Infectious Bronchitis PDF

Made with Xodo PDF Reader and Editor ‫( ﻫﻮ ﻣﺮض ﻓﲑوﳼ ﺣﺎد ﺷﺪﻳﺪ‬IB) ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﻌ ﻳﻒ اﻟﳤﺎب اﻟﺸﻌﺐ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴﺔ اﳌﻌﺪي‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪوى ﻳﺼﻴﺐ اﻟﺪﺟﺎج وﻳﳣﲒ ﺑﻌﻼﻣﺎت ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ )اﻟﻠﻬﺎث واﻟﻌﻄﺲ واﻟﺴﻌﺎل‬...

Made with Xodo PDF Reader and Editor ‫( ﻫﻮ ﻣﺮض ﻓﲑوﳼ ﺣﺎد ﺷﺪﻳﺪ‬IB) ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﻌ ﻳﻒ اﻟﳤﺎب اﻟﺸﻌﺐ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴﺔ اﳌﻌﺪي‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪوى ﻳﺼﻴﺐ اﻟﺪﺟﺎج وﻳﳣﲒ ﺑﻌﻼﻣﺎت ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ )اﻟﻠﻬﺎث واﻟﻌﻄﺲ واﻟﺴﻌﺎل‬ ‫ واﻧﺨﻔﺎض‬،‫ وأﻣﺮاض ﻛﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﺣﺎدة ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻼﻻت اﻟﻜﻠﻮﻳﺔ‬،(‫وإﻓﺮازات اﻷﻧﻒ‬ Infectious bronchitis.‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮظ ﰲ إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺒﻴﺾ‬ Infectious bronchitis Introduction Defenition Infectious bronchitis (IB) is an acute, highly contagious viral disease of chickens characterized by respiratory signs (gasping, sneezing, coughing, and nasal discharge), severe renal disease associated with nephrotropic strains, and a marked decrease in egg production. ‫ ﺑﺤﻠﻮل اﻷ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﻴﺎت ﻣﻦ‬.‫ ﻷول ﻣﺮة ﰲ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﻛﻴﺖ اﻟﺼﻐﲑة‬IB ‫ ﲤﺖ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻣﺮض‬،1930 ‫اﻟﺘﺎ ﻳﺦ ﰲ ﻋﺎم‬ ‫ﺧﻄﲑا ﻳﺼﻴﺐ ﻗﻄﻌﺎن اﻟﺒﻴﺾ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺧﺴﺎرة ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ ﰲ إﻧﺘﺎج‬ً ‫ﻣﺮﺿﺎ‬ ً IB ‫ أﺻﺒﺢ ﻣﺮض‬،‫اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﻌﺸ ﻳﻦ‬ History.‫ اﳌﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﺮاض اﻟﻜﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﻷول ﻣﺮة ﰲ ﺳﺘﻴﻨﻴﺎت اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﻌﺸ ﻳﻦ‬IB ‫ ﲤﺖ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺑﻜﺘﻴ ﻳﺎ‬.‫اﻟﺒﻴﺾ‬ In 1930, IB was first observed in young chicks. By the 1940’s, IB was a serious disease of laying flocks causing marked loss in egg production. Nephropathogenic IB was first observed in the 1960s. Etiology Classification Family: Coronaviridae ‫اﻟﺠﻴﻨﻮم اﻟﻔﲑوﳼ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﺷ ﻳﻂ ﻣﻔﺮد إﻳﺠﺎﰊ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻤﺾ اﻟﻨﻮوي اﻟ ﻳﱯ‬ ‫ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ‬.‫ ﻫﻮ ﻓﲑوس ﻣﻐﻠﻒ ذو ﺷﻜﻞ داﺋﺮي إﱃ ﻣﺘﻌﺪد اﻷﺷﻜﺎل‬IBV.(RNA) Genus: Gammacoronavirus ‫ ﻧﺎﻧﻮﻣﱰ ﻣﻊ ﻧﺘﻮءات ﺳﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻋﲆ ﺷﻜﻞ‬120 ‫ﻗﻄﺮ ﺟ ﻳﯫت اﻟﻔﲑوس ﺣﻮاﱄ‬ ‫ﻣﻈﻬﺮا‬ ً ‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ اﻟﻔﲑوس‬،‫ ﻧﺎﻧﻮﻣﱰ‬20 ‫ﻣﴬب )ﻣﺴﺎﻣﲑ( ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻃﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﺣﻮاﱄ‬ Species: Avian Coronavirus ‫ﻳﺸﺒﻪ اﻟﺘﺎج وﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺟﺎء اﰟ ﻛﻮروﻧﺎ‬ Virion properties The viral genome is a single-stranded positive sense strand