1,100 miles west of Cape Verde European exploration and conquests of the 15th & 16th century was motivated by religion and Islands. The revise treaty allowed Portugal to claim what is now Brazil while Spain was given prestige but the key reason was wealth. These are the 3Gs: the rest of the Americas. God: To spread Christianity to the world and to for some reason to finish what the crusades Ang Asya noon ay sagana sa mga pampalasa na siyang hinahanap ng mga Europeo failed upang pasarapin ang kanilang mga ulam at pang-preserve sa kanilang mga karne tuwing Gold: Desire for Wealth. European nations wanted to reach the Spice Islands (Moluccas taglamig. Isa sa mga isla na mayaman sa pampalasa ay ang Moluccas (Spice Islands) na Island) faster and cheaper. European Nations wanted to become rich and powerful. They want ngayo’y parte ng bansang Indonesia. Isa sa mga magagaling na manlalakbay ng Portugal na si to gain gold and silver. They want to find new, better and establish routes to Asia and look for Ferdinand Magellan ay may planong pumunta sa Mollucas muli gamit ang west-east route at new products such as porcelain, silk, perfumes, fabrics, carpets, and spices and other oriental kanya itong ipinaalam sa hari ng Portugal ngunit tinanggihan ito ng hari sa kadahilanang may (Asian) products but spices became the most expensive and in-demand commodity among isyung pinansiyal si Magellan noong nasa Morocco ito. Hindi rin pinayagan itong si Ferdinand Europeans and spices were very rare to find within Europe. Magellan dahil hindi naniniwala ang hari ng Portugal na kayang pumunta ng Moluccas gamit Glory: To seek fame and fortune by expanding their control. More land = More Power ang westto-east route. Pinagtawanan lamang si Magellan dahil suntok sa buwan daw ang kanyang plano, how come na makakarating siya sa Silangan (Spice Islands) kung dadaan siya PORTUGAL VS. SPAIN sa kanluran. Naniniwala kasi ang simbahan at ng ilang iskolar sa panahon na yan na ang mundo At sa mga nagdaang panahon at patuloy na mga paglalakbay sa karagatan ay may ay patag, na may hangganan ito sa kanluran at silangan. dalawang bansang naging tanyag at nagpapaligsahan, ang Espanya at ang Portugal sa  Dahil sa pagkainis niya sa desisyon ng hari ng Portugal ay tinalikuran ni Magellan MAGELLAN’S NEW ROUTE TO THE EAST ang kanyang pagiging Portuguese at noong 1517 ay nagpunta sa Espanya upang ipagpatuloy 5 Ships (Trinidad, Concepcion, Santiago, San Antonio, Victoria w/ 250 men) ang kanyang plano. Tinake-advantage ng Espanya ito kaya naman nakakuha ng suporta si Purpose of Expedition (1518-1521) Magellan, isa na rito si Juan De Fonseca (division incharge of oversear expedition of Spain) a. circumnavigate the earth (west to east) kaya naman tinaggap ang planong ito ng hari ng Espanya na is King Charles V (Holy Roman b. Find for gold and spices (Moluccas island) Emperor Charles V). Si Ferdinand Magellan ang ginawang Kapitan-Heneral ng ekspedisyong Important People in the expedition: papuntang Moluccas na may rutang west-toeast. Naglakbay si Magellan para sa Espanya at a. Fr. Pedro de Valderrama (fleet chaplain, priest who lead the first the mass in the para hindi sa kanyang bansang sinilangan na Portuagal. Philippines) b. Antonio Pigafetta (Chronicler/ reporter of the expedition) ABOUT THE AUTHOR c. Enrique of Malacca (interpreter – A malay descent, slave of Magellan) Antonio Pigafetta (1419-1534)  An Italian noble who studied geography, astronomy and cartography and worked in the Pinayagan ang plano ni Ferdinand Magellan ng hari ng Espanya kaya naman binigyan ships on his younger years. Presenting his credentials to Ferdinand Magellan, he was siya ng 5 barko na naglalaman ng 250/270 na katao na may pangunahing layunin na ikutin ang approved to be part of the expedition. He was among the 18 survivors of the expedition. mundo (Circumnavigate) sa pamamagitan ng rutang westto-east at upang makapunta sa isla na He submitted his self-written account (Detailed Journal of Magellan-Elcano Expedition) mayaman sa pampalasa (Moluccas/Spice Island) sa ngalan ng Espanya. Umalis sila sa pantalan about what happened to them during their journey to his Majesty King Carlos V of Spain ng San Lucar de Barrameda ,Seville, Spain noong September 20, 1519 at dito na nga before returning to Italy. nagsimiula ang kanilang mahabahabang paglalakbay sa malawak na karagatan.  