Causes of the Industrial Revolution in France PDF

Causes of the Industrial Revolution 1. The Agricultural Revolution: A period of significant agricultural advancements that increased both food quality and quantity. This revolution set the foundati...

Causes of the Industrial Revolution 1. The Agricultural Revolution: A period of significant agricultural advancements that increased both food quality and quantity. This revolution set the foundation for the Industrial Revolution by providing food, creating capital, and fueling population growth. 2. Key Factors of Agricultural Improvement: The Enclosure Movement: Improved Soil Fertility: Crop Rotation: Consolidated small community-owned farms into Use of fertilizers like lime, and nitrogen- A four-year planting cycle larger, individual-owned farms. fixing crops, enhanced soil quality. (wheat, barley, clover, turnips) Increased efficiency by creating units of 100+ acres, More animals meant more manure, was introduced. which allowed for more productive farming. reducing soil exhaustion and reclaiming Clover enriched the soil, while From 1750-1800, over 7 million acres were enclosed. unproductive land. turnips provided animal feed. Selective Livestock Breeding: With enclosed land, farmers could control breeding for quality livestock. Selectively bred animals for meat or milk increased productivity and quality. Isolation reduced the spread of animal diseases. 3. Connections Between Agriculture and Industry: Population Growth: Economic Growth: Improved Transport: Better Cycle of Demand and Investment: As More food supported a Profits from agriculture transportation enabled fresh the population grew, so did the larger, healthier created capital that produce to reach cities, demand for manufactured goods, population, which fueled could be invested in new improving diets and supporting leading to further agricultural and industrial labor. industries. urbanization. industrial advancements REMEMBER Remember the sequence: Agricultural advancements → Enclosure Movement: Think Crop Rotation & Fertility: Increased food and profits → Larger population → Capital for “land consolidation” for Visualize soil rejuvenation and industrial investment. productivity. animal feeding cycles. Livestock Breeding: Picture farms selectively breeding cows for Link to Industry: Increased food and profits lead to population specific purposes. growth and urbanization.  Development of Capitalism 1. Investment: Banking System: Britain had a strong system of country banks and trusted local lenders who offered loans at low-interest rates. Positive Investment Culture: People believed in investing surplus money into businesses. 2. Overseas Trade: Global Trade Network: Britain traded widely, with a powerful Royal Navy and a large merchant fleet. Port Access: Major ports like Bristol and Liverpool facilitated easy import/export. Slavery: Many profits came from the slave trade, which fueled manufacturing growth. Pre-Industrial Manufacturing: Early industries, like textiles and cutlery, were mainly home-based (cottage industries). 3. Early Mechanisation: Textile Innovations: Iron and Coal: Flying Shuttle (1733) by John Kay improved weaving speed. Charcoal shortages led to the use of coke (coal-based) for Spinning Jenny (1765) by James Hargreaves enabled mass smelting iron, thanks to Abraham Darby’s innovation in 1709. production of yarn, transforming cotton from a luxury to an · This produced high-quality, cheaper iron essential for everyday material. machines. Steam Power: In 1712, Thomas Newcomen invented a steam engine to pump water from coal mines, increasing coal production. Steam engines were later adapted to power factories and trains. 4. Early Developments in Transport: Canals: Roads: Canals significantly reduced transportation costs. Roads were poor before 1700, so Turnpike Trusts were The Duke of Bridgewater’s canal (1761) helped transport coal established to improve and maintain them. cheaply to Manchester. Over 24,000 km of roads were improved by 1770, By 1800, nearly 3,000 km of canals had been built, facilitating connecting England and Wales, with tolls funding industrial growth and laying groundwork for railways. maintenance. Rivers and Ports: Natural rivers like the Thames and Mersey were key for transporting goods; improvements were made to allow larger cargoes. 5. Population Growth: Labor and Demand: The population tripled between 1700 and 1850, providing factory labor and increasing demand for goods. Improved Diets: Better food availability led to lower infant mortality and faster population growth, driving industrial expansion. REMEMBER Investment: Picture banks, low-interest loans, and a culture of smart investment. Trade: Remember Britain’s naval dominance and reliance on ports and the slave trade for manufacturing growth. Mechanisation: Think “Iron & Coal” for machinery, “Steam Power” for factories, and “Textiles” for mass-produced cloth. Transport: Visualize rivers, turnpike roads, and canals connecting regions for faster, cheaper transportation. Population Growth: Picture a growing workforce and increased domestic demand for goods.  