of RNA. IBV is an enveloped virus with a round to pleomorphic shape. The virus particles are approximately 120 nm in diameter with club-shaped surface projections (spikes) about 20 nm in length, which gives the virus a crown-like appearance and hence the name corona Most IB virus (IBV) without enzyme treatment do not hemagglutinate erythrocytes as do Newcastle and influenza viruses. There is considerable antigenic variation among IBV strains and many serotypes of the virus have been identified. There is little or no cross-protection ‫ ﺑﺪون ﻋﻼج إﻧ ﳝﻲ ﻻ ﺗﻘﻮم ﺑﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻛ ﻳﺎت اﻟﺪم اﻟﺤ اء ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ‬IB (IBV) ‫ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻓﲑوﺳﺎت‬ ‫اﳌﺴﺘﻀﺪات ﺑﲔ ﺳﻼﻻت‬1‫ ﻫﻨﺎك ﺗﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﻛﺒﲑ ﰲ‬.‫اﻟﺤﺎل ﻣﻊ ﻓﲑوﺳﺎت ﻧﻴﻮﻛﺎﺳﻞ واﻷﻧﻔﻠﻮﻧﺰا‬ ‫ ﻫﻨﺎك اﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ أو ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ‬.‫ وﰎ اﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﲆ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻷﳕﺎط اﳌﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﲑوس‬IBV ‫ﻓﲑوس‬ ‫ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ‬  Made with Xodo PDF Reader and Editor Infectious bronchitis among different serotypes. ‫ ﻳﻨﺘﴩ اﻟﳤﺎب اﻟﺸﻌﺐ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴﺔ اﳌﻌﺪي ﰲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﺤﺎء‬:‫اﻟﺘﻮ ﻳﻊ‬ Epidemiology ‫ وﻗﺪ ﰎ اﻛﺘﺸﺎف اﻟﻌﴩات ﻣﻦ اﻷﳕﺎط اﳌﺼﻠﻴﺔ واﻷﳕﺎط‬،‫اﻟﻌﺎﱂ‬.‫اﻟﺠﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻘﺎرات ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء اﻟﻘﺎرة اﻟﻘﻄﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ‬ Distribution Infectious bronchitis is distributed worldwide and many dozens of serotypes and genotypes have been detected in all continents except Antarctica. ‫اﻟﻌﻮاﺋﻞ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ واﻟﺘﺠ ﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﱂ ﻳﻌﺪ ﻣﻦ اﳌﻘﺒﻮل أن ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﺪﺟﺎج‬ ‫ ﻋﲆ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ‬،IBV ‫ﻫﻮ اﳌﻀﻴﻒ اﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﻟﻔﲑوس‬ Natural and Experimental Hosts ‫ اﳌﺮض ﰲ اﻟﺪﺟﺎج ﻓﻘﻂ‬IBV ‫اﳌﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺴﺒﺐ‬ It is no longer accepted that the chicken is the only host for IBV, although it is possible that IBV only causes disease in the chicken. ‫ وﻟﻜﻦ اﳌﺮض ﻳﻜﻮن‬،‫ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻷﻋﻤﺎر ﻣﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻺﺻﺎﺑﺔ‬: ‫اﻟﻌ‬ Age susceptibility.‫ وﻏﺎﻟﺒ ًﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻮﻓﻴﺎت‬،‫أﻛﱶ ﺷﺪة ﰲ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﻛﻴﺖ‬ All ages are susceptible, but the disease is most severe in chicks, often causing some mortality. ‫ﳝﻜﻦ أن ﻳﻜﻮن اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻷﻓﻘﻲ إﻣﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃ ﻳﻖ اﺳﺘﻨﺸﺎق أو اﺑﺘﻼع ﺟ ﻳﯫت اﻟﻔﲑوس اﳌﻌﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﻃ ﻳﻖ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل اﳌﺒﺎﴍ ﺑﲔ اﻟﻄﻴﻮر اﳌﺼﺎﺑﺔ واﳌﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻺﺻﺎﺑﺔ؛ ﻋﻦ ﻃ ﻳﻖ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل ﻏﲑ‬ Transmission ‫اﳌﺒﺎﴍ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻗﻄﺮات اﻟﻬﺒﺎء اﻟﺠﻮي أو اﻟﱪاز؛ وﻋﻦ ﻃ ﻳﻖ اﻟﺘﻌﺮض ﻟﻸدوات اﳌﻠﻮﺛﺔ‬.