SDG .pdf

UNIT 4 HHD AOS 2 sustainable development goals SDG In September 2015, world leaders came together at the United Nations headquarters in New York to endorse and pledge support for 17 global goals that work together to address people, planet, prosperity, partnership and peace! The aim is to achieve th...

UNIT 4 HHD AOS 2 sustainable development goals SDG In September 2015, world leaders came together at the United Nations headquarters in New York to endorse and pledge support for 17 global goals that work together to address people, planet, prosperity, partnership and peace! The aim is to achieve them by 2030. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), also known as the Global Goals, ask countries around the world to take action and work together towards ending poverty, protecting the planet and helping to ensure all people worldwide can enjoy peace and prosperity. The 3 objectives The objective of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) was to produce a set of universal goals that meet the urgent environmental, political and economic challenges facing our world. End extreme poverty Fight inequality and injustice Address climate change Why are these objectives important? End extreme poverty: Hundreds of millions of people still live in extreme poverty which means that they struggle to afford basic resources such as food and clean water, contributing to a high number of preventable deaths. Fight inequality and injustice: Millions of people around the world face persecution due to factors such as sex, religion and race, decreasing their ability to lead a happy and healthy life. Address climate change: Climate change has emerged as one of the most significant issues of our time. All living things rely on the environment for basic resources and climate change has the potential to destroy these resources. Why were they developed? With the Millennium Development Goals finishing in 2015, we had seen some changes, but there were still significant improvements that needed to be made to achieve equity in health and wellbeing worldwide. There was a need to focus the world's attention on new global challenges, including climate change. Why they are important. Despite reduction in poverty rates, in 2015 836 million people were still living in extreme poverty. Global emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) have increased by almost 50 per cent since 1990, showing the need to focus on climate-related action. SDG 3 SDG 3 aims to create a world where people of all ages can enjoy good health and well-being, regardless of their socioeconomic background or geographical location. Achieving the targets outlined in this goal contributes to healthier populations, reduced health inequalities, and sustainable development for all. 3.1 Reduce Maternal Mortality: Why do women die during pregnancy and labour? - Obstructed Labour (baby can’t exit the pelvis) - Unsafe Abortion (causing injuries during abortion) - Malnutrition (in low and middle income countries) - No access to family planning (can cause unsafe pregnancy, poor nutrition, risk taking behaviour)* - Not having antenatal care / assisted health personal at childbirth* *good terms to know about – you can use them when referring to BOD What has contributed to achieving SDG 3.1? - More women having access to sexual and reproductive health and wellbeing services, spacing pregnancy and participating in including antenatal care. - More births being assisted by skilled health personnel. During childbirth, skilled birth attendants can assist with obstructed labour and provide medical assistance if a caesarean section is required or if haemorrhaging occurs. - Fewer adolescent girls are now having children. Pregnancy during adolescence increases the risk of maternal mortality, as girls are often still developing and their bodies are less able to cope with pregnancy and childbirth. 3.2 End preventable deaths of U5s: Why do children and infants die? - Preterm birth (being born too early before the baby has developed)* - Birth asphyxia (lack of breathing) - Malnutrition (caused by mothers being malnourished)* - Infections - Communicable Diseases (link to vaccinations)* - Falls/injuries What has contributed to achieving SDG 3.2? - The global U5 MR has halved between 2000 and 2015. Neonatal mortality rates have also declined from 36.2 per 1000 live births to 19.2 per 1000 live births. - Improved access to antenatal care and more births being assisted by skilled health personnel have helped. This helps women know about nutrition and access to safe water for when they are pregnant. - Greater childhood vaccinations (eg: measles) have stopped children dying. 3.3 End epidemics of communicable diseases: - Communicable diseases are those that can be passed on from one person to the next. - These diseases can include AIDS / Malaria / Tuberculosis / Neglected Tropical Diseases / Hepatitis. *know these examples of these! What has contributed to achieving SDG 3.3? - Education (taking medication, preventing disease, using mosquito nets properly, using condoms) - Access to clean water (stops mosquitos from breeding) - Access to vaccinations can stop some diseases - Vector control (worms, fleas, ticks, bugs, mosquitos) - Development of safe and effective drugs - Access to diagnostic tests 3.4 Reduce mortality from non-communicable diseases and promote mental health: - Changes in lifestyle have contributed to an increased incidence of non communicable diseases such as diabetes, obesity, heart disease.  - Over time these are slowly improving because of tax on alcohol and tobacco, legislation on food labels, frameworks 3.5 Strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance abuse 3.6 Road safety measures: (infrastructure, laws, graduated licensing etc) has impacted road injuries. 3.7 Universal access to sexual and reproductive care: Means that people have opportunities to plan families and learn about safe sex and contraception. 3.8 Achieve universal health coverage What is Universal Health Coverage? - Expanding services so people have access as they need. - Reducing the cost of healthcare so people can access the healthcare they need without financial hardship.* What has contributed to achieving SDG 3.8? - Public funding from governments to healthcare services. - Having private health insurance - Better health facilities and infrastructure - Training of healthcare professionals - Ensuring essential medicines are available 3.9 Reduce illnesses from hazardous chemicals and Air pollution: - Indoor Air Pollution: when people cook and heat their homes using solid fuels, such as wood, charcoal, coal and dung, in open fires and poorly functioning stoves it impacts health. These fuels produce small soot particles that penetrate deep into the lungs. Where there is limited ventilation, indoor smoke can contain extremely high levels of damaging fine particles. - External air pollution is caused by energy production and traffic fumes, which release deadly air pollutants, such as black carbon and greenhouse gases. 3.a Strengthen the implementation of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in all countries 3.b Support the research and development of vaccines and medicines for communicable and non-communicable diseases. 3.c development, training and retention of the health workforce in developing countries, especially in least developed countries and small island developing States. 3.d for early warning, risk reduction and management of national and global health risks. SDG 1 - No Poverty This SDG aims to eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere by 2030, where extreme poverty is measured as living on less than US $2.15 a day. It also aims to ensure all people have equal rights and access to appropriate social protection systems as well as services such as essential services, natural resources and financial services (including microfinance). It also aims to build the resilience of the poor and reduce their vulnerability to situations which increase poverty such as extreme events such as environmental disasters. How is SDG 1 related to SDG 3 No poverty means eradicating extreme poverty (living on less than US$1.90/day) so people are more able to afford resources such as food, water and shelter. This reduces the risk of contracting infectious communicable diseases such as tuberculosis, promoting SDG 3. No poverty means ensuring that basic social protection measures (e.g. unemployment benefits) are implemented for vulnerable people. This enhances their ability to access resources such as health care which can reduce morbidity and mortality from non-communicable disease (eg cancer), promoting SDG 3 H&W and HD Poverty has a significant impact on health and wellbeing. When individuals and families are poor, they can’t afford to purchase food, clean water, clothing, shelter and healthcare. This brings about malnutrition and poor physical health. Without the necessary resources, people are unable to access medical care and protect their children through vaccination. This brings about high disease rates from infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, measles, whooping cough (pertussis), cholera, malaria and tetanus. With increased levels of illness comes reduced mental and emotional health. People feel disempowered and have lower self-esteem. Social health and wellbeing is reduced as children are too sick to attend school, and social networks are reduced when people are ill. Human development is also affected by poverty. With few resources, families struggle to afford to educate their children. This reduces opportunities for people to find and remain in a job. Without an education and income, people have less chance of accessing knowledge and achieving a decent standard of living. This also impacts on security and the achievement of human rights. In turn this reduces opportunities for people to participate in political and community life. SGD 2 - Zero hunger - This SDG aims to end all forms of hunger and malnutrition, by ensuring all people, especially children, the poor, pregnant/lactating females, the elderly and those in vulnerable situations have access to safe, nutritious food all year round. - It also aims to improve sustainable agricultural productivity including adapting to climate change and extreme weather conditions. - It also aims to address trade restrictions that disadvantage farmers, particularly in developing countries. How is SGD 2 related to SDG 3 ? Zero hunger means the agriculture sector increasing its productivity, which can assist in improving food security. This helps promote immune system function, reducing the epidemics of communicable diseases such as malaria and tuberculosis, promoting SDG3. Zero hunger means all people having access to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year