Reasons for Rapid Growth in Industrialization After 1780 1. Development of the Factory System: Steam Power: Textiles: James Watt improved the steam engine, which Innovations like the water frame (Arkwright), spinning mule powered factories and allowed for more efficient (Crompton), and cotton gin (Whitney) transformed the cotton industry. production. This made cotton cheaper and widely available, increasing demand By 1800, steam engines were widely used in factories, and driving industrial growth. iron foundries, and flour mills. Factory System: The first factories, like Arkwright’s in 1769, brought workers and machines together under one roof, allowing for 24-hour production. By 1835, around 2,500 cotton and wool factories were operating in Britain. 2. Developments in Transport: Canals: Railways: During the “Canal Mania” period, 6,000 km of canals were Steam locomotives, developed by Trevithick and Stephenson, built, connecting industries to ports and towns. drastically reduced transportation costs and sped up movement. This allowed for easier movement of coal, raw materials, Railways expanded rapidly, from 3,000 km in 1844 to 6,000 km by and finished products. 1852, boosting iron and coal demand. Steamships: By 1840, regular steamship services connected Britain with the Americas, increasing trade efficiency. The first iron-hulled ships allowed for safer, faster overseas transport. 3. Availability of Raw Materials: Iron: Textiles: Techniques like puddling and rolling (Cort) produced stronger, Britain’s colonies provided raw cotton, while local wool cheaper iron. was already plentiful. Britain’s access to iron ore and transport networks made large-scale This ensured a steady supply of raw materials for iron production possible. factories, reducing costs and boosting output. Coal: Abundant and affordable, coal powered steam engines and heated iron furnaces. 4. Growth of Markets and Free Trade: National and Overseas Markets: Infrastructure and Support: Britain’s rising population and wages created a strong domestic Established ports, a strong merchant navy, and trade- market. friendly government policies promoted free trade. With no major competitors, Britain exported heavily, with exports Britain’s banking and insurance systems supported industrial generating over 10% of the national income by 1850. growth, ensuring steady capital flow. REMEMBER Factory System: Think of steam engines powering textile factories, and remember Arkwright’s first modern factory. Transport: Visualize canals for raw materials, railways for speed, and steamships for global trade. Raw Materials: Connect coal and iron to steam and machinery, and cotton/wool to the textile boom. Markets and Free Trade: Link growing populations to domestic demand, and strong overseas trade to Britain’s dominance.  The Growth of Towns and Its Impacts 1. Living Conditions: Urbanization: Urban Conditions: In 1750, only 15% lived in towns; by Overcrowded, poor-quality housing with no sanitation led to diseases like cholera and 1850, over 50% did. tuberculosis. People moved to towns for factory Municipal Corporations Act (1835) aimed to improve local governance but lacked jobs as agriculture required fewer funding. workers. The Public Health Act (1848) set up health boards to address urban health issues. Rapid Growth Causes: Population nearly doubled from 1750 to 1800 due to more food production and better transport. Cities like Leeds and Manchester grew rapidly with the rise of textile and cotton factories. 2. Working Conditions: Child Labor and Hours: Safety: Workdays were 12-14 hours, six days a week. Factory environments were noisy, Over 65% of textile workers were women and children; children = 30% of the workforce unventilated, and unsanitary, leading Unskilled men earned less, forcing wives and children to work. to frequent injuries. 3. Impacts on Social Classes: Aristocracy: Middle Class: Continued to dominate economically and socially, Grew significantly with industrialization, comprising factory owners, benefiting from agricultural improvements and industrial skilled workers, and entrepreneurs. investments. They demanded luxury goods, creating a booming retail market. Working Class: Often faced worse conditions; unskilled workers depended on family income. Skilled workers had higher pay and job security but opportunities for education and advancement were limited. Coal miners worked under especially hazardous conditions with frequent injuries. 4. Government Responses: Labor Laws: Political Efforts: Initial laws (1802, 1819) set limits on child labor but were hard to enforce. Tory leaders like Richard Oastler and The 1833 Factory Act prohibited children under 9 from working and limited hours for Michael Sadler fought for labor reforms. those under 18, requiring 2 hours of education daily. The 10-hour bill for workers under 18 The 1842 Mines Act banned women and children under 10 from working underground. was widely discussed, leading to the The 1844 and 1847 Factory Acts reduced working hours for children and women, Royal Commission and stricter factory mandating 3 hours of daily education for children. laws. REMEMBER Living Conditions: Remember “overcrowded towns” with poor sanitation and rapid disease spread. Working Conditions: Think “long hours, low pay, unsafe” especially for children and unskilled workers. Social Classes: Focus on “aristocrats invest, middle class grows, working class struggles.” Government Responses: Laws for child labor and factory work show slow progress toward improved conditions.