Take Note: His account is the longest and most comprehensive among primary sources Binagtas nila ang napakahabang karagatan ng Atlantika sa gilid ng kontinente ng about the expedition. South America at nasalubong nila ang isang malakas na bagyo at nasira and pinakamaliit na barko ang Santiago. Pagkaraan ng ilang buwan, narating nila ang Timog ng South America THE FIRST VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD BY MAGELLAN (August ,1520) at nadaan nila ang isang kipot na ngayo’y matatagpuan sa bansang Argentina  This detailed journal written by Pigafetta narrated clearly how they fearlessly survived the at pinangalanang Strait of All Saints na ngayo’y kilala bilang Kipot ni Magellan (Strait of challenges of the expedition. The accounts include maps, glossaries of native words and Magellan). geographic information and descriptions of the flora (plants) and fauna (animals) of the Magellan sent San Antonio to explore the south east opening of the Strait. Trinidad places they visited. The journal also presented the political, social, economic and cultural entered the southwest. Secretly San Antonio, piloted by Esteban Gomez, deserted (tumakas) conditions of Islands in the Visayan region like Samar, Leyte and Cebu. on the night of November 20 and sailed back to Spain. There are only 3 ships left (Trinidad,  Pigafetta’s travelogue/journal of the expedition contributed immensely to the enrichment Concepcion, Victoria). The fleet reached the Southern Sea, which named Ocean Pacific (Mar of the Philippine Historiography. His journal provided not just their experiences during Pacifico- “sea of peace”) because it was calm. Unfortunately, Magellan had underestimated their adventure but it provided us a glimpse of the political, social and economic conditions the ocean’s size, he thought it was just a small sea. In the next 5 months, the ship was running of Visayan Islands during the 16th Century (Pre-colonial society). He described vividly out of supplies. Instead of biscuits, the men ate sawdust. They also started to eat leather rope the physical appearance, social life, religious beliefs, and cultural practices of the people guards and even rats. Many got sick with scurvy (a gum disease). A number of his mean died. they encountered in the Islands of Samar, Leyte, and Cebu. His accounts also contain data Hindi nawalan ng pag-asa ang mga natitirang kasamahan ni Magellan at about the economic, activities of the local folks and the goods they offered for trade. ipinagpatuloy nila ang paglalakbay sa Pacific Ocean at hanggang narating nila ang Islas Ladrones (Island of Thieves) noong March 6, 1521, Isla ng magnanakaw dahil ilan sa mga The Document: Journal of Magellan’s Voyage (1519-1522) native Chamorros (mga nakatira sa isla) ay pinagnanakaw ang mga malilit na bangka sa mga – Original detailed journal was lost or did not survive time. What was handed down to us are barko. Ngunit pinangalanan din nila ang isla ng Marianas (in honor of Maria Ana of Austria, copies of the manuscript that were never printed in his lifetime. Queen Regent of Spain) paglisan nila dito. Ito ay kasalukuyang nasa bansang Guam Makalipas – Wrote four manuscripts (one in Italian and three in French) ang 10 araw ay nakarating na sila sa Pilipinas. – One of the French manuscripts found in Yale University – Manuscript are complete and handsomely produced detailed with maps and sketches VOYAGE TO THE PHILIPPINES – It is a primary source of the pre-Spanish lifestyle in those group of islands March 16, 1521 (Samar- Islas de San Lazaro) March 17, 1521 (Leyte Gulf- Island of Homonhon/Humunu)  March 28, 1521 (Mazaua- w/c could be Limasawa in Leyte or Masao in Butuan) ng Isla at walong daang Pilipino ang nabinyagan. Pagkatapos ng misa ay nagpatayo ulit si Kasi Kasi (blood compact between Rajah Kolambu and Magellan- March 29) Magellan ng isang malaking kahoy na krus at binigyan niya ang asawa ni Humabon na si Juana March 31, 1521 (Easter Sunday)- the first mass was held on Mazzua’s shore with Reverend ng imahe ng batang Hesukristo (St. Nino). Ang pagbibinyag sa mga Pilipino ay tanda ng Fr. Pedro de Valderama (Natitirang barko: Trinidad, Concepcion at Victoria) pagtanggap natin sa Roman Katolika na siyang ginagamit upang mapadali nila tayong masakop.  Madaling araw ng March 16, 1521 natanaw nila ang isla ng Samar at pinangalanan nila For 32 years, the Sinulog Festival is a traditional celebration in Cebu City held every itong Islas de San Lazaro dahil araw iyon ng Santong si San Lazaro at nanatili sila third Sunday of January to honor the Santo Niño (Child Jesus). Basically, the festival is done hanggang gabi ng March 16 sa Suluan Island. by a dance ritual, in which it tells the story of the Filipino people's pagan past and their  March 17, dumaong ang tatlong barko sa isla ng Humunu (Homonhon) at nagtayo ng tent acceptance of Christianity. para sa kasamahang may sakit.  