round. This will reduce the risk of premature death and illness associated with malnutrition, helping to reduce preventable deaths of children under 5 years, contributing to SDG3 How is SDG 3 related to SDG 2? Good health and wellbeing means achieving universal health coverage, such as vaccines. This reduces risk of communicable diseases (e.g. tuberculosis) so people are well and more capable of working in agriculture improving its productivity, thus promoting Zero hunger. H&W and HD Hunger has a significant impact on health and wellbeing. Healthy food is needed to enable children to grow; this promotes physical health and wellbeing. Maternal and child health will be improved with access to nutritious food, contributing to reductions in under-five and maternal mortality rates. With improved nutrition, children will be at reduced risk of contracting communicable diseases such as malaria and hepatitis, and vaccine-preventable diseases such as measles and tuberculosis. Well-nourished mothers are more likely to give birth to healthier babies and to experience good health and wellbeing during pregnancy and childbirth. A well-nourished population is a healthier one, and this will help reduce the demand for health services and corresponding costs to the healthcare system – this is a resource nationally. Human development is also affected by Hunger. Well-nourished children and adults have the energy they need to explore their environment, to concentrate and to learn new skills and knowledge. Children can attend school, and adults can work and support their families. This contributes to good social health and wellbeing. When people are healthy they feel happier and more positive, which promotes mental health and wellbeing. Healthy people feel more empowered and resilient, which increases their emotional health and wellbeing. Healthy people are more likely to become engaged in their community and have a sense of high belonging. This improves their spiritual health and wellbeing. A healthy person will be able to go to work, and therefore earn money to have a decent standard of living. This promotes human development. SDG 4 - Quality education This SDG aims to ensure all girls and boys have access to quality education from pre-primary through to tertiary. This means completion of free primary and secondary education. It aims to ensure all people receive education to ensure numeracy and literacy, including the vulnerable (such as those with disabilities and indigenous peoples). It also aims to increase skills for employment and decent jobs. To ensure quality education, this SDG aims to upgrade education facilities including the supply of qualified teachers. Why is it important? Whilst progress has been made in achieving universal primary education, there are still millions of children, in developing countries, who do not attend school and have low literacy and numeracy skills. Reduced literacy and numeracy often results in reducing ability to have meaningful paid employment, resulting in poverty. Reduced levels of education often means low levels of health literacy, increasing chance of illness and disease. Girls and women are less likely to receive an education, at all levels, further contributing to gender in-equality and poverty.  Increased universal education at all levels, increases ability to earn income, reduces poverty and improves countries’ ability to provide for its citizens, helping achieve sustainable human development. Universal literacy and numeracy Education is important for health literacy – having an understanding about the language of healthy behaviours. More people can understand the behaviours required for a healthy lifestyle (eg: how to use mosquito nets, contraception, nutritious meals) and this can reduce epidemics of communicable disease and mortality from NCDs. Discrimination in education If boys and girls can become educated, they are more likely to get skilled employment. An educated workforce can bring more economic growth. Girls who stay in school are less likely to get married young and have fewer children. Those with disabilities can still access school and learning – regardless of what their limits are. This will allow them to develop skills for their futures. How is SDG 4 related to SDG 3? Quality education promotes literacy and numeracy, which leads to greater employment prospects and increased income. Income provides the capacity to purchase nutritious food, shelter, clean water and healthcare, which reduces the risk of premature mortality associated with communicable disease (eg malaria), promoting Good health and wellbeing. Quality education promotes literacy and numeracy, including health literacy, for example about safe sex and the importance of sanitation. This can reduce the risk of communicable diseases such as HIV/AIDS and diarrhoea, promoting Good health and wellbeing. How is SDG 3 related to SDG 4? Good health and wellbeing, means healthy populations, free from disease such as non-communicable diseases (eg cancer), can work productively and pay tax to the government. This revenue can be used to fund free, equitable and quality education for primary and secondary students, promoting Quality education. Good health and wellbeing means less disease, such as malaria and other communicable diseases, among children. This means children are well enough to attend school and receive quality primary and secondary education, promoting Quality education. SDG 5 - Gender equality - This SDG aims to ensure equal opportunities for both males and females in all areas of life, including (equal opp in) leadership in decision making and (equal opp for) access to economic and natural resources (such as owning land) - It aims to end all forms of discrimination, violence and harmful practices against all girls and women everywhere (including trafficking, forced marriage, FGM). - It also aims to ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health and rights. Why is it important? While the world has achieved progress towards gender equality and women’s empowerment, millions of women and girls continue to suffer discrimination and violence in every part of the world.  