Infectious Bronchitis PDF

Made with Xodo PDF Reader and Editor Infectious bronchitis Infectious bronchitis Introduction ‫( ﻫﻮ ﻣﺮض ﻓﻴﺮوﺳﻲ ﺣﺎد ﺷﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﻌﺪوى ﻳﺼﻴﺐ‬IB) ‫اﻟﺘﻬﺎب اﻟﺸﻌﺐ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺪي‬ ‫اﻟﺪﺟﺎج وﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﻌﻼﻣﺎت ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ )اﻟﻠﻬﺎث واﻟﻌﻄﺲ واﻟﺴﻌﺎل وإ...

Made with Xodo PDF Reader and Editor Infectious bronchitis Infectious bronchitis Introduction ‫( ﻫﻮ ﻣﺮض ﻓﻴﺮوﺳﻲ ﺣﺎد ﺷﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﻌﺪوى ﻳﺼﻴﺐ‬IB) ‫اﻟﺘﻬﺎب اﻟﺸﻌﺐ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺪي‬ ‫اﻟﺪﺟﺎج وﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﻌﻼﻣﺎت ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ )اﻟﻠﻬﺎث واﻟﻌﻄﺲ واﻟﺴﻌﺎل وإﻓﺮازات اﻷﻧﻒ( وﻣﺮض‬ Defenition.‫ﻛﻠﻮي ﺣﺎد ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻼﻻت اﻟﻨﻔﺮوﺗﺮﻳﺔ واﻧﺨﻔﺎض ﻣﻠﺤﻮظ ﻓﻲ إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺒﻴﺾ‬ Infectious bronchitis (IB) is an acute, highly contagious viral disease of chickens characterized by respiratory signs (gasping, sneezing, coughing, and nasal discharge), severe renal disease associated with nephrotropic strains, and a marked decrease in egg production. ‫ وﺑﺤﻠﻮل‬.‫ ﺗﻢ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻣﺮض اﻟﺘﻬﺎب اﻷﻣﻌﺎء ﻷول ﻣﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﻛﻴﺖ اﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮة‬،1930 ‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬ ‫ﺧﻄﻴﺮا ﻳﺼﻴﺐ ﻗﻄﻌﺎن وﺿﻊ‬ ً ً ‫ﻣﺮﺿﺎ‬ ‫ أﺻﺒﺢ ﻣﺮض اﻟﺘﻬﺎب اﻷﻣﻌﺎء‬،‫اﻷرﺑﻌﻴﻨﻴﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‬ History ‫ ﺗﻢ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻣﺮض اﻟﺘﻬﺎب اﻷﻣﻌﺎء اﻟﻤﺴﺒﺐ‬.‫اﻟﺒﻴﺾ وﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺧﺴﺎرة ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ ﻓﻲ إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺒﻴﺾ‬.‫ﻷﻣﺮاض اﻟﻜﻠﻰ ﻷول ﻣﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﺘﻴﻨﻴﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‬ In 1930, IB was first observed in young chicks. By the 1940’s, IB was a serious disease of laying flocks causing marked loss in egg production. Nephropathogenic IB was first observed in the 1960s. Etiology Classification Family: Coronaviridae ‫اﻟﺠﻴﻨﻮم اﻟﻔﻴﺮوﺳﻲ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ أﺣﺎدﻳﺔ اﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻤﺾ اﻟﻨﻮوي‬ ‫ ﻓﻴﺮوس اﻟﺘﻬﺎب اﻟﻜﺒﺪ اﻟﻮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻫﻮ ﻓﻴﺮوس‬.‫اﻟﺮﻳﺒﻲ ذات اﺗﺠﺎه إﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ‬ Genus: Gammacoronavirus ‫ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎت اﻟﻔﻴﺮوس‬.‫ﻣﻐﻠﻒ ذو ﺷﻜﻞ داﺋﺮي إﻟﻰ ﻣﺘﻌﺪد اﻷﺷﻜﺎل‬ (‫ﻧﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮا ﻣﻊ ﻧﺘﻮءات ﺳﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻫﺮاوة )ﻣﺴﺎﻣﻴﺮ‬ ً 120 ‫ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ‬ Species: Avian Coronavirus ‫ﻣﻈﻬﺮا ﻳﺸﺒﻪ اﻟﺘﺎج‬ ً ‫اﻟﻔﻴﺮوس‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻄﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎ‬ ،‫ا‬‫ﻧﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ‬ ً 20 ‫ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻃﻮﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫وﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺟﺎء اﺳﻢ اﻟﺘﺎج‬ Virion properties The viral genome is a single-stranded positive sense strand of RNA. IBV is an enveloped virus with a round to pleomorphic shape. The virus particles are approximately 120 nm in diameter with club-shaped