March 18, may nakasalubong sila na 9 natives mula sa karatig isla ng Suluan at binigyan BATTLE IN MACTAN ni Magellan sila ng ilang gamit at bilang kapalit binigyan din nila si Magellan ng saging, *Lapulapu (chieftain of Mactan) who refused to accept the new political system and pay tribute isda, niyog at tuba (palm wine). *April 27, 1521 (Mactan was invaded by Magellan)  Makalipas ang 10 araw, March 28 (Holy Thursday) dumaong sila sa isla ng Mazaua (na * It was a scandalous defeat for the Spaniards isang debate pa rin kung ito ba ay Limasawa in Leyte or Masao in Butuan). At dito nakilala ni Magellan si Rajah Kolambu (pinuno ng Isla). Binigyan ni Rajah si Magellan ng tatlong  Pagkalipas ng ilang araw, pinuntahan nila ang isla ng Mactan at isa sa mga Datu ng Mactan porselana (pottery) ng bigas at bilang kapalit si Magellan ay nagbigay ng red cap, a red na si Datu Zula ay tinanggap si Magellan ngunit ang isa pang Datu ng Mactan na si Lapu- and yellow robe. Nagpakitang gilas ang kampo ni Magellan sa pamamagitan ng kunya- Lapu (Cali Pulacu) ay tinanggihan si Magellan dahil sa dalawang rason ang pagtanggap kunyareng labanan (mock-fight) at namangha itong Rajah sa kanilang galing kaya naman ng bagong sistemang pulitikal at ang pagbabayad ng tributo (buwis) sa Espanya. tinanggap niya si Magellan bilang isang bagong kaibigan sa pamamagitan ng isang kasi-  Sa inis ni Magellan, noong April 27, 1521 ay sinugod niya ang Mactan. Hindi niya kinilala kasi o sanduguan (blood compact) na may seremonya noong March 29 (Good Friday) ang galing ni Lapu-Lapu at mga kasamahan nito sa pakikidigma. Natamaan ang kanang  Dalawang araw ang makalipas, March 31, 1521 (Easter Sunday), naganap ang unang misa paa ni Magellan ng palasong may lason (poisoned arrow)at natamaan ang kanyang mukha sa Pilipinas na isinagawa ni Padre Pedro de Valderrama sa isla ng Mazaua at kagabihan ng sibat na gawa sa kawayan na naging dahilan ng kanyang paghina at saka siya tinagataga ay ipinatayo anf isang malaking krus na gawa sa kahoy isang bundok at pinangalanan ang ni Lapu-Lapu at mga ibang Pilipino at naging mitya ng kanyang kamatayan. ating bansa ng Islas de San Lazaro.  Sinasabi ng ilan na si Lapulapu ang pumatay kay Magellan. Ngunit, kung inyong tinitignan sa detalyeng ikinuwento ni Pigafetta sa kanyang journal, walang nabanggit doon na si Take note: Hanggang ngayon ay isang malaking debate pa rin sa ating kasaysayan kung saan Lapulapu ang nakapatay o nakataga kay Magellan bagkus mga tao ni Lapulapu. Walang ba talaga ang Isla ng Mazaua , kung ito ba ay sa Limasawa sa Leyte or sa Masao sa Butuan. ispisipikong pangyayari doon na direktang nagsasabi na si Lapulapu ang pumatay kay Ngunit, ayon sa RA No. 2733, ito ay nangyari sa Limasawa. Magellan. Ito ay sinusuportahan ng mga ilang historyador, dahil sa sinaunang pamayanang Pilipino, hindi naman talaga mismo ang isang datu/rajah na nandoon upang makipaglaban VOYAGE TO THE PHILIPPINES kundi ang hukbong sandatahan sa isang barangay.  April 7, 1521 - landed on Sugbu (now Cebu) and blood compact was done again between  Idagdag pa natin ang sabi ng ilang mga historydor base sa kanilang mga masususing Rajah Humabon (Cebuano Chieftain) and Magellan symbolizing trust and friendship pananaliksik, sa panahon na yan ay nasa may edad na si Cali Pulacu (Accrd. Carlos Calao,  April 14, 1521 (mass on the shore of Cebu) a 17th chinese-spanish poet, this is the real name of Lapulapu) at malayo na ang kanyang  Magellan planted a huge wooden cross and gave Juana (wife of Humabon) an edad bilang makibahagi sa isang pakikidigma. Naging prominenteng tauhan si Lapulapu image of the Child Jesus Christ (St.Nino) - 800 Filipinos were baptized sa akda ni Pigafetta dahil siya lang ang tanging Datu na hindi tumanggap sa alok ng isang dayuhan dahil sa kapalit ng matatamis nilang mga salita tayo ay sasakupin at lilinlangin Nanatili pa sila Magellan sa Mazaua ng 7 araw at noong April 07, 1521 kasama si sa bandang huli. Hindi malaking katanungan ang pagiging bayani ni Lapulapu, ngunit para Rajah Kolambu dumaong sila sa isla ng Sugbu (Cebu) at sa kaparehas na araw ay sa ilan ang paniniwala na siya mismo ang pumatay kay Magellan ay isa pa rin pangyayari nakipagsanduguan ulit si Magellan sa pinuno ng Sugbu si Rajah Humabon bilang tanda ng na kailangang bigyan ng ibayong paglilinaw. kanilang pagkakaibigan at pagtitiwala. April 14, nagkaroon isang misa ulit sa dalampasigan  Ang mga ibang kasamahan ni Magellan ay umatras at iniwan siya. Ang labanan sa Mactan SIGNIFICANCE OF THE VOYAGE (Battle of Mactan) ay isang malaking kahihiyan sa Espanya lalo na sa Portugal na kanilang  It confirmed that the earth is round and that it is really possible to sail around the world. katunggali dahil hindi nila napatunayan ang kanilang galing sa pakikidigma at natalo  Magellan’s Voyage marked the first circumnavigation of the earth but due to his death the lamang sila ng isang Datu sa Pilipinas. recognition was given to Sebastian Elcano  Ang mga natitirang Espanyol ay bigo na masakop ang Pilipinas kaya naman dali-dali  Magellan’s expedition paved the way for Spain’s expansion to the Orient (GOD, GOLD, silang umalis dahil baka sugurin pa sila ng ilang mga Pilipino at patayin ngunit naabutan GLORY) sila at sinunog ang barkong Concepcion kaya naman ang mga Barkong Trinidad at Pigafetta’s chronicle contributed immensely to European Historiography as is Victoria na lamang ang makakapagpatuloy sa Mollucas. At hindi nga sila