Communication Theories and Models PDF

How people use messages --> generate meaning within and across various contexts, cultures, channels and media Communication How people perceive and use messages to make common meaning Meaning can change according to contexts, culture and channel used...

How people use messages --> generate meaning within and across various contexts, cultures, channels and media Communication How people perceive and use messages to make common meaning Meaning can change according to contexts, culture and channel used response: how we know messages was understood as intended Devils: details --> misuderstood due to breakdown in transactional model of communication Barnlund: communication: not a reaction to sth or interaction, but a transaction in which man invents and attributes meaning to realize his purpose Encoding: First individual (sender) puts thoughts into words, symbols or gestures Decoding receiving the words, symbols or gestures, the second induvidual applies meaning to them --> encoding and decoding occure simultaneously, meaning on both sender side and receiver side --> more complicated can be view as the transfer of symbolic information within a common symbol system symbol must be understood in slang language or texting language: mean different things to different people Communication the same way benefited from psychology and neurology but extensively from artificial intelligence and information technology -thoughts individual responds Covert -motives through both cognitive response -values Individual responds to stimuli (convert) and behavioral -outlook Indiviual is (overt) processess Overt behaviors (either positive or exposed to and responses negative) observes stimuli -Personality stimuli come to individual -motivation and they select what to Individual selects stimuli Internal factors -interest used based on internal -habit and external factors -past experiences  -age and sex -Size -Intensity -contrast External factors -motion -repetition -novelity -familarity sorts and categories Perceptual grouping, closure, information in search of a figure ground, proximity, individual organizes stimuli factors pattern, based on what similarity, perceptual constancy, they have selected perceptual contexts decides what the meaning confirmation bias, self-serving of the stimulus, often bias, framing, attribution, halo Individual attaches meaning using heuristics or "short Distoritions effect, projection, stereotyping cuts" that may distort the and framing meaning of mood influence our ability to use to sense to take information how we process information and -not only a message is received heuristics -but also wheter someone chooses to act on that messages internal attitudes perception motives experiences influence by expectations characteristic of the objects (motion, sounds, size,..) context of the situation (time, place, ambient conditions) Attribution determine what brought an event or behavior posits that when an individual Attribution was what i just saw intentional? observes an event or a behavior, theory is it caused by sth internal/external to the individual the thought process goes:  Distinctiveness Does this person behave in this manner in other situations Mental consensus (sự nhất trí) Do other people behave in the same manner calculations consistency (tính nhất quán does this person behave in the same manner at other time interpretation what we see based on own own interest, Selective perception background, experience and attitudes general empression about s.one or sth based on a single Halo effect characteristic The comparative evaluation of a person, object or Constrast effect characteristic as better/ worse than our own Logical rules or Projection attribution of own characteristics to others heuristics (8) Representativeness recognition based on similarity to a class prototype Form of representatives based on our perception of the Stereotyping group to which we believe someone belonged the use of only readily available information to make a Availability decision quatitative situation: start with "ballpark" figure and adjust Anchoring and adjustment up or down to reach an estimate Positive self Unreal optimism opinion in risk Optimism bias