surface projections (spikes) about 20 nm in length, which gives the virus a crown-like appearance ‫ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻋﻼﺟﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﻓﻲ‬IB (IBV) ‫ﻻ ﺗﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻓﻴﺮوﺳﺎت‬ and hence the name corona ‫ﺗﻜﺘﻞ ﻛﺮﻳﺎت اﻟﺪم اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻔﻌﻞ ﻓﻴﺮوﺳﺎت ﻧﻴﻮﻛﺎﺳﻞ واﻹﻧﻔﻠﻮﻧﺰا‬ Most IB virus (IBV) without enzyme treatment do not hemagglutinate erythrocytes as do Newcastle and influenza viruses. There is considerable antigenic variation among IBV strains and many serotypes of the virus have been identified. There is little or no cross-protection ‫ﻫﻨﺎك اﺧﺘﻼف ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻀﺪات ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﻼﻻت ﻓﻴﺮوس اﻟﺘﻬﺎب اﻟﻜﺒﺪ‬ 1 ‫ ﻫﻨﺎك‬.‫اﻟﻮﺑﺎﺋﻲ وﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ اﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻧﻤﺎط اﻟﻤﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻴﺮوس‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎدﻟﺔ أو ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﺘﺒﺎدﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻹﻃﻼق‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ اﻷﻧﻤﺎط اﻟﻤﺼﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬  Made with Xodo PDF Reader and Editor Infectious bronchitis among different serotypes. Epidemiology ‫ﻳﻨﺘﺸﺮ اﻟﺘﻬﺎب اﻟﺸﻌﺐ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺪي ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﺤﺎء اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ وﺗﻢ اﻛﺘﺸﺎف‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺸﺮات ﻣﻦ اﻷﻧﻤﺎط اﻟﻤﺼﻠﻴﺔ واﻷﻧﻤﺎط اﻟﺠﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻘﺎرات‬ Distribution ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء اﻟﻘﺎرة اﻟﻘﻄﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ‬ Infectious bronchitis is distributed worldwide and many dozens of serotypes and genotypes have been detected in all continents except Antarctica. ‫ ﻋﻠﻰ‬،IBV ‫ﻟﻢ ﻳﻌﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻘﺒﻮل أن اﻟﺪﺟﺎج ﻫﻮ اﻟﻤﻀﻴﻒ اﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﻟـ‬ Natural and Experimental Hosts ‫ اﻟﻤﺮض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪﺟﺎج ﻓﻘﻂ‬IBV ‫اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺴﺒﺐ‬ It is no longer accepted that the chicken is the only host for IBV, although it is possible that IBV only causes disease in the chicken. ‫ ﻟﻜﻦ اﻟﻤﺮض ﻳﻜﻮن أﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﺪة ﻓﻲ‬،‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻷﻋﻤﺎر ﻣﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻺﺻﺎﺑﺔ‬ Age susceptibility ‫ وﻏﺎﻟ ًﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻮﻓﻴﺎت‬،‫اﻟﻜﺘﺎﻛﻴﺖ‬ All ages are susceptible, but the disease is most severe in chicks, often causing some mortality. ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺘﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎل إﻣﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﺳﺘﻨﺸﺎق أو ﺗﻨﺎول ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎت اﻟﻔﻴﺮوس اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻳﺔ ﻋﻦ‬ Transmission ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻄﻴﻮر اﻟﻤﺼﺎﺑﺔ واﻟﺤﺴﺎﺳﺔ؛ أو ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ ﻣﺜﻞ‬،‫ﺧﻼل ﻗﻄﺮات اﻟﻬﺒﺎء اﻟﺠﻮي أو اﻟﺒﺮاز؛ أو ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﺘﻌﺮض ﻷدوات ﻣﻠﻮﺛﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻴﺮوس‬ Horizontal.