nabigo, noong preserved and popularized the achievements of the Magellan-El Cano Expedition. If Pigafetta November 8, 1521 narating nila ang Tidore, isang isla ng Moluccas at nakuha na nga nila did not survive the journey, we would have very little knowledge of Magellan’s numerous ang kanilang layunin na makakakuha ng mga pampalasa. contributions in the fields of geography, navigation, history, and other related areas. First,  Ang barkong Trinidad na pinangunahan ni Gomez de Espinosa ay pinili ang rutang credit must be given to the Magellan expedition for proving that earth is not flat but an oblate patungo sa Pacific Ocean (Muntanga siya) papuntang Panama hanggang makaabot sa sphere. Moreover, they demolished the myth that there is boiling water at the Equator but none Panama ngunit hindi ito nakarating sa Espanya. Ang barkong Victoria namang (they passed the equator in the Pacific). Second, Magellan and his men completed the first pinamumunuan ni Juan Sebastian del Cano (Sebastian El Cano) ay ginamit ang mas maliit circumnavigation of the world (pag-ikot sa mundo). na ruta pabalik ng Espanya (via Cape of Good HopeIndian Ocean), ang planong ruta ng Third, they confirmed that the Portuguese route is not the only way to the Spice ekspedisyon. Islands. They proved the theory that one can go to the east by sailing west (west-to-east route).  Noong September 06, 1522 nakabalik ang kampo ni El Cano sa San Lucar, Spain na Fourth, they brought to the attention of the Europeans that on the other side of the American continent exists a large body of water which they named Pacific Ocean (Mar Pacifico). All mayroong 18 survivors. Explanation… Tumagal ang ekspedisyon ng 2 taon, 11 buwan these discoveries altered the European map of the world and resulted in the inclusion of new at 16 araw (September 20, 1519- September 06, 1522). territories in their world view. Furthermore, the journal written by Pigafetta, highly increased  Naigawad kay El Cano at kanyang mga kasamahan ang First Circumnavigator of the the interest of the European to go back to the Orient(Asia) since Pigafetta vividly described it World bilang gantimpala sa kanilang naging paglalakbay. as place of many resources especially the Philippines.  TANONG NG IBA: Bakit hindi kay Magellan naigawad ang gantimpala? Kay ElCano ginawad at kanyang mga kasamahan dahil sila ang nakabalik sa Espanya ng buhay dahil Who are the FILIPINOS BEFORE? - based on the Pigafetta’s Journal si Magellan ay namatay sa Battle of Mactan sa Pilipinas. Ngunit sa ilang mga libro, ang Economics First Circumavigation of the World ay tinawag na Magellan’s Voyage bilang pagkilala sa Practice of Barter kanyang naging pamumuno sa ekspedisyon at naging kontribusyon ng kanyang mga Presence of a weighing scale kasamahan. Golds as a main object of barter  Sabi ng ilan mga historyador na naman, hindi daw talaga mga taga Europeo ang unang nakaikot ng mundo bagkus ay isang Asyano mula sa isang lahing Malay. In unwritten Religion history, it was really an Asian who first circumnavigated the world ahead of the Europeans Rituals headed by females (El cano and company). He is no other than Enrique of Mallaca, who was the slave and Idols made of woods praying with both hands raised to the sky interpreter for Magellan who joined the expedition also. Enrique was from Mallaca, he They surrender everything to Aba (God-like) was able to join the voyage of the Portuguese after he was taken by Magellan to be his aide, cruising across the Indian Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean and reached Portugal. Culture  When he became part of the Magellan’s expedition, he was able to sail from Spain via Practices during a wake of a noble man Atlantic Ocean, reached the tip of South America and across the Pacific Ocean then Finally Entertaining visitors (hospitality) returned to Asia, particularly the Philippines. Technically speaking, he was the first Manner of drinking as sign of friendship circumnavigator of the world and not El Cano and his company. But since the formal Making of wine (tuba) recognition was given to El Cano and company, they are being recognized until now by the world. Social Head gear  Gold Ornaments met the Spaniards. Some Filipinos were easily befriended by the Spaniards while others Tattoos all over the body (bravery) refused to interact and trade with them. Lapulapu is the most prominent Filipino Character in Nakedness Pigafetta’s narrative. He was the First Filipino who lead the resistance movement against China Porcelain (manifestation of trading system with Chinese People through Barter system) Spanish rule and successfully thwarted the first attempt of the Spaniards to take control of the Philippines. Politics Ruler per community CONFLICT OF INTEREST? Presence of Advisers (lupon ng mga matatanda) For the westerners, Magellan was a voyager but for us from the east, he was an invader! Practice of paying