‫ ﻣﺜﻞ اﳌﻼﺑﺲ واﻷﺣﺬﻳﺔ واﻷدوات وﻏﲑﻫﺎ‬،‫ﺑﺎﻟﻔﲑوس‬ Horizontal Transmission may be by either inhalation or ingestion of infectious virus particles by direct contact between infected and susceptible birds; by indirect contact through aerosol droplets or feces; and by exposure to virus-contaminated fomites, such as clothing, shoes, tools, etc. Vertical.‫ﱂ ﻳﱲ ﺗﻮﺛﻴﻖ اﻟﻨﻘﻞ اﻟﻌﻤﻮدي‬ Vertical transmission has not been documented. ‫ ﳝﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺆدي‬.‫ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻘﻮم ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻄﻴﻮر ﺑﺈﻟﻘﺎء اﻟﻔﲑوس ﺑﺸﻜﻞ دوري ﻟﻌﺪة أﴲﺮ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ‬:‫اﻟﻨﺎﻗﻼت‬ Carriers.‫ﻣﺼﺪرا ﻟﻠﻌﺪوى ﻟﻠﺪﺟﺎج اﳌﻌﺮض ﻟﻺﺻﺎﺑﺔ‬ ً ‫ﺗﺴﺎﻗﻂ اﻟﻔﲑوس اﳌﺘﻘﻄﻊ إﱃ ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺚ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ وﻳﻜﻮن‬ A few birds may periodically shed the virus for months after infection. Intermittent virus shedding can contaminate the environment and be a source of infection for susceptible chickens. Vectors In view of the recent discovery of IBV in species other than the chicken, it should be considered that other species of birds might not only be able to transport IBV mechanically but also may actively multiply IBV or be a source of IBV outbreaks. ‫ ﻳﺠﺐ اﻷﺧﺬ ﰲ اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎر أن اﻷﻧﻮاع‬،‫ ﰲ أﻧﻮاع أﺧﺮى ﻏﲑ اﻟﺪﺟﺎج‬IBV ‫اﻟﻨﻮاﻗﻞ ﰲ ﺿﻮء اﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎف اﻷﺧﲑ ﻟﻔﲑوس‬ IBV ‫أﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻓﻌﺎل‬ً ‫ ﺑﻞ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬،‫ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺎ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ‬ ً IBV ‫اﻷﺧﺮى ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﻴﻮر ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻗﺎدرة ﻋﲆ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻓﲑوس‬ 2 IBV ‫ﻣﺼﺪرا ﻟﺘﻔﴚ ﻓﲑوس‬ً ‫أو ﺗﻜﻮن‬  Made with Xodo PDF Reader and Editor ‫ ﺗﻌﳣﺪ ﻋﲆ اﻟﺠﺮﻋﺔ وﳝﻜﻦ أن‬IB ‫ﻓﱰة اﻟﺤﻀﺎﻧﺔ ﻓﱰة ﺣﻀﺎﻧﺔ اﻟـ‬ ‫ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻌﺪل‬،%100 ‫ﻣﻌﺪﻻت اﳌﺮاﺿﺔ واﻟﻮﻓﻴﺎت ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﳌﺮاﺿﺔ‬ ‫ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻠﻘﻴﺢ داﺧﻞ اﻟﺮﻏﺎﻣﻰ وﺗﺼﻞ إﱃ‬18 ‫ﺗﻜﻮن ﻗﺼﲑة ﺣﱴ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﻓﻴﺎت ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻋﳣﺎ ًدا ﻋﲆ اﻟﻔﻮﻋﺔ واﻟﳮﻂ اﳌﺮﴈ ﻟﻠﺴﻼﻟﺔ اﳌﺼﺎﺑﺔ؛‬.‫ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ اﻟﻌﻴﲏ‬36 ‫ ﺳﻮاء أﻣﻮﻣﻴﺔ أو ﻧﺸﻄﺔ؛ واﻟﻀﻐﻮط ﻣﺜﻞ‬،‫ﺳﻦ اﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﳌﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﻳﱲ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ أﻋﲆ ﻣﻌﺪل‬.