‫ وﻣﺎ إﻟﻰ ذﻟﻚ‬،‫اﻟﻤﻼﺑﺲ واﻷﺣﺬﻳﺔ واﻷدوات‬ Transmission may be by either inhalation or ingestion of infectious virus particles by direct contact between infected and susceptible birds; by indirect contact through aerosol droplets or feces; and by exposure to virus-contaminated fomites, such as clothing, shoes, tools, etc. Vertical ‫ﻗﺪ ﺗﻔﺮز ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻄﻴﻮر اﻟﻔﻴﺮوس ﺑﺸﻜﻞ دوري ﻟﻌﺪة‬ Vertical transmission has not been documented. ‫ وﻗﺪ ﻳﺆدي إﻓﺮاز اﻟﻔﻴﺮوس ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬.‫أﺷﻬﺮ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻘﻄﻊ إﻟﻰ ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺚ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ وﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﺼﺪ ًرا ﻟﻠﻌﺪوى‬ Carriers.‫ﻟﻠﺪﺟﺎج اﻟﻤﻌﺮض ﻟﻺﺻﺎﺑﺔ‬ A few birds may periodically shed the virus for months after infection. Intermittent virus shedding can contaminate the environment and be a source of infection for susceptible chickens. Vectors In view of the recent discovery of IBV in species other than the chicken, it should be considered that other species of birds might not only be able to transport IBV mechanically but also may actively multiply IBV or be a source of IBV outbreaks. ‫ ﻳﺠﺐ أن‬،‫ ﻓﻲ أﻧﻮاع أﺧﺮى ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﺪﺟﺎج‬IBV ‫ﻓﻲ ﺿﻮء اﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎف اﻷﺧﻴﺮ ﻟـ‬ 2 ‫ﻳﺆﺧﺬ ﻓﻲ اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎر أن اﻷﻧﻮاع اﻷﺧﺮى ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﻴﻮر ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻗﺎدرة ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ً ‫ ﺑﻞ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ‬،‫ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺎ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ‬ ‫ ﺑﻨﺸﺎط‬IBV ‫أﻳﻀﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻔﺔ‬ ً IBV ‫ﻧﻘﻞ‬ IBV ‫أو ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺼﺪ ًرا ﻟﺘﻔﺸﻲ‬  Made with Xodo PDF Reader and Editor Infectious bronchitis Clinical signs ‫ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻠﻘﻴﺢ‬18 ‫ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﺮﻋﺔ وﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺼﻞ إﻟﻰ‬IB ‫ﻓﺘﺮة ﺣﻀﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ اﻟﻌﻴﻦ‬36 ‫داﺧﻞ اﻟﺮﻏﺎﻣﻰ وﻣﺎ ﻳﺼﻞ إﻟﻰ‬ Incubation period The incubation period of IB is dose dependent and can be as short as 18 hours for intratracheal inoculation and up to 36 hours for ocular application..‫ ﻟﻜﻦ اﻟﻮﻓﻴﺎت ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮة اﻋﺘﻤﺎدً ا ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻔﻮﻋﺔ واﻟﻨﻤﻂ اﻟﻤﺮﺿﻲ ﻟﻠﺴﻼﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻳﺔ ؛ ﺳﻦ اﻟﻌﺪوى‬، ٪100 ‫اﻟﻤﺮاﺿﺔ ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﻳُ ﻼﺣﻆ‬.‫ ﺳﻮاء ﻛﺎﻧﺖ أﻣً ﺎ أو ﻧﺸﻄﺔ ؛ واﻟﻀﻐﻮط ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺒﺮد أو اﻻﻟﺘﻬﺎﺑﺎت اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ‬، ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬ Morbidity and Mortality ‫أﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺪل وﻓﻴﺎت ﻣﻊ ﻋﺪوى اﻟﺴﻼﻻت اﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﻴﻮر اﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮة‬ Morbidity is 100%, but mortality is variable depending on virulence and pathotype of the infecting strain; age of infection; status of immunity, either maternal or active; and stresses such as cold or secondary bacterial infections. The highest mortality is usually seen with infections of nephropathogenic strains in young birds. Signs ، ‫ ﺗﻘﺮﻳ ًﺒﺎ‬٪100 ‫ اﻻﻋﺘﻼل ﻫﻮ‬.