Gender equality is not only a fundamental human right, but a necessary foundation for a peaceful, prosperous and sustainable world. Providing women and girls with equal access to education, health care, decent work, and representation in political and economic decision-making processes will contribute to sustainable economies and benefit societies and humanity at large, contributing to sustainable human development. Forced marriage and FGM Gender Equality means eliminating harmful practices such as FGM and Forced Marriages. Forced Marriage means that young girls are likely to be pregnant early and can die during pregnancy and childbirth as their bodies aren’t developed enough. It can also increase the chance of developing HIV as males may have multiple sexual partners. FGM can lead infections such as sepsis and excessive bleeding. Discrimination In some countries, women are not permitted to vote (unable to participate in decision making), own property or own land (causes lower income unable to buy medicine) In some countries, women are considered as property and can be trafficked for money (can increase STIs and pregnancy). More likely to do unpaid work (less likely to access knowledge at school or develop to their potential with study and work) Access to sexual and reproductive rights - CONNECT TO SDG 3 EASILY Access to safe and legal abortion services can help reduce the number of unsafe abortions, which often lead to serious health complications and deaths. Legal and safe abortion options protect women's health and lives. Access to proper reproductive health care contributes to healthier pregnancies, which in turn leads to healthier infants and children. Adequate prenatal care and nutrition, safe deliveries, and postnatal care can help reduce infant mortality rates and improve child health outcomes. Access to sexual health education and services helps prevent the spread of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Regular screenings, timely treatment, and education about safe sexual practices can contribute to lower STI transmission rates and overall better sexual health. How is SDG 5 related to SDG 3? Gender equality means the government sector can develop enforceable legislation that promotes the rights of females such as eliminating child marriages. This can reduce the risk of conditions such as obstetric fistula, reducing maternal mortality rates, promoting Good health and wellbeing Gender equality means ending all forms of discrimination against all women and girls, including ensuring all girls receive an education. Educated girls marry later, are less likely to experience sexual violence, and are more likely to be able to protect themselves from HIV/AIDS and other communicable diseases, promoting Good health and wellbeing. Gender equality means ensuring universal access to sexual and reproductive healthcare, including family planning. This means females are more likely to have fewer children, reducing the strain on their bodies, helping to reduce maternal mortality, promoting Good health and wellbeing How is SDG 3 related to SDG 5  Good health and wellbeing means women have access to sexual and reproductive healthcare services, including family planning. This helps reduce risks to mothers, so they are more likely to survive pregnancy and birth. This allows them to continue to participate in their communities including leadership positions, promoting Gender equality. What else? - The achievement of good health and wellbeing is not possible without the achievement of gender equality. When women are denied access to education and healthcare, are under-represented in political and economic decision-making processes, and do not have equal access to paid work, they are not able to experience good physical health and wellbeing. - Without access to healthcare and education, women are less likely to have the knowledge necessary to prevent ill health. When they do become ill, they are less able to be treated quickly and receive treatment and care; this affects physical health and wellbeing. - When ill, women are less able to work and to develop social networks; this impacts social health and wellbeing. - Gender equality is a human right and one of the conditions necessary for human development. Without gender equality, women are often not permitted to vote, to own property, to take out loans from banks or to take ownership of possessions arising from an inheritance. Gender inequality diminishes resilience and confidence, and reduces emotional and mental health and wellbeing. This reduces human development. - Without access to education and health, women