NSc10 1st Sem GenBio PDF

NSc10 S.Y. ‘24 - ‘25 | SEM #1 | MAIN REFERENCE WEEK 1: BIOLOGY – 1st SEM GENBIO – Theory of Natural Selection published in 1859. The 1.0 HISTORY OF BIOLOGY most crucial development durin...

NSc10 S.Y. ‘24 - ‘25 | SEM #1 | MAIN REFERENCE WEEK 1: BIOLOGY – 1st SEM GENBIO – Theory of Natural Selection published in 1859. The 1.0 HISTORY OF BIOLOGY most crucial development during the 19th century was the germ theory of disease, which was championed by Louis Pasteur in France and Robert Koch in Germany. Aristotle is the Father of Biology Came from the word Greek bíos which means 21st Century “life” and -logy which means “science of”. Manipulation of atoms and cells at their molecular French biologist Monet de Lamarck level describes 21st century Biology. Cloning is already (1744-1829) coined the term biology. possible, for example yung sheep. Early Human Civilization International scientific research called “Human Basic needs are important during this time. There are 5 Genome Project” was completed in 2003, which basic needs: mapped the entire human genome. Biomechanics or making robotic body parts successfully use muscular 1. Foods dystrophy with people. HIV treatment and antiretroviral 2. Shelter therapy. Stem cells help humans grow other organs in 3. Clothes the laboratory. Vaccines against certain types of 4. Medicine cancer are now available. 5. Sex - general term Precise editing of DNA. Face transplant using a dead In ancient China, the use of herbs as medicine was persons’ tissue is now possible. popular. 2.0 SCIENTIFIC METHOD Yin Yang - good and bad Ancient Egyptians have surgical books that are There are two methods in doing a decision: preserved. They also developed the process of embalming which is used for mummification. 1. Deductive - starts with a general principle recognized as truths then proceeds with a About 600 - 4th Century BC The first scientist in history was Thales of Miletus. He particular conclusion (Ex. Kangaroos are replaced superstitions with science. Alcmaeon of mammals, mammals have hearts. Therefore, Crotona practiced dissection and made the first kangaroos have a heart.) scientific discoveries in anatomy. 2. Inductive - starts with a particular fact and Medieval Times then proceeds with general conclusion (Ex. Cat Scientific method was introduced by Francis Bacon A and B have fleas. All observed cats have (1620). Scholastic philosophers sought to remove Divine intervention from explaining natural fleas. Therefore, all cats have fleas.) phenomena. 2.1 STEPS IN SCIENTIFIC METHOD Renaissance Period Botany or the study of plants flourished during this era. Art + Science , inseparable. Roger Bacon is behind the formation of the scientific method. He also proposed the idea of induction as the Modern Biology cornerstone of empiricism. Taxonomy became popular. Carl von Linnaeus was known for his taxonomic classifications. The cell 1. Problem theory announced by Theodor Schwann and Matthias 2. Hypothesis (observation) Schleiden in 1838 that cells were the basic units of all 3. Experiment living tissues. 4. Conclusion Jean Baptiste de Lamarck, a French naturalist 3.0 CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE proposed the idea of Biological evolution, which was rejected. Charles Darwin, proposed evolution. This is also the era of non-religious biology. Evolutionism Living things = Biotic , Non-living things = Abiotic (science) VS. Creation (religious) 1. ORDER - Life began from a single cell. Parents  NSc10 S.Y. ‘24 - ‘25 | SEM #1 | MAIN REFERENCE WEEK 1: BIOLOGY pass on their genetic information in mating the DNA to their offspring. 