Health & Development Issues in ASEAN PDF

HEALTH & DEVELOPMENT ISSUES IN THE ASEAN  THE RIGHT TO HEALTH “The enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being without distinction of race, religion, political belief, economic or social con...

HEALTH & DEVELOPMENT ISSUES IN THE ASEAN  THE RIGHT TO HEALTH “The enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being without distinction of race, religion, political belief, economic or social condition.”  THE RIGHT TO HEALTH International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966) Article XII, Section 1: “The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health.” ASEAN Human Rights Declaration (2012) Principle 29 (1): “Every person has the right to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical, mental and reproductive health, to basic and affordable health-care services, and to have access to medical facilities.” The Constitution of the Philippines (1987) Article II, Section 15: “The State shall protect and promote the right to health of the people.” SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH non-medical factors that influence health outcomes conditions in which people are born, grow, work, live, and age, and the wider set of forces and systems shaping the conditions of daily life examples: economic policies and systems, development agendas, social norms, social policies and political systems  ASEAN POST-2015 HEALTH DEVELOPMENT AGENDA Mission Statement To promote a healthy and caring ASEAN Community, where the people achieves maximal health potential through healthy lifestyle, have universal access to quality health care and financial risk protection; have safe food and healthy diet, live in a healthy environment with sustainable inclusive development where health is incorporated in all policies.  SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages Health is generally viewed as an intrinsic ‘good’ as well as a means to, and an indicator of, development. HEALTH DEVELOPMENT Development processes and issues also affect health.  HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT Health is generally viewed as an intrinsic ‘good’ as well as a means to, and an indicator of, development. Maternal mortality ratio was 235 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births in 2016. Source: ASEAN Sustainable Development Goals Indicators 2020  HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT Health is generally viewed as an intrinsic ‘good’ as well as a means to, and an indicator of, development. In 2018, 83.3% of births in the region were attended to by skilled health personnel. Source: ASEAN Sustainable Development Goals Indicators 2020  HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT Health is generally viewed as an intrinsic ‘good’ as well as a means to, and an indicator of, development. About 30 out of 1,000 children who were born alive died before reaching age 5 in 2016- 2018. Source: ASEAN Sustainable Development Goals Indicators 2020  HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT Health is generally viewed as an intrinsic ‘good’ as well as a means to, and an indicator of, development. Neonatal mortality rate in ASEAN averaged about 15 neonatal deaths per 1,000 live births in 2018. Source: ASEAN Sustainable Development Goals Indicators 2020  HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT Health is generally viewed as an intrinsic ‘good’ as well as a means to, and an indicator of, development. There were 37.6 adolescent births for every 1,000 females aged 15-19 years in ASEAN in 2016. Source: ASEAN Sustainable Development Goals Indicators 2020 In your opinion, why is maternal and child health a development issue?  HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT Health is generally viewed as an intrinsic ‘good’ as well as a means to, and an indicator of, development. The incidence rate of tuberculosis in the AMS was 236 cases per 100,000 population in 2018. Source: ASEAN Sustainable Development Goals Indicators 2020  HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT Health is generally viewed as an intrinsic ‘good’ as well as a means to, and an indicator of, development. Incidence of malaria was generally low in the region, at about 0.5 per 1,000 population during the period 2016-2018. Source: ASEAN Sustainable Development Goals Indicators 2020  HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT Health is generally viewed as an intrinsic ‘good’ as well as a means to, and an indicator of, development. Death rates due to road traffic injuries in the region stood at 13.7 deaths per 100,000 population. Source: ASEAN Sustainable Development Goals Indicators 2020  HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT Health is generally viewed as an intrinsic ‘good’ as well as a means to, and an indicator of, development. In 2016, 25.4% of population 15 years old and over in ASEAN were users of tobacco. Source: ASEAN Sustainable Development Goals Indicators 2020  HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT Development processes and issues also affect health. HEALTH & ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Studies show that there is a strong positive correlation between health and GDP. But while a healthy population certainly results to a healthy economy (Pritchett and Summers 1996; Bloom and Canning 2000; Bloom, Canning, and Sevilla 2003; and Bloom and Fink 2014) economic development also promotes better health (Cutler, Lleras-Muney, and Deaton 2006 and Hall and Jones 2007).  HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT Development processes and issues also affect health. HEALTH & ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Human development index (HDI) is another measure of the well-being of a country’s population, focusing on the three basic dimensions of human development: ability to lead a long and healthy life as measured by life expectancy at birth; ability to acquire knowledge as measured by mean years of schooling and expected years of schooling; and ability to achieve a decent standard of living as measured by gross national income per capita (UNDP, 2019).  HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT Development processes and issues also affect health. HEALTH & ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Despite these positive trends, POVERTY remains to be one of the most salient development issues in the ASEAN. Poverty is also linked with other development issues such as food insecurity and illiteracy, among others. How does this affect health? Lack of economic resources forces people into precarious situations that increase their risks and make them vulnerable to certain health outcomes, all the while limiting one's access to health services. Case in point: "Ang Kwento ni Rosario"  HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT Development processes and issues also affect health. GLOBALIZATION & HEALTH ASEAN “has become a beacon of multilateral cooperation in a world darkening with greater protectionism” and still sees globalization as the key to the future. Globalization processes also changes the nature of health: "transfer of risks" becomes globalized (e.g., Black Death, COVID) globalized health care and inputs (e.g., medical tourism) increased trade flows means increased access to medical goods and services increased information flows pave way to technological progress in healthcare (e.g., development of telemedicine, eHealth, etc.) Medical Tourism in ASEAN  HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT Development processes and issues also affect health. ENVIRONMENT & HEALTH Local environment, also impacted by development processes (e.g., rapid urbanization), can also affect health. Ideal: clean air and water, fertile land for food production, and energy and material inputs for production, disaster resilient infrastructures, ample recreational spaces Stressors: pollution, noise, hazardous chemicals, unsafe drinking water, ravages of climate change-linked disasters ASEAN Human Rights Declaration (2012) recognizes the right to a “safe, clean and sustainable environment.” ASEAN Community Blueprints 2025 (2015) seek to advance elements of a healthy environment: clean air, water and sanitation, a safe climate, sustainable food systems, non-toxic environments, and healthy ecosystems and biodiversity.  HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT Development processes and issues also affect health. POLITICS & HEALTH Corruption, the rise of authoritarianism and political instability also impact health outcomes. In the Philippines, response to the pandemic has initially been militarized despite claims of a "whole-of-government" approach. Recently, in Malaysia, amidst public outrage on mishandling the pandemic, PM Muhyiddin Yassin and his entire cabinet resigned. In Myanmar, the military government, which seized control in February, is using the pandemic to consolidate power and crush opposition.  HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT Transformative social policies promote health and well-being. Public policy is also a determinant of health. Well-designed social policies can support the management of structural transformations in ways that enhance welfare, share benefits, and create access to essential goods and services for all. Health in All Policies (HiAP) "emphasizes the consequences of public policies on health determinants" (Leppo 2013). Thus, there is a need to consider health in policies that aim to solve development problems or issues (e.g., education, social services, built and natural environments, agricultural and industrial production, trade, regulation, revenue collection and allocation of public resources, among others).