are unable to develop the necessary knowledge and skills needed to achieve a decent standard of living or to enjoy a long and healthy life. And without gender equality, women lack the opportunity to have control over the decisions that affect their life. Therefore collaboration is essential between actions taken to improve health and wellbeing and to achieve gender equality. SDG 6 - clean water and sanitation - This SDG aims to achieve universal access to safe drinking water and sanitation for all people. - It aims to improve water quality by reducing contaminants as well as increase water-use efficiency to promote sustainability. - It also aims to support the participation of local communities in improving water and sanitation management. - Clean/safe water – refers to water which is free from harmful substances such as bacteria, viruses and parasites - Sanitation - refers to the safe disposal of human urine and faeces, as well as the maintenance of hygienic conditions through garbage collection and the disposal of wastewater. Reasons why SDG 6 is important include: As millions of people globally lack access to clean, safe water and sanitation, resulting in preventable illness and high mortality rates, particularly among children. Water scarcity, poor water quality and inadequate sanitation negatively impact food security, livelihood choices and ability to earn income and educational opportunities for poor families across the world. Drought afflicts some of the world’s poorest countries, worsening availability of water, and thus increasing hunger and malnutrition. By 2050, at least one in four people is likely to live in a country affected by chronic or recurring shortages of fresh water. Water filtration system By implementing water resources such as pipes, wells etc. means that children do not need to walk long distances to collect water. This can allow them to go to school and feel safer in their community. Water pipes can remove hazardous waste from the environment. By reducing open defecation, diseases caused by parasites and bacteria won’t enter water sources. This reduces U5MR and deaths from communicable diseases. By building toilets, girls are more likely to stay at school. Waterborne diseases cause malnutrition and there is less immunity towards disease. How is SDG 6 related to SDG 3? Clean water and sanitation means access to safe and affordable drinking water for all. This would contribute to lower rates of waterborne communicable diseases, such as cholera, reducing under-five mortality, promoting Good health and wellbeing Clean water and sanitation would mean increasing water-use efficiency, which means farmers can grow crops and increase food security. This reduces rates of malnutrition, reducing risk of stunting and childhood mortality, promoting Good health and wellbeing Clean water and sanitation means access to sanitation and hygiene for all, including ending open defecation. This would remove human waste from the immediate environment where people live, reducing risk of waterborne communicable diseases (eg diarrhoea), promoting Good health and wellbeing How is SDG 3 related to SDG 6 Good health and wellbeing means people are free from illness/disease, such as communicable diseases (eg malaria). This means more people in local communities can participate in water and sanitation management, such as the installation of pumps and irrigation systems, promoting Clean water and sanitation What else? Actions taken by the water and sanitation sector to achieve SDG 6 underpin the ability to achieve SDG 3. Without clean water and sanitation, reductions in maternal and child mortality, communicable diseases and diseases caused by soil and water pollution and contamination will not be achieved. Unsafe water is the major cause of diarrhoea, which results in the death of millions of children worldwide. Ensuring people have access to high-quality healthcare services is also impacted. In low- and middle-income countries, 38 per cent of healthcare facilities themselves lack any water source, 19 per cent do not have improved sanitation and 35 per cent lack water and soap for hand washing. Safe water and sanitation is a basic human right that underpins the achievement of human development as well as contributing to environmental sustainability. Without safe water and sanitation, people are unable to achieve a decent standard of living or live a long and healthy life, which impacts human development. Improved water and sanitation along with better management of water resources can increase economic growth and contribute to poverty reduction. Every $1 spent on sanitation brings a $5.50 return by keeping people healthy and productive. The potential global economic gains from investing in sanitation and water are estimated to be $260 billion per year. These economic gains provide greater capacity for countries to invest resources into providing universal healthcare, sexual and reproductive health services and access to essential and affordable medicines and vaccines, and so help achieve SDG 3. SDG 13 - climate action - Taking urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts. By 2030 the aim is to: - Strengthen the resilience and capacity of all countries to adapt to climate-related hazards and natural disasters. - Integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies and planning - Improve education, awareness-raising and