3. Physiological - body composition or toxins LEVELS OF 3. METABOLISM ORGANIZATION - It is the intake of nutrients to survive. It is the release or use of chemical Biosphere All ecosystem energy. Ecosystem Community and its - Plants use solar energy to carry out nonliving photosynthesis. surroundings 4. REGULATION Community Population that - It is a way of how an organism copes lives together up to its environment to maintain homeostasis inside the body. Population Group of organism 5. RESPONSIVENESS - It is the ability to respond to stimuli Organism Individual living (irritability). thing 6. REPRODUCTION Groups of Cells Tissues, organs and - It is the ability of an organism to organ system reproduce and pass their genetic information to its offspring. Cells Smallest functional - Sexual reproduction = two parents unit of life - Asexual reproduction = only one parent. They split into two organisms Molecules Groups of atoms; called “binary fission”. smallest unit of most chemical 7. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT compounds - An organism expands some of the energy it acquires during metabolism. Atoms 8. MOVEMENT Subatomic - Self movement 9. EVOLUTION Current classification method is called “Systematics”. It uses data to classify an 10. GENES organism to groups. - Living things - There are two theories: Classification of living things was pioneered by 1. Biogenesis - living came from Swedish Botanist, Carl Linnaeus. He published living. Systema Naturae in 1735. He is referred to as 2. Spontaneous generation - the “Father of Taxonomy”. He also introduced living came from non living binomial nomenclature. 4.0 BRANCHES OF SCIENCE There are two international codes agreed: 1. International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) 1. Formal Science 2. International Code of Zoological - abstract concepts Nomenclature (ICZN) a. Mathematics - number, quantity b. Logic - reasoning 2. ADAPTATION - Ability to adapt to their environment. 2. Applied Science - There are 3 types of Adaptation: - application of existing scientific research. 1. Structural Example engineering and med sci. 2. Behavioral - courtship and  NSc10 S.Y. ‘24 - ‘25 | SEM #1 | MAIN REFERENCE WEEK 1: BIOLOGY 3. Social Science 3. MICROBIOLOGY - human relationship to his society. Bacteriology - bacteria a. Sociology - society Virology - virus b. History - past events Protozoology - protozoans c. Pol Sci - governance and politics Mycology - fungi d. Philosophy - intellectual reasoning 4. ANATOMY - body structure of living things 4. Natural Sciences 5. BIOCHEMISTRY - chemical and - description, prediction and understanding of physicochemical process nature. 6. CYTOLOGY - cells a. Phy Sci - non living material 7. DEMOGRAPHY - geographical distributions of Chem - elements, compound organisms Physics - matter w/forces 8. ECOLOGY - organisms and its relation to the Astronomy - celestial obj environment Earth Sci 9. EMBRYOLOGY - embryos - Atmospheric Sci 10. EUGENICS - improving the heredity - Geology 11. EVOLUTION - hereditary modifications - Hydrology 12. GENETICS - genes - Planetary Sci 13. HISTOLOGY - tissues of organisms b. Life Sci 14. IMMUNOLOGY - immune system Biology - study of life 15. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY - biological activity in - Botany molecular aspect - Zoology 16. MORPHOLOGY - form and structure of an - Microbiology organism 17. MYCOLOGY - fungi 18. ONTOGENY - development of an organism 4.1 MAJOR FIELDS IN BIOLOGY 19. PALEOZOOLOGY - identification of animal fossils 1. BOTANY - plants (flora) 20. PATHOLOGY - cause and effects of diseases Agronomy - uses of plant and 21. PHARMACOLOGY - uses and effects of management of soil medicine Dendrology - woody species of tree 22. PHENOLOGY - how organisms are affected by Economic Botany - economic benefits seasons Ethnobotany - traditional benefits in 23. PHYLOGENY - evolutionary history medicine 24. PHYSIOLOGY - parts and function of an Forestry - conservation and organism management of forested lands 25. SYSTEMATICS - classification of living things Horticulture - plant agriculture 26. TAXONOMY - naming and classifying Paleobotany - plant fossils. organisms; now known as systematics 27. TOXICOLOGY - potential toxin 2. ZOOLOGY - animals (fauna) Arachnology - spiders Carcinology - crustaceans (shrimps, 5.0 CONTRIBUTORS crabs etc.) Entomology - insects - Coleopterology - Lepidopterology FOREIGN CONTRIBUTORS - Mellitology - Myrmecology - Orthopterology 1. Andreas Vesalius (Brabantian) - noted author Herpetology - reptiles and amphibians on the earliest books in Anatomy Ichthyology - fishes 2. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (Dutch) - first to Mammalogy - mammals observe single cell organisms Helminthology - worms 3. Antoine Lavoisier (French) - identified that Ornithology - birds living things generate heat Parasitology - parasites 4. Alexander Fleming (British) - discovered Primatology - primates penicillin (antibiotic) 5. Aristotle (Greek) - first biologist and father of  NSc10 S.Y. ‘24 - ‘25 | SEM #1 | MAIN REFERENCE WEEK 1: BIOLOGY Biology. 13. Prescillano M. Zamora - xylem elements of 6. Claude Bernard (French) - use of surgery for vascular plants. knowledge 14. William Padolina - promoted natural products 7. Carolus Linnaeus (Swedish) - Father of chemistry and biotechnology Modern Taxonomy; developed binomial nomenclature 4.0 MICROSCOPE 8. Charles Darwin (English) - Theory of Evolution; established the concept of natural selection Optical instrument used to view microscopic 9. Edward Jenner (English) - Father of objects Immunology; developed vaccine for smallpox From ancient Greek word mikrós - small and 10. Galen (Greek) -First to introduce medicinal skopein - to look experimentation Anton Van Leeuwenhoek is the Father of 11. Gregor Mendel (German) - Mendelian genetics; Microscopy father of Modern Genetics 12. Hippocrates (Greek) - Father of western PARTS OF MICROSCOPE medicine 13. James Watson and Francis Crick - DNA model OPTICAL PARTS 14. Jean Lamarck (French) - explanation of Evolution Eyepiece Lens where the viewer looks. 15. Joseph Lister (British) - use of antiseptics for Detachable cleaning/sterilizing wounds 10x - regular 16. Louis Pasteur (French) - Germ theory of 5x - longer/biggest disease; Pasteurization 17. Robert Hooke - discovered cells Mirror/Light Used to reflect light 18. William Harvey (British) - first to describe source systemic circulation of blood Lever FILIPINO CONTRIBUTORS Iris Diaphragm Can be closed or opened to adjust the amount of light 1. Angel C. Alcala - conservation of marine Condenser Focuses light from the illuminator resources and research of Philippine Substage amphibians and reptiles 2. Benjamin D. Cabrera - developed innovative treatment for mosquito-borne disease Objective 1. Low Power 3. Pedro B. Escuro - developed high yield variety Lenses (Yellow/Smallest) - see of C4 rice general structure 4. Edgardo Gomex - saved giant clams from 2. Medium Power (White) - extinction more sufficient detail 5. Bienvenido O. Juliano - made rice more 3. High Power (Light economical Blue/Longest) - detailed 6. Milagrosa R. Martinez - a pioneer in the field form; 40 times 10 of micro-algaculture 7. Baldomero Olivera, Jr. - isolated key DNA enzyme; discovery of Conus peptides may lead PARTS OF MICROSCOPE to drugs for pain 8. Eduardo Quisumbing - authority in Philippine MECHANICAL PARTS plants 9. Asuncion Raymundo - applied biotechnology Base Supports the microscope and microbial genetic to agriculture of the U or Y shaped Philippines 10. Reynaldo A. Tabada - made contributions to Arm Connects the body tube to the base air pollution and water resources 11. Carmen Velasquez - studied parasites and Pillar their hosts in the fish; Fish parasitology 12. Dr. Germiniano Ocampo - first corneal transplant in the country  NSc10 S.Y. ‘24 - ‘25 | SEM #1 | MAIN REFERENCE WEEK 1: BIOLOGY Inclination Joint To tilt the microscope Fluorescence Uses dye Microscope powder or any neon powder Stage Platform where the slide is placed. Stage Clips Holds the slide in place UltraViolet Uses black Light light Body Tube Connects the eyepiece to the Microscope objective lenses Draw Tube Nasa taas ng body tube Face Refractive Microscope lights Rotating Turn to select the desired objective Nosepiece lens. Dusk shield Coarse Brings specimen into general focus Adjustment Stereo or For disecting Disecting Fine Adjustment Fine-tunes the focus. Microscope Ginagamit ‘to sa high power Electron Most Microscope powerful DIFFERENT TYPES OF MICROSCOPE Bright Field Dark Field