‫ﺗﺸﻤﻞ اﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎت اﻟﺴﻌﺎل واﻟﻌﻄﺲ واﻟﺤﻜﺎﻳﺎ وإﻓﺮازات اﻷﻧﻒ واﻟﻌﻴﻦ‬ ‫ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ‬48 ‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺘﻄﻮر اﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎت ﻓﻲ ﻏﻀﻮن‬.‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ اﺧﺘﻼف ﺷﺪة اﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎت‬ Baby chicks.‫ ﻫﻨﺎك ﺿﻌﻒ واﻛﺘﺌﺎب وﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮب ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺎدر اﻟﺤﺮارة‬.‫اﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ‬ Signs include coughing, sneezing, rales, and nasal and ocular discharge. Morbidity is virtually 100%, although severity of signs varies. Signs can develop within 48 hours post infection. There is weakness, depression, and huddling near heat sources. Laying chickens and broilers ‫ ﻧﺎدرا ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻫﻨﺎك‬.‫اﻟﺴﻌﺎل واﻟﻌﻄﺲ واﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ‬.‫إﻓﺮازات أﻧﻔﻴﺔ أو ﺑﺼﺮﻳﺔ‬ 1. Coughing, sneezing, and rales are common. Seldom is there nasal or ocular ‫ ﻏﺎﻟ ًﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﺒﻴﺾ ﻣﻘﺸﺮً ا‬.‫ أﺳﺎﺑﻴﻊ أو أﻛﺜﺮ‬8 ‫ إﻟﻰ‬6 ‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺴﺘﻤﺮ اﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮات ﻋﻠﻰ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﻣﻦ‬.(٪50 ‫ﻳﻨﺨﻔﺾ إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺒﻴﺾ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻠﺤﻮظ )ﺣﺘﻰ‬ discharge. ‫ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺴﺘﻤﺮ اﻧﺨﻔﺎض ﺟﻮدة اﻟﺒﻴﺾ وﻋﺪم اﻧﺘﻈﺎم اﻟﻘﺸﺮة ﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﺘﺮة ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻔﺸﻲ ﻣﺮض اﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ‬.‫ﻣﺎﺋﻴﺎ‬ ً ‫ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮن أﻟﺒﻮﻣﻴﻦ اﻟﺒﻴﺾ‬.‫ﻧﺎﻋﻤً ﺎ أو ﻣﺸﻮ ًﻫﺎ‬ ‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻋﻤﺮه أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ أﺳﺒﻮﻋﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺿﺮر داﺋﻢ ﻟﻘﻨﺎة اﻟﺒﻴﺾ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆدي إﻟﻰ‬IB ‫ أو رد ﻓﻌﻞ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻘﺎح‬IB ‫ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﺪﺟﺎج اﻟﻤﺼﺎب ﺑـ‬.‫اﻟﻮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ج‬.‫ﺿﻌﻒ اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ وﺿﻊ اﻟﺒﻴﺾ‬ 2. Egg production drops markedly (up to 50%). Effects on production can last 6-8 weeks or longer. Eggs are often soft-shelled or misshapened. Egg albumin may be watery. Low egg quality and shell irregularities may persist long after an outbreak of IB. Chickens that had IB or a severe reaction to IB vaccine when less than 2 weeks of age may suffer permanent damage to the oviduct resulting in poor-to-no egg-laying capacity. 3. Chickens that have IB or a severe reaction to IB vaccination may develop airsacculitis, due to an increased susceptibility to secondary infectious agents (especially Escherichia coli or Mycoplasma gallisepticum). This complication can be very severe and may accentuate respiratory signs, especially in young chickens. IB ‫ أو رد ﻓﻌﻞ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻘﺎح‬IB ‫ﻗﺪ ﻳﺼﺎب اﻟﺪﺟﺎج اﻟﻤﺼﺎب ﺑـ‬ ‫ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ زﻳﺎدة اﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻳﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ‬، ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎب اﻟﻬﻮاء‬ Mycoplasma ‫)ﺧﺎﺻﺔ اﻹﺷﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ اﻟﻘﻮﻟﻮﻧﻴﺔ أو‬ 3 ‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﻀﺎﻋﻔﺎت ﺷﺪﻳﺪة ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‬.