‫اﻻﻟﳤﺎﺑﺎت اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴ ﻳﺔ اﻟﺒﺎردة أو اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ‬ Infectious bronchitis ‫ﻟﻠﻮﻓﻴﺎت ﻋﻨﺪ اﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻼﻻت اﳌﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﺮاض اﻟﻜﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﰲ اﻟﻄﻴﻮر‬.‫اﻟﺼﻐﲑة‬ Clinical signs Incubation period The incubation period of IB is dose dependent and can be as short as 18 hours for intratracheal inoculation and up to 36 hours for ocular application. Morbidity and Mortality Morbidity is 100%, but mortality is variable depending on virulence and pathotype of the infecting strain; age of infection; status of immunity, either maternal or active; and stresses such as cold or secondary bacterial infections. The highest mortality is usually seen with infections of nephropathogenic strains in young birds. ‫ﺗﳩﻞ ﻋﻼﻣﺎت ﺻﻐﺎر اﻟﻜﺘﺎﻛﻴﺖ اﻟﺴﻌﺎل واﻟﻌﻄﺲ واﻟﺨﺮﺧﺮة وإﻓﺮازات اﻷﻧﻒ‬ Signs ‫ ﻋﲆ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ‬،‫ ﺗﻘ ًﻳﺒﺎ‬%100 ‫ ﺗﺼﻞ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺮض إﱃ‬.‫واﻟﻌﲔ‬ ‫ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ‬48 ‫ ﳝﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻈﻬﺮ اﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎت ﺧﻼل‬.‫اﺧﺘﻼف ﺷﺪة اﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎت‬ Baby chicks.‫ ﻫﻨﺎك ﺿﻌﻒ واﻛﺘﯫب وﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮب ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺎدر اﻟﺤﺮارة‬.‫اﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ‬ Signs include coughing, sneezing, rales, and nasal and ocular discharge. Morbidity is virtually 100%, although severity of signs varies. Signs can develop within 48 hours post infection. There is weakness, depression, and huddling near heat sources. Laying chickens and broilers ‫ وﻧﺎدرا ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻫﻨﺎك‬.‫ اﻟﺴﻌﺎل واﻟﻌﻄﺲ واﻟﺨﺮﺧﺮة ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ‬.1 ‫وﺿﻊ اﻟﺪﺟﺎج واﻟﺪﺟﺎج اﻟﻼﺣﻢ‬.‫إﻓﺮازات ﻣﻦ اﻷﻧﻒ أو اﻟﻌﲔ‬ 1. Coughing, sneezing, and rales are common. Seldom is there nasal or ocular ‫ﻳﻨﺨﻔﺾ إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺒﻴﺾ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬.(٪50 ‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮظ )ﻳﺼﻞ إﱃ‬ ‫ﳝﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺴﳣﺮ اﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑات‬ discharge. ‫ أﺳﺎﺑﻴﻊ‬8 -6 ‫ﻋﲆ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﳌﺪة‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒ ﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﺒﻴﺾ‬.‫ﻣﺸﻮﻫ ﺎ‬ ً ً.‫أو أﻛﱶ‬ ‫ذو ﻗﴩة ﻧﺎﻋﻤﺔ أو‬ 2. Egg production drops markedly (up to 50%). Effects on production can last 6-8.