Tribute (buwis) Hostage for sure payment/ assurance Juan de Plasencia: Las Costumbres de los Indios Tagalos de Filipinas Right to punish disobedience CUSTOMS OF THE TAGALOGS Trial-by- ordeal (public, harsh punishment, mata-sa-mata, ngipin-sangipin)- Justice System headed by the Datu and with the help of the council of elders BACKGROUND OF THE AUTHOR? Barangay as their unit of government headed by a Raja or Datu with 30-100 families ✣ Born to the illustrious family of Portocarreros in Plasensia in the region of Extremadura, Spain in the early 16th century. He was one of the seven children of Pedro Portocarrero, a Geography captain of a Spanish schooner. Philippines as an Archipelago (composed of many islands surrounded by different body of ✣ Juan de Plasencia grew up during the period known as the Siglo de Oro, a Golden Age when waters) arts and literature flourished in many parts of Spain, among them his native Extremadura. Products: Coconut & Palm, Nutmeg, Reeds, Rice, Fish, Pig (usually for ritual offering), ✣ Fray Joan de Puerto Carrero, del convento de Villanueva de la Serena. Was his real name. Dogs/cats ARRIVAL IN THE PHILIPPINES RELEVANCE/IMPORTANCE OF THE DOCUMENT ✣ Fray Juan de Plasencia came together with the first batch of Franciscan missionaries in the Napatunayan na ang Pilipinas bago pa man dumating ang mga mananakop ay isang ng Philippines. sibilisadong komunidad na may sa sariling sistema ng pamamahala (pulitikal) at pamumuhay ✣ Arrived at a port in Cavite, a few kilometers south of Manila on the 2nd of July 1578. (sosyal, ekonomiya, at kultura at paniniwala). ✣ Aside from the Customs of the Tagalogs, he wrote also the Doctrina Christiana en Lengua Pinakita sa dokumento ang pagtanggap at pagyakap ng mga ninuno nating Pilipino sa Espanola y Tagala- first printed book in the Philippines Kristiyanismo na hanggang ngayon ay isa sa pinakamalaking relihiyon sa ating bansa. Ang mga Pilipino noon ay may natatanging kultura at ilan sa mga ito ay buhay na buhay pa ABOUT THE TEXT? rin. ✣ Title: Relacion de las Costumbres de Los Tagalogs (Customs of the Tagalogs) Ang nakapalibot na katubigan ang isa mga dahilan kung bakit umusbong at nagpatuloy ang ✣Currently kept in Archivo General de Indias in Seville,Spain pamumuhay ng ating mga ninuno (sibilisasyon) Ang mga Pilipino noon ay nakikipagkalakalan na sa kanyang mga karatig-pook tulad ng ✣References: China sa pamamagitan ng barter OFM ARCHIVES – PHILIPPINES by: Fr. Jose "Long" D. Gutay, OFM As what presented on the Add-ons info, the account of Antonio Pigafetta also enriched (http://ofmphilarchives.tripod.com/id8.html) the Philippine Historiography because it contains the important details about the conditions of The Philippine Islands, 1493–1898 Volume VII, 1588–1591 (Edited and annotated the Visayan Islands in the 16th Century (can be source of Pre-colonial life of the Filipinos). by Emma Helen Blair and James Alexander Robertson with historical introduction Some of the prominent leaders during that time, their economic activities, social and cultural and additional notes by Edward Gaylord Bourne) practices, and religious beliefs were identified. Moreover, local textbook writers use his book HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE DOCUMENT? as their source of historical information about the beginning of Christianity in the Philippines. Government The accounts of the first mass in the Philippines, the conversion of Rajah Humabon ✣ The unit of government is called Barangay ruled by a chieftain, and consist of 30 to 100 and his wife, and the story of the image of the St. Nino were mostly taken from Pigafetta’s families together with their relatives and slaves. book. Finally, Pigafetta has numerous accounts about the reaction of the Filipinos when they Social Stratification System Slaves ✣ A person becomes slave by: (1) by captivity in war, (2) by reason of debt, (3) by inheritance, (4) by purchase, and (5) by committing a crime. ✣ Slaves can be emancipated through: (1) by forgiveness, (2) by paying debt, (3) by condonation, and (4) by bravery (where a slave can possibly become a Datu) or by marriage Administration of Justice ✣ The chieftain’s executive function includes implementing laws, ensuring order and giving protection to his subject. ✣ Disputes between individuals were settled by a court made up of the chieftain and Datu  chief, captain of wars, whom governed, obeyed and reverenced council of elders.  The Datu exercised all the powers of the government TRIAL BY ORDEAL  He is control over the disposition of the Barangay’s real property Right to punish disobedience DATU HOW TO BECOME DATU: Trial by suffering in public as their judicial process Trial by combat  By inheritance By Marriage Each suspect has witnesses to defend their side.  