the capacity of people and organisations to take actions that reduce or prevent environmental degradation. - Implement the commitment by high-income countries to frameworks developed by the United Nations to take action to reduce climate change and to provide funds to support low-and middle-income countries to implement strategies to reduce climate change - Promote ways of raising capacity for effective climate change-related planning and management in low-income countries and small island developing states, including focusing on women, youth and local and marginalised communities Why is it important? The over-reliance on fossil fuels and the resulting greenhouse gases have contributed to global warming. This is leading to rising sea levels, changing weather patterns and more extreme weather events (eg floods and drought) Severe weather events and rising sea levels are affecting people, their homes and their health and wellbeing regardless of where they live. Between 1990 and 2013, more than 1.6 million people died due to natural disasters thought to be climate related and these numbers are increasing each year. Climate change affects the sociocultural and environmental factors that affect health and wellbeing, including clean air, safe drinking water, sufficient food and secure shelter. Building knowledge and capacity Educating people about climate-related health risks and how to mitigate them, such as heat stress and vector-borne diseases. By building knowledge through campaigns, education and awareness, every person can take action against climate change. By slowing the impacts of climate change there will be: A reduction in the rise of global temperatures will reduce the incidence of extreme weather events and halt the rising sea levels. Reducing natural disasters will reduce U5MR and injury and death Reduce the air pollution which can decrease prevalence of allergies Keep agriculture alive which can give children food for energy and immunity Implement commitment of UN framework If all countries can implement the UN Framework measures to reduce climate change: There will be a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and a shift to clean and renewable energy sources, which can lead to decreased air pollution. This improvement in air quality directly benefits respiratory health (SDG 3.9), as cleaner air reduces the prevalence of respiratory diseases and other health issues related to pollution. Implementing UNFCCC commitments involves adapting to climate impacts. By making health systems more climate-resilient, countries can ensure that they remain functional during climate-related disasters. This aligns with SDG 3.8's goal of building resilient health infrastructure and SDG 3.D's aim of strengthening early warning and response systems. Increasing resilience to adapt to climate change By building resilience, people don’t have to become climate refugees. - They can stay in their homes. - They can keep their jobs / farms. - They can have access to nutritious foods. How is SDG13 related to SDG3? Climate action means governments can work to reduce the impact of climate change, including the management and efficient use of natural resources, such as water ways and forests. This means reducing pollution and contamination, reducing communicable diseases as well as non-communicable, such as respiratory conditions (eg asthma), promoting Good health and wellbeing Climate action means reducing global food waste. This can contribute to food security, reducing malnutrition, particularly in children, reducing under-five mortality rate. How is SDG 3 related to SDG13? Good health and wellbeing means people have access to universal health coverage, helping reduce rates of mortality from non-communicable diseases. This means they are more likely to be well enough to participate in the community in positive actions such as reducing waste generation through recycling, promoting Climate action. What else? SDG 13 and SDG 3 are interrelated. Many policies and individual actions have the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve health and wellbeing. Cleaner energy systems, promoting energy efficient public transport and alternatives such as cycling or walking rather than private vehicles, could reduce carbon emissions and household air pollution, thereby helping reduce current morbidity and mortality rates. The achievement of SDG 3 is dependent upon action being taken to address climate change. Clean water and sanitation underpins the achievement of reducing child deaths from diseases such as diarrhoea. Ending the epidemics of infectious diseases cannot be achieved if climate change produces conditions that increase the risk of these diseases. Similarly, reducing premature mortality from non-communicable diseases is compromised when climate change produces conditions that increase the risk of these diseases. Reducing deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals, air, water and soil pollution will not be achieved if the effects of climate change are not addressed. Actions to address climate change will also protect and promote health and wellbeing and achieve SDG 3. It will bring about a planet that is not only more environmentally intact, but also has cleaner air, safer water, more food, more effective and fairer health and social protection systems and healthier people-what is good for the planet is also good for health.