‫ﻣﺎﺋﻴ ﺎ‬ ً ‫ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮن زﻻل اﻟﺒﻴﺾ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ ﻳﺴﳣﺮ اﻧﺨﻔﺎض ﺟﻮدة‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺾ وﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺎت اﻟﻘﴩة‬ weeks or longer. Eggs are often soft-shelled or misshapened. Egg albumin may ‫ﻟﻔﱰة ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﻔﴚ ﻣﺮض‬ ‫ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻌﺎﱐ اﻟﺪﺟﺎج‬. IB be watery. Low egg quality and shell irregularities may persist long after an ‫ أو رد ﻓﻌﻞ‬IB ‫اﳌﺼﺎب ﺑـ‬ ‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬IB ‫ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﲆ ﻟﻘﺎح‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن ﻋ ه أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ‬ outbreak of IB. Chickens that had IB or a severe reaction to IB vaccine when ‫أﺳﺒﻮﻋﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻒ داﰂ ﰲ‬ ‫ﻗﻨﺎة اﻟﺒﻴﺾ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆدي إﱃ‬ less than 2 weeks of age may suffer permanent damage to the oviduct resulting ‫ﺿﻌﻒ اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﲆ وﺿﻊ‬.‫اﻟﺒﻴﺾ أو اﻧﻌﺪاﻣﻬﺎ‬ in poor-to-no egg-laying capacity. 3. Chickens that have IB or a severe reaction to IB vaccination may develop airsacculitis, due to an increased susceptibility to secondary infectious agents (especially Escherichia coli or Mycoplasma gallisepticum). This complication can be very severe and may accentuate respiratory signs, especially in young chickens. IB ‫ أو رد ﻓﻌﻞ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﺠﺎه ﺗﻄﻌﲓ‬IB ‫ﻗﺪ ﻳﺼﺎب اﻟﺪﺟﺎج اﳌﺼﺎب ﺑـ‬ ‫ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻳﺎدة اﻟﺘﻌﺮض ﻟﻠﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﳌﻌﺪﻳﺔ‬،‫ﺑﺎﻟﳤﺎب اﻟﺤﻮﻳﺼﻼت اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴﺔ‬.(‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ )ﺧﺎﺻﺔ اﻹﺷ ﻳﻜﻴﺔ اﻟﻘﻮﻟﻮﻧﻴﺔ أو اﳌﻴﻜﻮﺑﻼزﻣﺎ ﻏﺎﻟﻴﺴﻴﺒﺘﻴﻜﻮم‬ 3 ‫ﳝﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﻫﺬه اﳌﻀﺎﻋﻔﺎت ﺷﺪﻳﺪة ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ وﻗﺪ ﺗﺆدي إﱃ ﺗﻔﺎﻗﻢ‬.‫ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ اﻟﺪﺟﺎج اﻟﺼﻐﲑ‬،‫أﻋﺮاض اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﺘﻨﻔﴘ‬  Made with Xodo PDF Reader and Editor ‫ اﻟﺪﺟﺎج اﳌﺼﺎب ﻟﺪﻳﻪ إﻓﺮازات ﻣﺼﻠﻴﺔ أو ﻧﺰﻓﻴﺔ أو ﻣﺘﺠﺒﻨﺔ ﰲ اﻟﻘﺼﺒﺔ‬.1 ‫ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮن اﻷﻛﻴﺎس اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴﺔ رﻏﻮﻳﺔ‬.‫اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴﺔ واﳌ ات اﻷﻧﻔﻴﺔ واﻟﺠﻴﻮب اﻷﻧﻔﻴﺔ‬.‫ اﻧﺨﻔﺎض ﻃﻮل ووزن ﻗﻨﺎة اﻟﺒﻴﺾ ﰲ اﻟﻄﻴﻮر اﳌﺼﺎﺑﺔ وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺮاﺟﻊ اﳌﺒﻴﻀﲔ‬.4.‫أﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﻌﺪوى اﻟﺤﺎدة ﰒ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻏﺎﲚﺔ وﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﲆ إﻓﺮازات ﻣﺘﺠﺒﻨﺔ ﺻﻔﺮاء‬.‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻻﻟﳤﺎب اﻟﺮﯮي ﺣﻮل اﻟﻘﺼﺒﺎت اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﻜﺒﲑة‬ Infectious bronchitis ‫ ﻣﻊ اﻧﺘﻔﺎخ اﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ واﻟﺤﺎﻟﺐ ﰲ‬،‫ ﺗﺆدي اﻟﻌﺪوى اﻟﻜﻠﻮﻳﺔ إﱃ ﺗﻮرم اﻟﻜﲆ وﺷﺤﻮﲠﺎ‬.2.‫ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺣﻴﺎن ﺑﺎﻟﻴﻮرات‬ Pathology ‫ ﳝﻜﻦ اﻟﻌﺜﻮر ﻋﲆ ﻣﺎدة اﻟﺼﻔﺎر اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺗﺠﻮﻳﻒ اﻟﺒﻄﻦ )اﻟﺒﻄﻦ( ﻟﻠﺪﺟﺎج ﰲ‬.3 ‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺎ ﰲ‬ ً ‫اﻧﺨﻔﺎﺿﺎ‬ ً ‫أﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﻊ أﻣﺮاض أﺧﺮى ﺗﺴﺒﺐ‬ ً ‫ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﺬا ﻳﻈﻬﺮ‬،‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج‬.