Through intelligence, wealth, strength and bravery. To prove the honesty and sincerity of the of witnesses, the witnesses took an oath to this  Inheritance effect: ✣ The 1st son of the barangay chieftain inherits his father’s position; if the 1st son “Kainin na lang ako ng buwaya kung ako’y nagsisinungaling” dies, the 2nd son succeeds their father; in the absence of male heirs, it is the eldest “Nawa’y tamaan na lang ako ng kidlat kung hindi ako nagsasabi ng katotohan. Kahit daughter that becomes the chieftain. magalit man sa akin ang kalangitan, araw at buwan kung ako’y nagsisinungaling.” Kahit mamatay na ako ngayon, kung ako’y nagsisinungaling. Maharlika  Free-born, they do not pay taxes. The Barangay had both oral and written laws  Common People Umalohokan- announcer especially on written laws TIMAGUA/TIMAWA How Laws were made?  Common People If a Datu wants to enact /make a law and/or want to stop/prevent a law , he must call the  Working Class council of elders for their approval since they knows what’s best for the society, they are  Engaged in Agriculture most experienced and well off. ALIPIN/DEPENDENTS If there are new laws, the Umalohokan who is the public announcer was summoned and 1. Namamahay- has land and property rights. ordered to go around the barangay to announce the new rules and regulations in the society 2.Sagigilid/Saguiguilid/ Saguiguilir- no land and property rights and full-time slave. Subjects of their Customary Laws TRIVIA: Slaves (Visayan) Inheritance(mana), divorce, usury (lending/interest), partnership, crime and punishment,  Tumataban- worked for his master when summoned to do so property rights, family relations, adoption, and loans Major Crimes: rape, incest(pakikipagrelasyon sa magkapamilya or magkamag-anak),  Tumarampuk- worked one day for his master murder, withcraft (gamod), insult, trespassing, sacrilegious acts (disrespect/violation of  Ayuey- worked three days for his master religious beliefs and practices) & Larceny (pagnanakaw)- punished by death and heavy fine  Minor Crimes: Adultery (pangangabit), cheating, petty theft, perjury (dishonesty),  Several grounds (dahilan) of divorce (paghihiwalay) are: (1) Adultery, (2) Abandonment disturbance of peace at night, destroying documents owned by a chief- punished by (3) Cruelty, and (4) Insanity exposure or ant bullets, small fine, beating, cutting fingers, swimming for a number of  TRIVIA: Pamumulungan/Pamamalae- A courtship (pamamanhikan) right before marriage hours.  Muslims: Panalanguni (betrothal/engagement), pedsungad (settlement of dowry), pegkawing (wedding festival/Ceremony) Houses - Made of wood, bamboo, and nipa palm.  Bigay-kaya/dowry consists of land, gold, or dependents BURIAL  Morotal (pagluluksa sa namatay na babae) Mode of Dressing Male BURIAL  Headgear is called Putong (symbolizes the number of persons the wearer had killed)  Morotal (pagluluksa sa namatay na babae)  Maglahi (pagluluksa sa namatay na lalake)  (Upper) a jacket with short sleeves called kanggan.  Laraw (pagluluksa sa namatay na datu)  (Lower) bahag  Pasiyam (ninth day of death was celebrated) Belief in life after death Female The dead relative was placed in a wooden coffin (kabaong) and buried under the house, (Upper) Baro or Camisa complete with gold, cloth and other valuable things (Lower) Saya Religious Belief TRIVIA: Bul-ol represents a spirit which the people revere in Cordillera Regions. ✣They worship many gods and goddesses: (1)Bathala/Bathalang Maykapal, supreme being; the creator (2)Idianale & Lacapati god of agriculture; husbandry (3)Sidarapa/Sidapa, god of Ornaments death; (4) Agni, god of fire; (5)Balangaw,god of rainbow (6) Mandarangan, god of war; (7)  A decorative object or detail that adds quality or distinction to a person, place or thing. Lalahon, god of harvest; and (8) Siginarugan, god of hell. (9) Dian Masalanta, patron of lovers  It represents your socio-economic status in the society and generations (10)Buaya (water-lizards), they paid reverence/devotion  TRIVIA: Visayans were the most tattoed among ancient Filipinos. When the Spaniards ✣ Also believe in sacred animals, trees and many more which believed to be holy and place came, they called the former as pintados. Tattooing is not for enhancing beauty only but of unseen spirits (animism) also signifies war medals. The more tattoos a man had, the more he was looked up to in TRIVIA: Bathala (Tagalog) Abba (Cebuano) Laon (Bisaya) the society.  Believed in the immortality of the soul and life after death Marriage Customs  Disease or illness was cause by the environmental spirits and the soul-spirits of the dead  Men were in general, monogamous; while their wives are called Asawa. relatives  Courtship begins with Paninilbihan:  The Filipinos adored the sun, moon, animals, birds for they are objects of nature to be the man serves the girl’s parents for months or years such as chopped wood, fetched respected water, and did chores required of him In this situation, the man was not supposedly to talk with the lady, only their eyes The Filipinos adored idols called Anito (Tagalog) and Diwata (Visayan). Offerings are met to show love officiated by ritual leaders , Babaylana/Babaylan (Tagalogs) at Katalona/Katalonan If the man satisfied the parents, they will give their consent to the marriage (Visayans).  