(galisepticum.‫ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪﺟﺎج اﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮ‬، ‫وﻗﺪ ﺗﺒﺮز ﻋﻼﻣﺎت اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴﻲ‬  Made with Xodo PDF Reader and Editor Infectious bronchitis ‫اﻟﺪﺟﺎج اﻟﻤﺼﺎب ﺑﻪ إﻓﺮازات ﻣﺼﻠﻴﺔ أو ﻧﺰﻟﻴﺔ أو ﺻﺪﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺼﺒﺔ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴﺔ واﻟﻤﻤﺮات‬ Pathology ‫ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮن اﻷﻛﻴﺎس اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴﺔ رﻏﻮﻳﺔ أﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﻌﺪوى اﻟﺤﺎدة ﺛﻢ ﻗﺪ‬.‫اﻷﻧﻔﻴﺔ واﻟﺠﻴﻮب اﻷﻧﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻻﻟﺘﻬﺎب اﻟﺮﺋﻮي ﺣﻮل‬.‫ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻏﺎﺋﻤﺔ وﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ إﻓﺮازات أﺻﻔﺮ‬ Gross lesions ‫اﻟﻘﺼﺒﺎت اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮة‬ 1. Infected chickens have serous, catarrhal, or caseous exudate in the trachea, nasal passages, and sinuses. Air sacs may be foamy during the acute infection and then may become cloudy and contain a yellow caseous exudate. Areas of pneumonia may be observed around the large bronchi. ‫اﻻﻟﺘﻬﺎﺑﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﺮاض اﻟﻜﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻛﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺘﻔﺨﺔ وﺷﺎﺣﺒﺔ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ واﻟﺤﺎﻟﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺣﻴﺎن ﻣﻨﺘﻔﺨﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻴﻮرات‬ 2. Nephropathogenic infections produce swollen and pale kidneys with the (‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻌﺜﻮر ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎدة ﺻﻔﺎر اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺠﻮﻳﻒ دﺟﺎﺟﺔ )اﻟﺒﻄﻦ‬ tubules and ureters often distended with urates. ً ‫ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﺬا‬، ‫ﻟﻠﺪﺟﺎج اﻟﺬي ﻳﺘﻢ إﻧﺘﺎﺟﻪ‬ ‫أﻳﻀﺎ ﻳُ ﻼﺣﻆ ﻣﻊ اﻷﻣﺮاض اﻷﺧﺮى‬ ً ‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺎ ﻓﻲ إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺒﻴﺾ‬ ً ‫اﻧﺨﻔﺎﺿﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ‬ 3. Fluid yolk material may be found in the coelomic (abdominal) cavity of chickens that are in production, but this is also seen with other diseases that cause a marked drop in egg production. ‫اﻧﺨﻔﺎض ﻃﻮل ووزن ﻗﻨﺎة اﻟﺒﻴﺾ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﻴﻮر اﻟﻤﺼﺎﺑﺔ وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺮاﺟﻊ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﻳﺾ‬ 4. Reduced length and weight of the oviduct in infected birds as well as regression of the ovaries. ‫ ﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ اﻟﺘﻬﺎب اﻟﻘﺼﺒﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺸﺎء اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﻲ اﻟﻮذﻣﻲ وﻓﻘﺪان اﻷﻫﺪاب‬، ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﺴﻴﺠﻴﺔ‬ Histopathology ‫وﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﻈﻬﺎرﻳﺔ ووﺟﻮدﻫﺎ ووﺟﻮد اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻻﻟﺘﻬﺎﺑﻴﺔ‬ 1. Histologically, tracheitis is characterized by an edematous mucosa, cilia loss, rounding and sloughing of epithelial cells and presence of inflammatory cells 2. Kidney lesions are those of an interstitial nephritis ‫آﻓﺎت اﻟﻜﻠﻰ ﻫﻲ اﻟﺘﻬﺎب اﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺨﻼﻟﻲ‬ Diagnosis 1. Clinical signs and gross pathological lesions are suggestive but not pathognomonic for the presence of IB. 2. Serological tests of paired acute and convalescent serum can be very useful in demonstrating a specific immune response. Several procedures including serum-virus neutralization (VN), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and modified hemagglutination inhibition (HI) are available, but only VN and to some extent HI tests (due to cross-reactions) are serotype specific. 