‫إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺒﻴﺾ‬ Gross lesions 1. Infected chickens have serous, catarrhal, or caseous exudate in the trachea, nasal passages, and sinuses. Air sacs may be foamy during the acute infection and then may become cloudy and contain a yellow caseous exudate. Areas of pneumonia may be observed around the large bronchi. 2. Nephropathogenic infections produce swollen and pale kidneys with the tubules and ureters often distended with urates. 3. Fluid yolk material may be found in the coelomic (abdominal) cavity of chickens that are in production, but this is also seen with other diseases that cause a marked drop in egg production. 4. Reduced length and weight of the oviduct in infected birds as well as regression of the ovaries. ‫ ﻳﳣﲒ اﻟﳤﺎب اﻟﻘﺼﺒﺎت اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﻮﺟﻮد‬،‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﺴﻴﺠﻴﺔ‬.1 ‫اﻟﺘﺸ ﻳﺢ اﳌﺮﴈ‬ ،‫ وﺗﻘ ﻳﺐ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﻈﻬﺎ ﻳﺔ وﺗﺴﺎﻗﻄﻬﺎ‬،‫ وﻓﻘﺪان اﻷﻫﺪاب‬،‫ذﻣﺔ ﰲ اﻟﻐﺸﺎء اﳌﺨﺎﻃﻲ‬ ‫ آﻓﺎت اﻟﻜﲆ ﻫﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﳤﺎب اﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺨﻼﱄ‬.2.‫ووﺟﻮد ﺧﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﳤﺎﺑﻴﺔ‬ Histopathology 1. Histologically, tracheitis is characterized by an edematous mucosa, cilia loss, rounding and sloughing of epithelial cells and presence of inflammatory cells 2. Kidney lesions are those of an interstitial nephritis ‫ اﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎت اﻟﺴ ﻳ ﻳﺔ واﻵﻓﺎت‬.1 ‫اﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ‬ ‫اﳌﺮﺿﻴﺔ اﻟﺠﺴﳰﺔ ﻣﻮﺣﻴﺔ وﻟﻜﳯﺎ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ‬.‫ﻣﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﻟﻮﺟﻮد اﻟﺒﻜﺎﻟﻮ ﻳﺎ اﻟﺪوﻟﻴﺔ‬ Diagnosis 1. Clinical signs and gross pathological lesions are suggestive but not ‫ﳝﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻜﻮن اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎرات اﳌﺼﻠﻴﺔ‬ pathognomonic for the presence of IB. ‫ﳌﺼﻞ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت اﻟﺤﺎدة وﻣﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﺎﻫﺔ ﻣﻔﻴﺪة ﺟﺪً ا ﰲ إﻇﻬﺎر‬ ‫ ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ‬.‫اﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﺤﺪدة‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻹﺟﺮاءات ﲟﺎ ﰲ ذﻟﻚ‬ 2. Serological tests of paired acute and convalescent serum can be very useful in ،(VN) ‫ﺗﺤﻴﻴﺪ ﻓﲑوس اﳌﺼﻞ‬ ‫وﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﺔ اﳌﻤﱱ اﳌﻨﺎﻋﻲ اﳌﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫( وﺗﺜﺒﻴﻂ اﻟﱰاص‬ELISA) ‫ﺑﺎﻹﻧ ﱘ‬ demonstrating a specific immune response. Several procedures including ‫ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻓﻘﻂ‬،(HI) ‫اﻟﺪﻣﻮي اﳌﻌﺪل‬ HI ‫ وإﱃ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺎ‬VN ‫اﺧﺘﺒﺎرات‬ (‫)ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﳌﺘﺼﺎﻟﺒﺔ‬ serum-virus neutralization (VN), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.