Prior to marriage the man requires to give a dowry: (1) Bigay- kaya ( the man will give a piece of land or gold, and dependents or slaves); (2) Panghihimuyat (a gift for the brides Superstitious Beliefs parents); (3) Bigay-suso (for brides wet nurse) Himaraw (another sum of money) ✣Believe in Aswang, Dwende, Kapre, Tikbalang, Patyanak/Tiyanak.  Marriage between couples belonging to defferent social classes were not common ✣They also believe in magical power of amulet and charms such as anting-anting, kulam and gayuma or love potion. PRIEST AND PRIESTESS Of Good and the Devil SILAGAN They are those rituals leaders and those who have unique and unusual power or magic : The Silagan is a creature that tears human flesh through the anus and eats up the internal *Catalonan *Mangangauay *Manyisalat *Mancocolam *Hocloban *Silagan *Magtatanggal organs especially those who clothed in white. *Osuang *Mangagayoma *Sonat *Pangatahojan *Bayoguin The Silagan has sharp claws which they use to tear open a human flesh. They prefer to tear up from the anus where they would proceed to eat the liver. The Silagans hate a person who CATOLONAN are dressed in white and usually takes out those who are wearing white as their victims. was either a man or a woman, (also spelled Catalonan, Catalona, Catulunan in Kapampangan) is a priest in the indigenous religions of the Tagalog and Kapampangan people. MAGTATANGGAL Spanish friars and missionaries also called them anitero (male) and anitera (female). They Cuento-cuento lamang sa kapuluan, subalit pinagtitibay ng mga taga-Catanduanes na guarded the dambana, along with religious practices, of a community called barangay nakakita na sila ng mga magtatangal (manananggal ang tawag ngayon) na pugot ang ulo at a ritual leader na mayroong mataas na ranggo at katayuan sa lipunan) wala ang sikmura (stomago, intestines) at kalahati ng katawan. Lumalakad daw gabigabi, dala- dala ang kanyang ulo, at pagsikat ng araw, bumabalik sa katawan at nabubuo uli. MANGAGAUAY —also know as goddess of disease —also spelled mangagaway, witches who deceived by pretending to heal the sick. These OSUANG priests even induced maladies by their charms, which in proportion to the strength and efficacy Same with Tiktik/Wakwak/Aswang of the witchcraft, are capable of causing death. In this way, if they wished to kill at once they They have seen him fly, he murdered and ate human flesh Equivalent to Sorcerer did so; or they could prolong life for a year by binding to the waist a live serpent, which was believed to be the devil, or at least his substance. MANGAGAYOMA —They made charms for lovers out of herbs, stones, and wood, which would infuse the heart MANYISALAT —which is the same as mangagauay. These priests had the power of applying with love. Thus did they deceive the people, although sometimes, through the intervention of such remedies to lovers that they would abandon and despise their own wives, and in fact could the devil, they gained their ends. prevent them from having intercourse with the latter. If the woman, constrained by these —Today the Gayuma is known as a Filipino love spell to help the love lives of those with means, were abandoned, it would bring sickness upon her; and on account of the desertion she lonely or broken hearts. would discharge blood and matter. SONAT MANCOCOLAM which is equivalent to ”preacher.” – ritual priest  —A “witch” Mankukulam is a person employing or using “Kulam” -a form of folk magic It was his duty to help one to die, practised in the Philippines. at which time he predicted the salvation or condemnation of the soul (alam kung maisasalba  It puts emphasis on the innate power of the self and a secret knowledge of Magica Baja or pa ang buhay or kailan ito mamatay) low magic. Earth (soil), fire, herbs, spices, candles, oils and kitchen wares and utensils are often used for rituals, charms, spells and potions. PANGATAHOJAN —was a soothsayer, and predicted the future.  Emit fire from himself at night once a month —Same as Manghuhula who can predict the future. HOCLOBAN BAYOGUIN Another kind of witch, of greater efficacy than the mangagauay. Signifies “cotquean”- lalaking aktibo or ginagawa ang mga gawaing pambabae. She could change herself into any form she desired. are priest dressed in female garb. Almost all are impotent for the reproductive act, and thus She could kill someone by simply raising her hand and they marry other males and sleep with them as man and wife and have erotic and sensual Could heal without any difficulty as she wished. knowledge Her name literally means “crone” or “hag”- a witch, especially one in the form of an ugly old woman. Philippine mythical creatures Hunting in high lands. 