3. More recently, a highly sensitive reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) has been developed. 4. Isolation is usually is done in 9-12-day-old embryonated eggs. Trachea, lungs, air sacs, and kidneys are good sources of virus. The type of the virus can be 4  Made with Xodo PDF Reader and Editor Infectious bronchitis determined by VN testing, HI tests, monoclonal antibodies, and RT-PCR and sequencing. ‫ أﺷﻜﺎﻻ ﺧﻔﻴﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ أﻣﺮاض اﻟﺠﻬﺎز‬IB ‫ﻗﺪ ﻳﺸﺒﻪ اﻟﻌﺮض اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟـ‬ ‫ أﻧﻔﻠﻮﻧﺰا‬، ILT ، (ND) ‫اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴﻲ اﻟﺤﺎدة اﻷﺧﺮى ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺮض ﻧﻴﻮﻛﺎﺳﻞ‬ Differential Diagnosis ‫ اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻳﺔ‬coryza ‫ و‬، ‫اﻟﻄﻴﻮر ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ اﻟﻤﺮض‬ The clinical presentation of IB may resemble mild forms of other acute respiratory diseases such as Newcastle disease (ND), ILT, low-pathogenicity avian influenza, and infectious coryza. Control Live IBV vaccines are used in young chickens for prevention. Vaccines are effective only if they contain the homologous serotypes in a given area. Typically a prime at one-day of age followed by a boost at around 2 weeks of age are given, particularly in birds with maternal immunity. Polyvalent bronchitis vaccines are typically used but can cause more severe vaccine reactions in naive chicks. IBV vaccine is often combined with Newcastle vaccine in the same vial but can cause interference with the Newcastle vaccine if not commercially prepared as a combination vaccine. Vaccines are generally applied via the drinking water or by spray. Killed virus vaccines (oil emulsion base) are now widely used. They are administered by injection (subcutaneous or intramuscular) to breeders or layer replacement pullets from 14 to 18 weeks of age. They induce high and sustained antibody levels. Treatment 1. No effective treatment of IB is known although broad-spectrum antibiotics may control the complications. 2. For baby chicks with IBV, it may be helpful to increase the room temperature, encourage the birds to eat by using a warm moist mash, and correct any apparent management deficiencies. ‫ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أن اﻟﻤﻀﺎدات اﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬IB ‫ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻼج ﻓﻌﺎل ﻟـ‬.‫واﺳﻌﺔ اﻟﻄﻴﻒ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻀﺎﻋﻔﺎت‬ ‫ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻔﻴﺪ زﻳﺎدة‬، IBV ‫ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺘﺎﻛﻴﺖ اﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮة ﻣﻊ‬.2 ‫ وﺗﺸﺠﻴﻊ اﻟﻄﻴﻮر ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻨﺎول اﻟﻄﻌﺎم ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬، ‫درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫ وﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ أي أوﺟﻪ ﻗﺼﻮر ﻇﺎﻫﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻹدارة‬، ‫ﻫﺮﻳﺲ رﻃﺐ داﻓﺊ‬ 5