‫ﻣﺤﺪدة ﻟﻠﳮﻂ اﳌﺼﲇ‬ (ELISA) and modified hemagglutination inhibition (HI) are available, but only VN and to some extent HI tests (due to cross-reactions) are serotype specific. ،‫ﰲ اﻵوﻧﺔ اﻷﺧﲑة‬ ‫ﰎ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬ 3. More recently, a highly sensitive reverse transcriptase polymerase chain ‫اﻟﺒﻮﻟﳰﲑاز‬ reaction (RT-PCR) has been developed. ‫اﳌﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ اﻟﻌﻜﴘ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ 4. Isolation is usually is done in 9-12-day-old embryonated eggs. Trachea, lungs,.(RT-PCR) air sacs, and kidneys are good sources of virus. The type of the virus can be ‫ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ اﻟﻘﺼﺒﺔ‬.‫ﻳﻮﻣﺎ‬ ً 12-9 ‫ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﻳﱲ اﻟﻌﺰل ﰲ اﻟﺒﻴﺾ اﻟﺠﻨﻴﲏ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻋ ه‬ 4 ‫ ﳝﻜﻦ أن‬.‫اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴﺔ واﻟﺮﺋﺘﲔ واﻷﻛﻴﺎس اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴﺔ واﻟﻜﲆ ﻣﺼﺎدر ﺟﻴﺪة ﻟﻠﻔﲑوس‬ ‫ واﻷﺟﺴﺎم‬،HI ‫ واﺧﺘﺒﺎرات‬،VN ‫ﻳﻜﻮن ﻧﻮع اﻟﻔﲑوﺳﻴﱲ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃ ﻳﻖ اﺧﺘﺒﺎر‬.‫ واﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ‬RT-PCR‫ و‬،‫اﳌﻀﺎدة وﺣﻴﺪة اﻟﻨﺴﻴﻠﺔ‬  Made with Xodo PDF Reader and Editor Infectious bronchitis determined by VN testing, HI tests, monoclonal antibodies, and RT-PCR and sequencing. ‫ اﻷﺷﻜﺎل اﻟﺨﻔﻴﻔﺔ‬IB ‫اﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻟﺘﻔ ﻳﻘﻲ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺸﺒﻪ اﻟﻌﺮض اﻟﺴ ﻳﺮي ﻟﻠـ‬ ،(ND) ‫ﻣﻦ أﻣﺮاض اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﺘﻨﻔﴘ اﻟﺤﺎدة اﻷﺧﺮى ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺮض ﻧﻴﻮﻛﺎﺳﻞ‬ Differential Diagnosis.‫ واﻟﺰﻛﺎم اﳌﻌﺪي‬،‫ وأﻧﻔﻠﻮﻧﺰا اﻟﻄﻴﻮر ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ اﻹﻣﺮاﺿﻴﺔ‬،ILT‫و‬ The clinical presentation of IB may resemble mild forms of other acute respiratory diseases such as Newcastle disease (ND), ILT, low-pathogenicity avian influenza, and infectious coryza. Control Live IBV vaccines are used in young chickens for prevention. Vaccines are effective only if they contain the homologous serotypes in a given area. Typically a prime at one-day of age followed by a boost at around 2 weeks of age are given, particularly in birds with maternal immunity. Polyvalent bronchitis vaccines are typically used but can cause more severe vaccine reactions in naive chicks. IBV vaccine is often combined with Newcastle vaccine in the same vial but can cause interference with the Newcastle vaccine if not commercially prepared as a combination vaccine. Vaccines are generally applied via the drinking water or by spray. Killed virus vaccines (oil emulsion base) are now widely used. They are administered by injection (subcutaneous or intramuscular) to breeders or layer replacement pullets from 14 to 18 weeks of age. They induce high and sustained antibody levels. Treatment 1. No effective treatment of IB is known although broad-spectrum antibiotics may control the complications. 2. For baby chicks with IBV, it may be helpful to increase the room temperature, encourage the birds to eat by using a warm moist mash, and correct any apparent management deficiencies. 5