1. MULTO The Tagalog word for ghost, comes from the Spanish word muerto, which means Fishing in river banks and sea. "dead". Superstitious Filipinos believe that some kind of multo, often a spirit of their former Shipbuilding, weaving, poultry, mining and lumbering. kin, regularly visits them. Domestic trade of different barangays by boat. 2. SARANGAY is a creature resembling a bull with a huge muscular body and a jewel attached Foreign trade with countries like Borneo, China, Japan, Cambodia, Java, and Thailand to its ears. through barter system (exchange (goods or services) for other goods or services without using 3. SIYOKOY Are mermen, sea creatures that have a human form and scaled bodies. The money) Siyokoy is the male counterpart of the Sirena. The lower extremities of a Philippine merman can either be a fish tail or scaled legs and webbed feet. They could also have long, green TRIVIA: Piloncitos or Bulawan (considered as first monetary system of the country). The tentacles. They drown mortals who trespass into their territory. Siyokoy have gill slits, are inconvenience of barter later led to the use of some objects as a medium of exchange like colored brown or green, and have scaly skin, comparable to that of a fish. Piloncitos, it was made up of Gold. 4. TAMAWO Also called as tamao are mythogical creatures believed to be handsome, having very fair to Language and System of Writing white skin with fangs and claws of gold. The tamawo were known by their different names: ✣Major languages: Tagalog, Ilocano, Pangasinan, Pangpangan, Sugbuhanon, Hiligaynon, the bumalabag, a male fairy who viewed and visited places; the manupongtupong, a male fairy Magindanaw and Samarnon this languages is originated from the MalayoPolenisian language. who dresses like an ordinary man; the manlaawla-aw who looked out from behind an anthill; ✣System of writing: the alphabets consisted of 3 vowels and 14 consonants called Baybayin. manilag-nilag, a female fairy who attended social gatherings and festivities; and the manbukay, ✣They used tap of tress as ink and pointed stick as pencil. a female fairy who dwelt in shallow wells. ✣They wrote on large plant leaves, bark of a tree or bamboo tubes. Baybayin is an old writing Diwatang Lalake 5. TIKBALANG system that was used in the Philippines.  Also called tigbalang (demon horse) is a halfman and half-horse creature. It has a horse's RELEVANCE/IMPORTANCE OF THE DOCUMENT head, the body of a human but with the feet of the horse. It travels at night to rape female Ang dokumentong ay nagbibigay katunayan na ang Pilipinas bago pa man dumating ang mga mortals. The raped women will then give birth to more tikbalang. They are also believed mananakop ay mayroon na tayong sariling sistema ng pamamahala, pamumuhay at mayaman to cause travelers to lose their way particularly in mountainous or forest areas like na kultura. Pinapasinungalingan nito ang paniniwala ng mga Kastila na ang Pilipinas bago sila Kapre.Tikbalang are very playful with people, and they usually make a person imagine dumating ay hindi sibilisado at walang kulturang nananalaytay sa ating mga sinaunang ninuno. things that aren't real. Sometimes a tikbalang will drive a person crazy. It is said that a Maaring itong gamitin sa pag-aaral ng kasaysayan lalo na kapag Pre-Colonial Philippines ang person can render the Tikbalang’s tricks futile somehow by wearing their shirt inside out. pokus o interes kaya nga natin ito pinag-aaralan. Maaring din itong gamitin sa Larangan ng One can avoid the tikbalang all together by just keeping quiet or by asking politely to pass Political Science dahil laman nito ang pinakaunang straktura ng pulitika sa Pilipinas and legal it by. Legends say that when rain falls while the sun is shining, a pair of tikbalang are na sistema na ginagamit noon. being wed. 6. TIYANAK Are the babies who died before receiving baptism rites. After death, they go to TAKE NOTE: Filipinos were already civilized and maintained an organized lifestyle that was a place known as Limbo, a chamber of Hell which unbaptized dead people fall into, and are on par or better than that of the people from other countries in South East Asia. transformed into evil spirits. These phantasms return into the mortal realm in the form of goblins to eat living victims. The tiyanak can also be the offspring of a woman and a demon. It can also be an aborted fetus which comes back to take revenge on its mother. Most Tiyanaks are said to live in forests. If they see a human, they transform into what looks like a normal baby. When the person notices the Tiyanak and comes near to take a look at it, the Tiyanak changes back to its true form and eats its prey. Economic Life Agriculture in the plane lands: planting of rice, corn, banana, coconut, sugar canes and other kinds of vegetable and fruits.